Whole-genome sequence analysis reveals selection signatures for important economic traits in Xiang pigs

Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies and Statistical Tools in Identifying Pathways and Biomarkers for Heat Tolerance in Livestock

The climate change-associated abnormal weather patterns negatively influences the productivity and performance of farm animals. Heat stress is the major detrimental factor hampering production, causing substantial economic loss to the livestock industry. Therefore, it is important to identify heat-tolerant breeds that can survive and produce optimally in any given environment. To achieve this goal, a clearer understanding of the genetic differences and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with climate change impacts and heat tolerance are a prerequisite. Adopting next-generation biotechnological and statistical tools like whole transcriptome analysis, whole metagenome sequencing, bisulphite sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and selection signatures provides an opportunity to achieve this goal. Through these techniques, it is possible to identify permanent genetic markers for heat tolerance, and by incorporating those markers in marker-assisted breeding selection, it is possible to achieve the target of breeding for heat tolerance in livestock. This review gives an overview of the recent advancements in assessing heat tolerance in livestock using such 'omics' approaches and statistical models. The salient findings from this research highlighted several candidate biomarkers that have the potential to be incorporated into future heat-tolerance studies. Such approaches could revolutionise livestock production in the changing climate scenario and support the food demands of the growing human population.

Genome-wide characterization of structure variations in the Xiang pig for genetic resistance to African swine fever

African swine fever (ASF) is a rapidly fatal viral haemorrhagic fever in Chinese domestic pigs. Although very high mortality is observed in pig farms after an ASF outbreak, clinically healthy and antibody-positive pigs are found in those farms, and viral detection is rare from these pigs. The ability of pigs to resist ASF viral infection may be modulated by host genetic variations. However, the genetic basis of the resistance of domestic pigs against ASF remains unclear. We generated a comprehensive set of structural variations (SVs) in a Chinese indigenous Xiang pig with ASF-resistant (Xiang-R) and ASF-susceptible (Xiang-S) phenotypes using whole-genome resequencing method. A total of 53,589 nonredundant SVs were identified, with an average of 25,656 SVs per individual in the Xiang pig genome, including insertion, deletion, inversion and duplication variations. The Xiang-R group harboured more SVs than the Xiang-S group. The F-statistics (FST) was carried out to reveal genetic differences between two populations using the resequencing data at each SV locus. We identified 2,414 population-stratified SVs and annotated 1,152 Ensembl genes (including 986 protein-coding genes), in which 1,326 SVs might disturb the structure and expression of the Ensembl genes. Those protein-coding genes were mainly enriched in the Wnt, Hippo, and calcium signalling pathways. Other important pathways associated with the ASF viral infection were also identified, such as the endocytosis, apoptosis, focal adhesion, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, junction, NOD-like receptor, PI3K-Akt, and c-type lectin receptor signalling pathways. Finally, we identified 135 candidate adaptive genes overlapping 166 SVs that were involved in the virus entry and virus-host cell interactions. The fact that some of population-stratified SVs regions detected as selective sweep signals gave another support for the genetic variations affecting pig resistance against ASF. The research indicates that SVs play an important role in the evolutionary processes of Xiang pig adaptation to ASF infection.

Population Structure and Selection Signatures in Chinese Indigenous Zhaotong Pigs Revealed by Whole-Genome Resequencing

Zhaotong pig (ZTP) is a Chinese indigenous pig breed in Yunnan Province, known for its unique body shape and appearance, good meat quality, strong foraging ability, and adaptability. However, there is still a lack of research on its genome. In order to investigate the genetic diversity, population structure, and selection signatures of the breed, we conducted a comprehensive analysis by resequencing on 30 ZTPs and comparing them with genomic data from 10 Asian wild boars (AWBs). A total of 45,514,452 autosomal SNPs were detected in the 40 pigs, and 23,649,650 SNPs were retained for further analysis after filtering. The HE, HO, PN, MAF, π, and Fis values were calculated to evaluate the genetic diversity, and the results showed that ZTPs had higher genetic diversity and lower inbreeding coefficient compared with AWBs. Population structure was analyzed using NJ tree, PCA, ADMIXTURE, and LD methods. It was found that ZTPs were population independent of AWBs and had a lower LD decay compared to AWBs. Moreover, the results of the IBS genetic distance and G matrix showed that most of the individuals had large genetic distances and distant genetic relationships in ZTPs. Selection signatures were detected between ZTPs and AWBs by using two methods, FST and π ratio. Totals of 1104 selected regions and 275 candidate genes were identified. Finally, functional enrichment analysis identified some annotated genes that might affect fat deposition (NPY1R, NPY5R, and NMU), reproduction (COL3A1, COL5A2, GLRB, TAC3, and MAP3K12), growth (STAT6 and SQOR), tooth development (AMBN, ENAM, and ODAM), and immune response (MBL2, IL1A, and DNAJA3). Our results will provide a valuable basis for the future effective protection, breeding, and utilization of ZTPs.

