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Chen B, Zeng G, Sun L, Jiang C. When smoke meets gut: deciphering the interactions between tobacco smoking and gut microbiota in disease development. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:854-864. [PMID: 38265598 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a prevalent and detrimental habit practiced worldwide, increasing the risk of various diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and cancer. Although previous research has explored the detrimental health effects of tobacco smoking, recent studies suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in these outcomes. Numerous tobacco smoke components, such as nicotine, are found in the gastrointestinal tract and interact with gut microbiota, leading to lasting impacts on host health and diseases. This review delves into the ways tobacco smoking and its various constituents influence gut microbiota composition and functionality. We also summarize recent advancements in understanding how tobacco smoking-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects host health. Furthermore, this review introduces a novel perspective on how changes in gut microbiota following smoking cessation may contribute to withdrawal syndrome and the degree of health improvements in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangyi Zeng
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Hosseini A, Barlow GM, Leite G, Rashid M, Parodi G, Wang J, Morales W, Weitsman S, Rezaie A, Pimentel M, Mathur R. Consuming artificial sweeteners may alter the structure and function of duodenal microbial communities. iScience 2023; 26:108530. [PMID: 38125028 PMCID: PMC10730370 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using stool samples suggest that non-sugar sweetener (NSS) consumption affects gut microbiome composition. However, stool does not represent the entire gut. We analyzed the duodenal luminal microbiome in subjects consuming non-aspartame non-sugar sweeteners (NANS, N = 35), aspartame only (ASP, N = 9), and controls (CON, N = 55) and the stool microbiome in a subset (N = 40). Duodenal alpha diversity was decreased in NANS vs. CON. Duodenal relative abundance (RA) of Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Salmonella (all phylum Proteobacteria) was lower in both NANS and ASP vs. CON, whereas stool RA of Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Salmonella was increased in both NANS and ASP vs. CON. Predicted duodenal microbial metabolic pathways altered in NANS vs. CON included polysaccharides biosynthesis and D-galactose degradation, whereas cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis was significantly enriched in ASP vs. CON. These findings suggest that consuming non-sugar sweeteners may significantly alter microbiome composition and function in the metabolically active small bowel, with different alterations seen in stool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseini
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gillian M. Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamad Rashid
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Parodi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hosseini A, Rashid M, Leite G, Barlow GM, Parodi G, Sanchez M, Ayyad S, Pimentel ML, Morales W, Weitsman S, Pimentel M, Mathur R. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lifestyle Changes May Have Influenced Small Bowel Microbial Composition and Microbial Resistance. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:3902-3912. [PMID: 37578565 PMCID: PMC10516792 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic necessitated many severe lifestyle changes, including lockdowns, social distancing, altered food consumption and exercise patterns, and extensive hygiene practices. These extensive changes may have affected the human gut microbiome, which is highly influenced by lifestyle. AIMS To examine the potential effects of pandemic-related lifestyle changes on the metabolically relevant small bowel microbiome. METHODS Adult subjects presenting for upper endoscopy without colonoscopy were identified and divided into two matched groups: pre-pandemic (February 2019-March 2020) and intra-pandemic (April 2021-September 2021, all COVID-19 negative). Duodenal aspirates and blood samples were collected. Duodenal microbiomes were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed by Luminex FlexMap3D. RESULTS Fifty-six pre-pandemic and 38 COVID-negative intra-pandemic subjects were included. There were no significant changes in duodenal microbial alpha diversity in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group, but beta diversity was significantly different. The relative abundance (RA) of phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and family Thermaceae, which are resistant extremophiles, was significantly higher in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group. The RA of several Gram-negative taxa including Bacteroidaceae (phylum Bacteroidetes) and the Proteobacteria families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae, and the RA of potential disruptor genera Escherichia-Shigella and Rothia, were significantly lower in the intra-pandemic vs. pre-pandemic group. Circulating levels of interleukin-18 were also lower in the intra-pandemic group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the small bowel microbiome underwent significant changes during the pandemic, in COVID-19-negative individuals. Given the key roles of the small bowel microbiota in host physiology, this may have implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Hosseini
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamad Rashid
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Parodi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maritza Sanchez
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ayyad
