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de Faria Melo CC, Amaral DS, de Moura Zanine A, de Jesus Ferreira D, de Mello Prado R, de Cássia Piccolo M. Nanosilica enhances morphogenic and chemical parameters of Megathyrsus maximus grass under conditions of phosphorus deficiency and excess stress in different soils. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:497. [PMID: 37845606 PMCID: PMC10580593 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) imbalances are a recurring issue in cultivated soils with pastures across diverse regions. In addition to P deficiency, the prevalence of excess P in soil has escalated, resulting in damage to pasture yield. In response to this reality, there is a need for well-considered strategies, such as the application of silicon (Si), a known element for alleviating plant stress. However, the influence of Si on the morphogenetic and chemical attributes of forage grasses grown in various soils remains uncertain. Consequently, this study aimed to assess the impact of P deficiency and excess on morphogenetic and chemical parameters, as well as digestibility, in Zuri guinea grass cultivated in Oxisol and Entisol soils. It also sought to determine whether fertigation with nanosilica could mitigate the detrimental effects of these nutritional stresses. Results revealed that P deficiency led to a reduction in tiller numbers and grass protein content, along with an increase in lignin content. Conversely, P excess resulted in higher proportions of dead material and lignin, a reduced mass leaf: stem ratio in plants, and a decrease in dry matter (DM) yield. Fertigation with Si improved tillering and protein content in deficient plants. In the case of P excess, Si reduced tiller mortality and lignin content, increased the mass leaf:stem ratio, and enhanced DM yield. This approach also increased yields in plants with sufficient P levels without affecting grass digestibility. Thus, Si utilization holds promise for enhancing the growth and chemical characteristics of forage grasses under P stress and optimizing yield in well-nourished, adapted plants, promoting more sustainable pasture yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Cármen de Faria Melo
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences (Soil and Fertilizer Sector), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Silva Amaral
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Moura Zanine
- Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhão, BR 222 km 04 Highway, Chapadinha, MA, 65500000, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Jesus Ferreira
- Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhão, BR 222 km 04 Highway, Chapadinha, MA, 65500000, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences (Soil and Fertilizer Sector), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), 303 Centenário Avenue, Piracicaba, SP, 13400970, Brazil
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Dutra AF, Leite MRL, Melo CCDF, Amaral DS, da Silva JLF, Prado RDM, Piccolo MDC, Miranda RDS, da Silva Júnior GB, Sousa TKDSA, Mendes LW, Araújo ASF, Zuffo AM, de Alcântara Neto F. Soil and foliar Si fertilization alters elemental stoichiometry and increases yield of sugarcane cultivars. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16040. [PMID: 37749306 PMCID: PMC10519947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) fertilization is widely recognized to improve the development of crops, especially in tropical soils and cultivation under dryland management. Herein, our working hypothesis was that Si stoichiometry favors the efficient use of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in sugarcane plants. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out using a 3 × 3 factorial scheme consisting of three cultivars (RB92579, RB021754 and RB036066) and three forms of Si application (control without Si; sodium silicate spray at 40 mmol L-1 in soil during planting; sodium silicate spray at 40 mmol L-1 on leaves at 75 days after emergence). All Si fertilizations altered the elemental C and P stoichiometry and sugarcane yield, but silicon-induced responses varied depending on sugarcane cultivar and application method. The most prominent impacts were found in the leaf Si-sprayed RB92579 cultivar, with a significant increase of 7.0% (11 Mg ha-1) in stalk yield, 9.0% (12 Mg ha-1) in total recoverable sugar, and 20% (4 Mg ha-1) in sugar yield compared to the Si-without control. In conclusion, our findings clearly show that silicon soil and foliar fertilization alter C:N:P stoichiometry by enhancing the efficiency of carbon and phosphorus utilization, leading to improved sugarcane production and industrial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danilo Silva Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Souza Miranda
- Plant Science Department, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barbosa da Silva Júnior
- Plant Science Department, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, 64900-000, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas William Mendes
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Mario Zuffo
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maranhão, Balsas, MA, 65800-000, Brazil
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de Faria Melo CC, Silva Amaral D, de Mello Prado R, de Moura Zanine A, de Jesus Ferreira D, de Cássia Piccolo M. Nanosilica modulates C:N:P stoichiometry attenuating phosphorus toxicity more than deficiency in Megathyrsus maximus cultivated in an Oxisol and Entisol. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10284. [PMID: 37355676 PMCID: PMC10290668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) nanoparticles can attenuate nutritional disorders caused by phosphorus in forages through nutritional homeostasis. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of P deficiency and toxicity in Megathyrsus maximus cultivated in two types of soils and to verify whether Si application via fertigation can mitigate these imbalances. The following two experiments were carried out: cultivation of forage plants in pots with Entisol and Oxisol, in a 3 × 2 factorial design, with three nutritional levels of phosphorus (deficient, adequate, and excessive) and two Si concentrations in the irrigation water (0 and 1.5 mmol L-1). Height, number of tillers, rate of leaf senescence, dry matter production, C:N, C:Si, C:P, and N:P ratios; and C, P, and N use efficiencies were evaluated in two growth cycles. P imbalances hampered carbon assimilation, C:N:P homeostasis, and dry matter production. Nanosilica fertigation promoted silicon uptake, improving C:N:P homeostasis and nutritional efficiency in plants under P deficiency and toxicity. Leaf senescence was reduced with addition of Si in plants grown in Oxisol in the three nutritional states of P. Silicon attenuated the stress caused by P toxicity in Entisol and Oxisol, improving production in plants without nutritional stress in Oxisol. The supply of Si nanoparticles in the cultivation of M. maximus can contribute to a more efficient and sustainable use of phosphorus in pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Cármen de Faria Melo