Early Weaning Inhibits Intestinal Stem Cell Expansion to Disrupt the Intestinal Integrity of Duroc Piglets via Regulating the Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling

There are different stress resistance among different breeds of pigs. Changes in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are still unclear among various breeds of piglets after early weaning. In the current study, Taoyuan Black and Duroc piglets were slaughtered at 21 days of age (early weaning day) and 24 days of age (3 days after early weaning) for 10 piglets in each group. The results showed that the rate of ISC-driven epithelial renewal in local Taoyuan Black pigs hardly changed after weaning for 3 days. However, weaning stress significantly reduced the weight of the duodenum and jejunum in Duroc piglets. Meanwhile, the jejunal villus height, tight junction-related proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin1), as well as the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, were down-regulated after weaning for 3 days in Duroc piglets. Moreover, compared with Unweaned Duroc piglets, the numbers of Olfm4+ ISC cells, PCNA+ mitotic cells, SOX9+ secretory progenitor cells, and Villin+ absorptive cells in the jejunum were reduced significantly 3 days after weaning. And ex vivo jejunal crypt-derived organoids exhibited growth disadvantages in weaned Duroc piglets. Notably, the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling activities and the expression of HO-1 were significantly depressed in weaned Duroc piglets compared to Unweaned Duroc piglets. Thus, we can conclude that ISCs of Duroc piglets were more sensitive to weaning stress injury than Taoyuan Black piglets, and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling is involved in this process.

Genome-wide detection of runs of homozygosity and heterozygosity in Tunchang pigs

Tunchang pigs, mainly distributed throughout Hainan Province of China, are well-known for their superior meat quality, crude feed tolerance, and adaptability to high temperatures and humidity. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) can provide valuable information about the inbreeding coefficient in individuals and selection signals that may reveal candidate genes associated with key functional traits. Runs of heterozygosity (ROHet) are commonly associated with balance selection, which can help us understand the adaptive evolutionary history of domestic animals. In this study, we investigated ROHs and ROHets in 88 Tunchang pigs. We also compared the estimates of inbreeding coefficients in individuals calculated based on four methods. In summary, we detected a total of 16 ROH islands in our study, and 100 genes were found within ROH regions. These genes were correlated with economically important traits such as reproduction (e.g., SERPIND1, HIRA), meat quality (e.g., PI4KA, TBX1), immunity (e.g., ESS2, RANBP1), adaption to heat stress (TXNRD2 and DGCR8), and crude food tolerance (TRPM6). Moreover, we discovered 18 ROHet islands harbouring genes associated with reproduction (e.g., ARHGEF12, BMPR2), immune system (e.g., BRD4, DNMT3B). These findings may help us design effective breeding and conservation strategies for this unique breed.

Resequencing Analyses Revealed Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures during Rabbit Breeding and Improvement

Domestication has shaped the diverse characteristics of rabbits, including coat color, fur structure, body size, and various physiological traits. Utilizing whole-genome resequencing (DNBSEQ-T7), we analyzed the genetic diversity, population structure, and genomic selection across 180 rabbits from 17 distinct breeds to uncover the genetic basis of these traits. We conducted whole-genome sequencing on 17 rabbit breeds, identifying 17,430,184 high-quality SNPs and analyzing genomic diversity, patterns of genomic variation, population structure, and selection signatures related to coat color, coat structure, long hair, body size, reproductive capacity, and disease resistance. Through PCA and NJ tree analyses, distinct clusters emerged among Chinese indigenous rabbits, suggesting varied origins and domestication histories. Selective sweep testing pinpointed regions and genes linked to domestication and key morphological and economic traits, including those affecting coat color (TYR, ASIP), structure (LIPH), body size (INSIG2, GLI3), fertility (EDNRA, SRD5A2), heat stress adaptation (PLCB1), and immune response (SEC31A, CD86, LAP3). Our study identified key genomic signatures of selection related to traits such as coat color, fur structure, body size, and fertility; these findings highlight the genetic basis underlying phenotypic diversification in rabbits and have implications for breeding programs aiming to improve productive, reproductive, and adaptive traits. The detected genomic signatures of selection also provide insights into rabbit domestication and can aid conservation efforts for indigenous breeds.

