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Kondo HM, Gheorghiu E, Pinheiro AP. Malleability and fluidity of time perception. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12244. [PMID: 38811624 PMCID: PMC11137112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito M Kondo
- School of Psychology, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagoto Honmachi, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8666, Japan.
| | - Elena Gheorghiu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Bratzke D, Hansen A. How does it feel? Passage of time judgments in speeded RT performance. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:141-147. [PMID: 37402016 PMCID: PMC10805817 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between duration perception and the feeling of time passing (passage of time) is not yet understood. In the present study, we assessed introspective reaction times (RT) and passage of time judgments in a speeded RT task. Task difficulty was manipulated in a numerical comparison task by numerical distance (distance from the number 45) and notation (digit vs. word). The results showed that both effects were reflected in introspective RTs, replicating previous results. Moreover, passage of time judgments showed a very similar pattern, with slower passage of time for more difficult comparisons. These results suggest that in the millisecond range judgments of duration and passage of time largely mirror each other when participants introspect about their own RT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Lamprou-Kokolaki M, Nédélec Y, Lhuillier S, van Wassenhove V. Distinctive features of experiential time: Duration, speed and event density. Conscious Cogn 2024; 118:103635. [PMID: 38219402 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
William James's use of "time in passing" and "stream of thoughts" may be two sides of the same coin that emerge from the brain segmenting the continuous flow of information into discrete events. Herein, we investigated how the density of events affects two temporal experiences: the felt duration and speed of time. Using a temporal bisection task, participants classified seconds-long videos of naturalistic scenes as short or long (duration), or slow or fast (passage of time). Videos contained a varying number and type of events. We found that a large number of events lengthened subjective duration and accelerated the felt passage of time. Surprisingly, participants were also faster at estimating their felt passage of time compared to duration. The perception of duration scaled with duration and event density, whereas the felt passage of time scaled with the rate of change. Altogether, our results suggest that distinct mechanisms underlie these two experiential times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lamprou-Kokolaki
- CEA, DRF/Joliot, NeuroSpin; INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit; Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France.
| | - Yvan Nédélec
- CEA, DRF/Joliot, NeuroSpin; INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit; Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Simon Lhuillier
- LAPEA, Université Gustave Eiffel / Université de Paris, F-7800 Versailles, France
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- CEA, DRF/Joliot, NeuroSpin; INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit; Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France
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Nicolaï C, Chaumon M, van Wassenhove V. Cognitive effects on experienced duration and speed of time, prospectively, retrospectively, in and out of lockdown. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2006. [PMID: 38263171 PMCID: PMC10805715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychological time is influenced by multiple factors such as arousal, emotion, attention and memory. While laboratory observations are well documented, it remains unclear whether cognitive effects on time perception replicate in real-life settings. This study exploits a set of data collected online during the Covid-19 pandemic, where participants completed a verbal working memory (WM) task in which their cognitive load was manipulated using a parametric n-back (1-back, 3-back). At the end of every WM trial, participants estimated the duration of that trial and rated the speed at which they perceived time was passing. In this within-participant design, we initially tested whether the amount of information stored in WM affected time perception in opposite directions depending on whether duration was estimated prospectively (i.e., when participants attend to time) or retrospectively (i.e., when participants do not attend to time). Second, we tested the same working hypothesis for the felt passage of time, which may capture a distinct phenomenology. Third, we examined the link between duration and speed of time, and found that short durations tended to be perceived as fast. Last, we contrasted two groups of individuals tested in and out of lockdown to evaluate the impact of social isolation. We show that duration and speed estimations were differentially affected by social isolation. We discuss and conclude on the influence of cognitive load on various experiences of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Nicolaï
- NeuroSpin, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France.
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Maximilien Chaumon
- Institut du Cerveau, ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, APHP, CENIR, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- NeuroSpin, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France.
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Kent L. Mental Gravity: Depression as Spacetime Curvature of the Self, Mind, and Brain. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1275. [PMID: 37761574 PMCID: PMC10528036 DOI: 10.3390/e25091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The principle of mental gravity contends that the mind uses physical gravity as a mental model or simulacrum to express the relation between the inner self and the outer world in terms of "UP"-ness and "DOWN"-ness. The simulation of increased gravity characterises a continuum of mental gravity which states includes depression as the paradigmatic example of being down, low, heavy, and slow. The physics of gravity can also be used to model spacetime curvature in depression, particularly gravitational time dilation as a property of MG analogous to subjective time dilation (i.e., the slowing of temporal flow in conscious experience). The principle has profound implications for the Temporo-spatial Theory of Consciousness (TTC) with regard to temporo-spatial alignment that establishes a "world-brain relation" that is centred on embodiment and the socialisation of conscious states. The principle of mental gravity provides the TTC with a way to incorporate the structure of the world into the structure of the brain, conscious experience, and thought. In concert with other theories of cognitive and neurobiological spacetime, the TTC can also work towards the "common currency" approach that also potentially connects the TTC to predictive processing frameworks such as free energy, neuronal gauge theories, and active inference accounts of depression. It gives the up/down dimension of space, as defined by the gravitational field, a unique status that is connected to both our embodied interaction with the physical world, and also the inverse, reflective, emotional but still embodied experience of ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Mental Wellbeing Initiatives, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Arstila V. Disjoint components of manifest time: Commentary: Physical time within human time. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1097454. [PMID: 37303889 PMCID: PMC10249305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Arstila
- Department of Philosophy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Philosophy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Unruh F, Vogel D, Landeck M, Lugrin JL, Latoschik ME. Body and Time: Virtual Embodiment and its Effect on Time Perception. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2023; PP:2626-2636. [PMID: 37027744 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2023.3247040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the effect of one's body representation on time perception. Time Perception is modulated by a variety of factors including, e.g., the current situation or activity, it can display significant disturbances caused by psychological disorders, and it is influenced by emotional and interoceptive states, i.e., "the sense of the physiological condition of the body". We investigated this relation between one's own body and the perception of time in a novel Virtual Reality (VR) experiment explicitly fostering user activity. Forty-Eight participants randomly experienced different degrees of embodiment: i) without an avatar (low), ii) with hands (medium), and iii) with a high-quality avatar (high). Participants had to repeatedly activate a virtual lamp and estimate the duration of time intervals as well as judge the passage of time. Our results show a significant effect of embodiment on time perception: time passes slower in the low embodiment condition compared to the medium and high conditions. In contrast to prior work, the study provides missing evidence that this effect is independent of the level of activity of participants: In our task, users were prompted to repeatedly perform body actions, thereby ruling-out a potential influence of the level of activity. Importantly, duration judgements in both the millisecond and minute ranges seemed unaffected by variations in embodiment. Taken together, these results lead to a better understanding of the relationship between the body and time.
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Glicksohn J. From illusion to reality and back in time perception. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1031564. [PMID: 36300073 PMCID: PMC9588960 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Glicksohn
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- *Correspondence: Joseph Glicksohn
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