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Junsai T, Tangpanithandee S, Srimangkornkaew P, Suknuntha K, Vivithanaporn P, Khemawoot P. Sub-chronic oral toxicity of a water-soluble extract of Centella asiatica (Centell-S) in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114509. [PMID: 38336016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centell-S, a water-soluble extract from Centella asiatica, is predominantly composed of madecassoside and asiaticoside, exceeding 80% w/w. Pursuing its development as an herbal medicinal product, Centell-S underwent sub-chronic toxicity assessment adhering to OECD GLP 408 standards. METHODS In a study involving 100 Wistar rats, varying doses of Centell-S (50, 200, or 800 mg/kg/day) or a vehicle control were administered orally over 90 days. To evaluate Centell-S's safety profile, assessments included clinical observations, health examinations, clinical biochemistry analyses, and detailed anatomical pathology evaluations were conducted. RESULTS Over the 90 days of treatment, the administration of Centell-S did not lead to any fatalities in the test animals. Clinical observations did not reveal any signs indicative of toxic effects. Notably, an increase in total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts was observed in both sexes, yet these levels returned to normal following a two-week discontinuation period post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Under the specific conditions of the OECD GLP 408, Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Centell-S was 800 mg/kg/day. These findings are promising for the continued development of Centell-S as a phytopharmaceutical for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammaporn Junsai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Supawit Tangpanithandee
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | | | - Kran Suknuntha
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand.
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Guo SY, Wei LY, Song BB, Hu YT, Jiang Z, Zhao DD, Xu YH, Lin YW, Xu SM, Chen SB, Huang ZS. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-pyrimidinylindole derivatives as anti-obesity agents by regulating lipid metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115729. [PMID: 37607439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a global pandemic posing a growing threat to human health, necessitates the development of effective and safe anti-obesity agents. Our previous studies highlighted the lipid-lowering effects of indolylquinazoline Bouchardatine and its derivatives. In this study, we employed scaffold hopping and simplification strategies to design and synthesize two new series derivatives by modifying the D ring. Extensive discussions have been conducted regarding the structure-activity relationship between lipid-lowering activity and the new compounds. These discussions have resulted in the discovery of 2-pyrimidinylindole derivatives as a promising scaffold for anti-obesity treatment. The new 2-pyrimidinylindole derivatives exhibited comparable lipid-lowering activity to the previously reported indolylquinazoline derivatives, including SYSU-3d and R17, with reduced toxicity. The most potent compound, 5a, demonstrated a larger therapeutic index, improved aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability compared to the previous lead compounds. In vivo evaluation indicated that 5a effectively reduced lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, improved glucose tolerance, and mitigated insulin resistance and liver function damage caused by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Mechanism studies indicated that 5a may regulate lipid metabolism through the modulation of the PPARγ signaling pathway. Overall, our study has identified a highly active compound 5a, and provided the basis for further development of 2-pyrimidinylindole as a promising scaffold for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yao Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing-Bing Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Tao Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yao-Hao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Wei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu-Min Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuo-Bin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Nuchuchua O, Inpan R, Srinuanchai W, Karinchai J, Pitchakarn P, Wongnoppavich A, Imsumran A. Phytosome Supplements for Delivering Gymnema inodorum Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112257. [PMID: 37297501 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnema inodorum (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to develop phytosome formulations of the GI extract to improve the efficiencies of their phytonutrients in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin-resistant activities in macrophages and adipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the phytosomes assisted the GI extract's dispersion in an aqueous solution. The GI phytocompounds were assembled into a phospholipid bilayer membrane as spherical nanoparticles about 160-180 nm in diameter. The structure of the phytosomes allowed phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene derivatives to be embedded in the phospholipid membrane. The existence of GI phytochemicals in phytosomes significantly changed the particle's surface charge from neutral to negative within the range of -35 mV to -45 mV. The phytosome delivery system significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory activity of the GI extract, indicated by the lower production of nitric oxide from inflamed macrophages compared to the non-encapsulated extract. However, the phospholipid component of phytosomes slightly interfered with the anti-insulin-resistant effects of the GI extract by decreasing the glucose uptake activity and increasing the lipid degradation of adipocytes. Altogether, the nano-phytosome is a potent carrier for transporting GI phytochemicals to prevent an early stage of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onanong Nuchuchua
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Inpan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Srinuanchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Arisa Imsumran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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He Z, Hu Y, Niu Z, Zhong K, Liu T, Yang M, Ji L, Hu W. A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115865. [PMID: 36306932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., a potential medicinal plant, is widely used in orient traditional medicine. Its major active constituents include asiaticoside (AS), madecassoside (MS), asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Thereinto, AS is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin with a variety of pharmacological effects including antitumor, neuroprotective and wound healing effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In this review, we summarize the pharmacokinetics, safety and pharmacological properties of AS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We gathered information about AS from articles published up to 2022 and listed in Google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and similar databases. The keywords used in our search included "asiaticoside", "Centella asiatica", "pharmacokinetics", "nerve", "cancer", "skin", etc. RESULTS: AS appeared to degrade through a first-order reaction and had low biotoxicity. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of AS differed according to species. AS is highly blood-brain-barrier permeable without any harmful side effect. It has a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-neural inflammation and anti-cancer properties, as well as protective properties for the skin, cardiovascular system, and pulmonary system. CONCLUSION This review comprehensively summarized current information regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of AS, and supported the pharmaceutical value of this compound. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability of AS and conducting clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang He
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Yeye Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Kang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Tingwu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Lilian Ji
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
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Bioenhancing effects of piperine and curcumin on triterpenoid pharmacokinetics and neurodegenerative metabolomes from Centella asiatica extract in beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20789. [PMID: 36456663 PMCID: PMC9715946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Centell-S is a water-soluble extract of Centella asiatica containing more than 80% w/w triterpenoid glycosides. Madecassoside and asiaticoside are two major components of the extract and can be converted into active metabolites, triterpenic acids in large mammal species. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles and metabolomic changes generated by the bioactive triterpenoids of Centell-S alone, and in combination with the bioenhancers piperine and curcumin, were investigated in beagle dogs. The test substances were orally administered over multiple doses for 7 consecutive days. At day 1 and 7 after receiving the test compounds, the level of major bioactive triterpenoids and related metabolites were measured using triple quadrupole and high-resolution accurate mass orbitrap models of LCMS to determine pharmacokinetic and metabolomic profiles, respectively. Centell-S was well tolerated, alone and in all combination groups. The combination of Centell-S and piperine significantly increased (p < 0.05) the systemic exposure of madecassoside on day 1 and asiatic acid on day 7, by approximately 1.5 to 3.0-fold of Cmax and AUC values as compared to the Centell-S alone, while the addition of curcumin did not provide a significant improvement. Several metabolomic changes were observed from pre-dose to 4 h post-dose, with some biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases including L-glutamine, lysophosphatidylcholine (17:0), taurochenodeoxycholic acid, uric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, and lactic acid showing good correlation with the systemic exposure of the bioactive triterpenoids (asiatic acid). Thus, the combining of piperine to Centell-S exhibits the improvement of bioactive triterpenoids which are related to the biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. These promising results might be useful for the development of this standardised extract to become a more effective phytomedicine for neurodegenerative diseases.
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