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences (Soil and Fertilizer Sector), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Silva Amaral
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences (Soil and Fertilizer Sector), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane Avenue, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Moura Zanine
- Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhão, BR 222 Km 04 Highway, Chapadinha, MA, 65500000, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Jesus Ferreira
- Center for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhão, BR 222 Km 04 Highway, Chapadinha, MA, 65500000, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), 303 Centenário Avenue, Piracicaba, SP, 13400970, Brazil
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Alves DMR, de Oliveira JN, de Mello Prado R, Ferreira PM. Silicon in the form of nanosilica mitigates P toxicity in scarlet eggplant. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9190. [PMID: 37280298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive fertilization of vegetables can promote phosphorus (P) toxicity. However, it can be reversed using silicon (Si), although there is a lack of research clarifying its mechanisms of action. This research aims to study the damage caused by P toxicity to scarlet eggplant plants and whether Si can mitigate this toxicity. We evaluated the nutritional and physiological aspects of plants. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design of two nutritional levels of adequate P (2 mmol L-1 of P) and toxic/excess P (8 to 13 mmol L-1 of P) combined with the absence or presence of nanosilica (2 mmol L-1 Si) in a nutrient solution. There were six replications. The excess P in the nutrient solution caused damage to scarlet eggplant growth due to nutritional losses and oxidative stress. We found that P toxicity can be mitigated by supplying Si, which decreases P uptake by 13%, improves C:N homeostasis, and increases iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) use efficiency by 21%, 10%, and 12%, respectively. At the same time, it decreases oxidative stress and electrolyte leakage by 18% and increases antioxidant compounds (phenols and ascorbic acid by 13% and 50%, respectively), and decreases photosynthetic efficiency and plant growth by 12% (by increasing 23% and 25% of shoot and root dry mass, respectively). These findings allow us to explain the different Si mechanisms used to reverse the damage caused by P toxicity to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyvielen Maria Ramos Alves
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal-SP. Access Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Jairo Neves de Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal-SP. Access Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal-SP. Access Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Messias Ferreira
- Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal-SP. Access Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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Costa MG, Prado RDM, Santos Sarah MM, Souza Júnior JP, de Souza AES. Silicon, by promoting a homeostatic balance of C:N:P and nutrient use efficiency, attenuates K deficiency, favoring sustainable bean cultivation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:213. [PMID: 37095435 PMCID: PMC10124036 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many regions of the world, K is being depleted from soils due to agricultural intensification a lack of accessibility, and the high cost of K. Thus, there is an urgent need for a sustainable strategy for crops in this environment. Si is an option for mitigating stress due to nutritional deficiency. However, the underlying effects of Si in mitigating K deficiency C:N:P homeostasis still remains unknown for bean plants. This is a species of great worldwide importance. Thus, this study aims to evaluate whether i) K deficiency modifies the homeostatic balance of C, N and P, and, if so, ii) Si supply can reduce damage caused to nutritional stoichiometry, nutrient use efficiency, and production of dry mass in bean plants. RESULTS K deficiency caused a reduction in the stoichiometric ratios C:N, C:P, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:Si, and P:Si in roots, resulting in a decrease in K content and use efficiency and reducing biomass production. The application of Si in K-deficient plants modified the ratios C:N, C:Si, N:P, N:Si, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:Si, N:P, and P:Si in roots, increasing the K content and efficiency, reducing the loss of biomass. In bean plants with K sufficiency, Si also changed the stoichiometric ratios C:N, C:P, C:Si, N:P, N:Si, and P:Si in shoots and C:N, C:Si, N:Si, and P:Si in roots, increasing K content only in roots and the use efficiency of C and P in shoots and C, N, and P in roots, increasing the biomass production only in roots. CONCLUSION K deficiency causes damage to the C:N:P homeostatic balance, reducing the efficiency of nutrient use and biomass production. However, Si is a viable alternative to attenuate these nutritional damages, favoring bean growth. The future perspective is that the use of Si in agriculture in underdeveloped economies with restrictions on the use of K will constitute a sustainable strategy to increase food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton G Costa
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences. Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Renato de M Prado
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences. Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marcilene M Santos Sarah
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences. Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Jonas P Souza Júnior
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences. Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Antonia Erica S de Souza