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya L Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Hua Z, Xu L, Zhu J, Xiao L, Lu B, Wu J, Wu Z, Zhou Q, Zhang J. Helicobacter pylori infection altered gastric microbiota in patients with chronic gastritis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1221433. [PMID: 37662018 PMCID: PMC10470091 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1221433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to investigate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection on gastric mucosal microbiota in patients with chronic gastritis. Methods Here recruited a population of 193 patients with both chronic gastritis and positive rapid urease, including 124 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and 69 patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (nCAG). Immunoblotting was used to detect four serum Hp antibodies (UreA, UreB, VacA and CagA) to determine the types of virulent Hp-I and avirulent Hp-II infections. Gastric microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region, and R software was used to present the relationship between the microbial characteristics and the type of Hp infection. Results In the stomach of patients with Hp-positive gastritis, the dominant gastric bacterial genera included Ralstonia (23.94%), Helicobacter (20.28%), Pseudonocardia (9.99%), Mesorhizobium (9.21%), Bradyrhizobium (5.05%), and Labrys (4.75%). The proportion of Hp-I infection was significantly higher in CAG patients (91.1%) than in nCAG patients (71.0%) (P < 0.001). The gastric microbiota richness index (observed OTUs, Chao) was significantly lower in CAG patients than in nCAG patients (P <0.05). Compared with avirulent Hp-II infection, virulent Hp-I infection significantly decreased the Shannon index in CAG patients (P <0.05). In nCAG patients, Hp-I infected patients had lower abundances of several dominant gastric bacteria (Aliidiomarina, Reyranella, Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Acidovorax) than Hp-II infected patients. Meanwhile, in CAG patients, Hp-I infected patients occupied lower abundances of several dominant oral bacteria (Neisseria, Staphylococcus and Haemophilus) than Hp-II infected patients. In addition, bile reflux significantly promoted the colonization of dominant oral microbiota (Veillonella, Prevotella 7 and Rothia) in the stomach of CAG patients. There was no significant symbiotic relationship between Helicobacter bacteria and non-Helicobacter bacteria in the stomach of nCAG patients, while Helicobacter bacteria distinctly linked with the non-Helicobacter bacteria (Pseudolabrys, Ralstonia, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Variovorax) in CAG patients. Conclusions Virulent Hp infection alters the gastric microbiota, reduces microbial diversity, and enhances the symbiotic relationship between the Helicobacter bacteria and non-Helicobacter bacteria in patients with chronic gastritis. The data provides new evidence for treating Hp infection by improving the gastric microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolai Hua
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- Institute of Tumor Prevention and Control, People’s Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, China
| | - Le Xu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Oncology, People’s Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihai Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Mignini I, Ainora ME, Di Francesco S, Galasso L, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Tumorigenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Microbiota-Environment Interconnections. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3200. [PMID: 37370812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colo-rectal cancer (CRC) is undoubtedly one of the most severe complications of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While sporadic CRC develops from a typical adenoma-carcinoma sequence, IBD-related CRC follows different and less understood pathways and its pathophysiological mechanisms were not completely elucidated. In contrast to chronic inflammation, which is nowadays a well-recognised drive towards neoplastic transformation in IBD, only recently was gut microbiota demonstrated to interfere with both inflammation processes and immune-mediated anticancer surveillance. Moreover, the role of microbiota appears particularly complex and intriguing when also considering its multifaceted interactions with multiple environmental stimuli, notably chronic pathologies such as diabetes and obesity, lifestyle (diet, smoking) and vitamin intake. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview on current evidence of the influence of gut microbiota on IBD-related CRC, in particular its mutual interconnections with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mignini
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ainora
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvino Di Francesco
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Galasso
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Sharma P, Singh S, Das K, Mahant S, Das R. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota due to diet, alcohol intake, body mass index, and gastrointestinal diseases in India. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2547-2560. [PMID: 36929191 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is composed of diverse microflora which is influenced by dietary intake. Body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle patterns also play a vital role in human health to alter gut microbial composition. Our study aims to determine the impact of alcohol intake, BMI, and diet on gut microbiota and its relationship with gastrointestinal disorders. Thirty-nine gastric biopsies were taken from patients with various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and all the patient's lifestyle behavior were recorded in a written proforma. 16S rRNA metagenome analysis for V3-V4 regions was used to examine microbial compositions. The richness and diversity of gut microbiota were analyzed by PERMANOVA using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and principal component analysis. The difference in relative abundance was calculated by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity indexes between vegetarians and non-vegetarians showed no significant difference based on BMI, alcohol status, and GI diseases. We found that in overweight vegetarian individuals Faecalibacterium and Rumicococcus might play a role in the control of Helicobacter pylori. Similarly, the increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in non-vegetarian individuals with normal BMI might play a role to decrease the level of harmful bacteria like H. pylori, and Corynebacterium sp. Also, the relative abundance of Corynebacterium sp. among the vegetarians and Streptococcus sp. in the non-vegetarians was increased in alcoholics while H. pylori was increased in non-alcoholics irrespective of diet. There is an increased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in vegetarians among all categories; however, we did not find any correlation between disease outcomes. Our study shows that alcohol intake and dietary habits have independent effects on gut microbial composition. The relative abundance of F. prausnitzii was high among vegetarians in all categories. KEY POINTS: • The presence of H. pylori is less among alcoholics. • Good bacteria help to maintain a normal body mass index. • Gut microbiota richness is high in vegetarians and diversity in non-vegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sharma
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital, Ghaziabad, UP, India.
| | - Shweta Mahant
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Rajashree Das
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India.