Advancements in Genetic Marker Exploration for Livestock Vertebral Traits with a Focus on China

In livestock breeding, the number of vertebrae has gained significant attention due to its impact on carcass quality and quantity. Variations in vertebral traits have been observed across different animal species and breeds, with a strong correlation to growth and meat production. Furthermore, vertebral traits are classified as quantitative characteristics. Molecular marker techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), have emerged as efficient tools to identify genetic markers associated with vertebral traits. In the current review, we highlight some key potential genes and their polymorphisms that play pivotal roles in controlling vertebral traits (development, length, and number) in various livestock species, including pigs, donkeys, and sheep. Specific genetic variants within these genes have been linked to vertebral development, number, and length, offering valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms governing vertebral traits. This knowledge has significant implications for selective breeding strategies to enhance structural characteristics and meat quantity and quality in livestock, ultimately improving the efficiency and quality of the animal husbandry industry.

Detection of Runs of Homozygosity and Identification of Candidate Genes in the Whole Genome of Tunchang Pigs

Tunchang pigs are an indigenous pig population in China known for their high tolerance to roughage, delicious meat, and fecundity. However, the number of Tunchang pigs has been declining due to the influence of commercial breeds and African swine fever, which could potentially lead to inbreeding. To assess the inbreeding level and the genetic basis of important traits in Tunchang pigs, our research investigated the patterns in "runs of homozygosity" (ROHs) using whole genome resequencing data from 32 Tunchang pigs. The study aimed to determine the length, number, coverage, and distribution model of ROHs in Tunchang pigs, as well as genomic regions with high ROH frequencies. The results of the study revealed that a total of 20,499,374 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1953 ROH fragments were recognized in 32 individuals. The ROH fragments in Tunchang pigs were predominantly short, ranging from 0.5 to 1 megabases (Mb) in length. Furthermore, the coverage of ROHs varied across chromosomes, with chromosome 3 having the highest coverage and chromosome 11 having the lowest coverage. The genetic diversity of Tunchang pigs was found to be relatively high based on the values of HE (expected heterozygosity), HO (observed heterozygosity), pi (nucleotide diversity), Ne (effective population size), and MAF (minor allele frequency). The average inbreeding coefficients of Tunchang pigs, as determined by three different methods (FHOM, FGRM, and FROH), were 0.019, 0.0138, and 0.0304, respectively. These values indicate that the level of inbreeding in Tunchang pigs is currently low. Additionally, the study identified a total of 13 ROH islands on all chromosomes, which in total contained 38,913 SNPs and 120 genes. These ROH islands included genes associated with economically important traits, including meat quality (GYS1, PHLPP1, SLC27A5, and CRTC1), growth and development (ANKS1A, TAF11, SPDEF, LHB, and PACSIN1), and environmental adaptation (SLC26A7). The findings of this research offer valuable perspectives on the present status of Tunchang pig resources and offer a reference for breeding conservation plans and the efficient utilization of Tunchang pigs in the future. By understanding the inbreeding level and genetic basis of important traits in Tunchang pigs, conservation efforts can be targeted towards maintaining genetic diversity and promoting the sustainable development of this indigenous pig population.

Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis Elucidates Genetic Structure and Identifies Candidate Genes of Teat Number Traits in Pigs

The teat number is a pivotal reproductive trait that significantly influences the survival rate of piglets. A meta-analysis is a robust instrument, enhancing the universality of research findings and improving statistical power by increasing the sample size. This study aimed to identify universal candidate genes associated with teat number traits using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis with three breeds. We identified 21 chromosome threshold significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with five teat number traits in single-breed and cross-breed meta-GWAS analyses. Using a co-localization analysis of expression quantitative trait loci and GWAS loci, we detected four unique genes that were co-localized with cross-breed GWAS loci associated with teat number traits. Through a meta-analysis and integrative analysis, we identified more reliable candidate genes associated with multiple-breed teat number traits. Our research provides new information for exploring the genetic mechanism affecting pig teat number for breeding selection and improvement.

Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Profiles Reveals a Differential Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Mechanism among Ningxiang Pig and Berkshires, and Their Offspring