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences. Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
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Costa MG, de M Prado R, Sarah MMS, Palaretti LF, de C Piccolo M, Souza Júnior JP. New approaches to the effects of Si on sugarcane ratoon under irrigation in Quartzipsamments, Eutrophic Red Oxisol, and Dystrophic Red Oxisol. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:51. [PMID: 36694112 PMCID: PMC9872329 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C:N:P homeostasis in plants guarantees optimal levels of these nutrients in plant metabolism. H However, one of the causes to the effects of deficit irrigation is the loss of C:N:P homeostasis in leaves and stems that causes reduction in the growth of sugarcane. Being able to measure the impact of water deficit on C:N:P homeostasis in plants from the stoichiometric ratios of the concentrations of these nutrients in leaves and stems. This loss causes a decrease in nutritional efficiency, but can be mitigated with the use of silicon. Silicon favors the homeostasis of these nutrients and crop productivity. The magnitude of this benefit depends on the absorption of Si by the plant and Si availability in the soil, which varies with the type of soil used. Thus, this study aims to evaluate whether the application of Si via fertigation is efficient in increasing the absorption of Si and whether it is capable of modifying the homeostatic balance of C:N:P of the plant, causing an increase in nutritional efficiency and consequently in the production of biomass in leaves and stems of sugarcane ratoon cultivated with deficient and adequate irrigations in different tropical soils. RESULTS Water deficit caused biological losses in concentrations and accumulation of C, N, and P, and reduced the nutrient use efficiency and biomass production of sugarcane plants cultivated in three tropical soils due to disturbances in the stoichiometric homeostasis of C:N:P. The application of Si increased the concentration and accumulation of Si, C, N, and P and their use efficiency and reduced the biological damage caused by water deficit due to the modification of homeostatic balance of C:N:P by ensuring sustainability of the production of sugarcane biomass in tropical soils. However, the intensity of attenuation of such deleterious effects stood out in plants cultivated in Eutrophic Red Oxisols. Si contributed biologically by improving the performance of sugarcane ratoon with an adequate irrigation due to the optimization of stoichiometric ratios of C:N:P; increased the accumulation and the use efficiency of C, N, and P, and promoted production gains in biomass of sugarcane in three tropical soils. CONCLUSION Our study shows that fertigation with Si can mitigate the deleterious effects of deficient irrigation or potentiate the beneficial effects using an adequate irrigation system due to the induction of a new stoichiometric homeostasis of C:N:P, which in turn improves the nutritional efficiency of sugarcane cultivated in tropical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton G Costa
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil.
| | - Renato de M Prado
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marcilene M Santos Sarah
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Palaretti
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
| | - Marisa de C Piccolo
- Nuclear Energy Center in Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Jonas P Souza Júnior
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, São Paulo, 14884900, Brazil
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Costa MG, dos Santos Sarah MM, de Mello Prado R, Palaretti LF, de Cássia Piccolo M, de Souza Júnior JP. Impact of Si on C, N, and P stoichiometric homeostasis favors nutrition and stem dry mass accumulation in sugarcane cultivated in tropical soils with different water regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:949909. [PMID: 35968098 PMCID: PMC9372460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.949909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies with silicon (Si) in sugarcane indicate a greater response in productivity in plants under stress, and the underlying mechanisms of Si in the crop are poorly reported. In this context, the benefits of Si in the crop's stem production are expected to occur at the C:N:P stoichiometry level in plant tissues, benefiting plants with and without stress. However, the extension of this response may vary in different soils. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate if fertigation with Si modifies the C:N:P stoichiometry and if it can increase sugarcane's nutritional efficiency and vegetative and productive parameters. Therefore, three experiments were installed using pre-sprouted seedlings to cultivate sugarcane in tropical soils belonging to the Quartzarenic Neosol, Eutrophic Red Latosol, and Dystrophic Red Latosol classes. The treatments comprised a 2 × 2 factorial scheme in each soil. The first factor was composed without water restriction (water retention = 70%; AWD) and with water restriction (water retention = 35%; PWD). The second factor presented Si concentrations (0 mM and 1.8 mM) arranged in randomized blocks with five replications. Fertigation with Si increases the Si and P concentration, the C and N efficiency, the C:N ratio, and the dry mass production. However, it decreases the C and N concentration and the C:P, C:Si, and N:P ratios in sugarcane leaves and stems regardless of the water regime adopted in the three tropical soils. Cluster and principal components analysis indicated that the intensity of the beneficial effects of Si fertigation on sugarcane plants varies depending on the cultivation soil and water conditions. We found that Si can be used in sugarcane with and without water stress. It changes the C:N:P homeostasis enough to improve the nutritional efficiency of C, P, N, and, consequently, the dry mass accumulation on the stems, with variation in the different cultivated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Garcia Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Milton Garcia Costa,
| | | | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fabiano Palaretti
- Laboratory of Irrigation, Department of Rural Engineering, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Cássia Piccolo
- Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas Pereira de Souza Júnior
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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