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Losol P, Sokolowska M, Chang YS. Interactions between microbiome and underlying mechanisms in asthma. Respir Med 2023; 208:107118. [PMID: 36641058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome primes host innate immunity in utero and play fundamental roles in the development, training, and function of the immune system throughout the life. Interplay between the microbiome and immune system maintains mucosal homeostasis, while alterations of microbial community dysregulate immune responses, leading to distinct phenotypic features of immune-mediated diseases including asthma. Microbial imbalance within the mucosal environments, including upper and lower airways, skin, and gut, has consistently been observed in asthma patients and linked to increased asthma exacerbations and severity. Microbiome research has increased to uncover hidden microbial members, function, and immunoregulatory effects of bacterial metabolites within the mucosa. This review provides an overview of environmental and genetic factors that modulate the composition and function of the microbiome, and the impacts of microbiome metabolites and skin microbiota on immune regulation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Herman-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Ruigrok RAAA, Weersma RK, Vich Vila A. The emerging role of the small intestinal microbiota in human health and disease. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2201155. [PMID: 37074215 PMCID: PMC10120449 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2201155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota continues to demonstrate its importance in human health and disease, largely owing to the countless number of studies investigating the fecal microbiota. Underrepresented in these studies, however, is the role played by microbial communities found in the small intestine, which, given the essential function of the small intestine in nutrient absorption, host metabolism, and immunity, is likely highly relevant. This review provides an overview of the methods used to study the microbiota composition and dynamics along different sections of the small intestine. Furthermore, it explores the role of the microbiota in facilitating the small intestine in its physiological functions and discusses how disruption of the microbial equilibrium can influence disease development. The evidence suggests that the small intestinal microbiota is an important regulator of human health and its characterization has the potential to greatly advance gut microbiome research and the development of novel disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate A. A. A. Ruigrok
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K. Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnau Vich Vila
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Diabetes represents one of the most significant, and rapidly escalating, global healthcare crises we face today. Diabetes already affects one-tenth of the world's adults-more than 537 million people, numbers that have tripled since 2000 and are estimated to reach 643 million by 2030. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), the most prevalent form, is a complex disease with numerous contributing factors, including genetics, epigenetics, diet, lifestyle, medication use, and socioeconomic factors. In addition, the gut microbiome has emerged as a significant potential contributing factor in T2D development and progression. Gut microbes and their metabolites strongly influence host metabolism and immune function, and are now known to contribute to vitamin biosynthesis, gut hormone production, satiety, maintenance of gut barrier integrity, and protection against pathogens, as well as digestion and nutrient absorption. In turn, gut microbes are influenced by diet and lifestyle factors such as alcohol and medication use, including antibiotic use and the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics. Here we review current evidence regarding changes in microbial populations in T2D and the mechanisms by which gut microbes influence glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, including inflammation, gut permeability, and bile acid production. We also explore the interrelationships between gut microbes and different T2D medications and other interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and bariatric surgery. Lastly, we explore the particular role of the small bowel in digestion and metabolism and the importance of studying small bowel microbes directly in our search to find metabolically relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Correspondence: Ruchi Mathur, MD, FRCPC, Director, Clinical Diabetes, Cedars-Sinai, 700 N San Vicente, Ste G271, West Hollywood, CA 90069, USA.
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Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1371-1387. [PMID: 36156126 PMCID: PMC9527826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cancer, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, but the precise mechanisms by which such risk is mediated remain poorly understood. Additionally, smoking can impact the oral, nasal, oropharyngeal, lung and gut microbiome composition, function, and secreted molecule repertoire. Microbiome changes induced by smoking can bear direct consequences on smoking-related illnesses. Moreover, smoking-associated dysbiosis may modulate weight gain development following smoking cessation. Here, we review the implications of cigarette smoking on microbiome community structure and function. In addition, we highlight the potential impacts of microbial dysbiosis on smoking-related diseases. We discuss challenges in studying host–microbiome interactions in the context of smoking, such as the correlations with smoking-related disease severity versus causation and mechanism. In all, understanding the microbiome’s role in the pathophysiology of smoking-related diseases may promote the development of rational therapies for smoking- and smoking cessation-related disorders, as well as assist in smoking abstinence.
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