Adipose tissue composition contributes greatly to the quality and nutritional value of meat. Transcriptomic and lipidomic techniques were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the differences in fat deposition in Ningxiang pigs, Berkshires and F1 offspring. Transcriptomic analysis identified 680, 592, and 380 DEGs in comparisons of Ningxiang pigs vs. Berkshires, Berkshires vs. F1 offspring, and Ningxiang pigs vs. F1 offspring. The lipidomic analysis screened 423, 252, and 50 SCLs in comparisons of Ningxiang pigs vs. Berkshires, Berkshires vs. F1 offspring, and Ningxiang pigs vs. F1 offspring. Lycine, serine, and the threonine metabolism pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched in comparisons of Berkshires vs. Ningxiang pigs and Berkshires vs. F1 offspring. The DEGs (PHGDH, LOC110256000) and the SCLs (phosphatidylserines) may have a great impact on the glycine, serine, and the threonine metabolism pathway. Moreover, the DEGs (FASN, ACACA, CBR4, SCD, ELOV6, HACD2, CYP3A46, CYP2B22, GPX1, and GPX3) and the SCLs (palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and icosadienoic acid) play important roles in the fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. Thus, the difference in fat deposition among Ningxiang pig, Berkshires, and F1 offspring may be caused by differences in the expression patterns of key genes in multiple enriched KEGG pathways. This research revealed multiple lipids that are potentially available biological indicators and screened key genes that are potential targets for molecular design breeding. The research also explored the molecular mechanisms of the difference in fat deposition among Ningxiang pig, Berkshires, and F1 pigs, and provided an insight into selection for backfat thickness and the fat composition of adipose tissue for future breeding strategies.

An Integrative ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Analysis of the Endometrial Tissues of Meishan and Duroc Pigs

Meishan pigs are a well-known indigenous pig breed in China characterized by a high fertility. Notably, the number of endometrial grands is significantly higher in Meishan pigs than Duroc pigs. The characteristics of the endometrial tissue are related to litter size. Therefore, we used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the mechanisms underlying the differences in fecundity between the breeds. We detected the key transcription factors, including Double homeobox (Dux), Ladybird-like homeobox gene 2 (LBX2), and LIM homeobox 8 (Lhx8), with potentially pivotal roles in the regulation of the genes related to endometrial development. We identified the differentially expressed genes between the breeds, including SOX17, ANXA4, DLX3, DMRT1, FLNB, IRF6, CBFA2T2, TFCP2L1, EFNA5, SLIT2, and CYFIP2, with roles in epithelial cell differentiation, fertility, and ovulation. Interestingly, ANXA4, CBFA2T2, and TFCP2L1, which were upregulated in the Meishan pigs in the RNA-seq analysis, were identified again by the integration of the ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data. Moreover, we identified genes in the cancer or immune pathways, FoxO signaling, Wnt signaling, and phospholipase D signaling pathways. These ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses revealed the accessible chromatin and potential mechanisms underlying the differences in the endometrial tissues between the two types of pigs.

Distinct N7-methylguanosine profiles of circular RNAs in drug-resistant acute myeloid leukemia

Post-transcriptional methylation modifications, such as the N7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification, are increasingly acknowledged for their role in the development and resistance to chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study employed MeRIP-seq technology to investigate the m7G sites within circular RNAs (circRNAs) derived from human AML cells and drug-resistant AML cells, in order to identify these sites more comprehensively. In addition, a detailed analysis of the relationship between m7G and drug-resistant AML was conducted. The bioinformatics analysis was utilized to predict the functions of specific methylated transcripts. The findings revealed a significant difference in m7G level between AML cells and drug-resistant AML cells, suggesting a potentially critical role of m7G in circRNAs in drug-resistant AML development. The methylation of M7G could affect the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression during the development of AML resistance, which could further influence the regulation of resistance-associated target genes in AML. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis indicated that the distinct distribution pattern of circRNAs with m7G methylation in drug-resistant AML cells was correlated with metabolism-related pathways. These results suggested a potential association between drug-resistant AML and m7G methylation of circRNAs. Moreover, the results revealed a novel role of m7G RNA methylation in circRNAs in the progression of AML chemoresistance.

Identification of SNP markers for canine mammary gland tumours in females based on a genome-wide association study - preliminary results

Introduction

The development of genetic research over recent decades has enabled the discovery of new genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This, as well as the full sequencing of the dog genome, has enabled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be used in the search for genetic causes of canine mammary tumours (CMTs).

Material and Methods

Genotypic data containing 175,000 SNPs, which had been obtained using the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip microarray technique, were available for analysis in this study. The data concerned 118 bitches, including 36 animals with CMT, representing various breeds and age groups. Statistical analysis was performed in two steps: quality control of genotyping data and genome-wide association analysis based on dominant, recessive, overdominant, codominant, and log-additive models with the single SNP effects.

Results

A total of 40 different SNPs significantly associated with CMT appearance were detected. Moreover, twelve SNPs showed statistical significance in more than one model. Of all the significant SNPs, two, namely BICF2G630136001 in the overdominant model and TIGRP2P107898_rs9044787 in the log-additive model, reached the 5-8 significance level. The other SNPs were significant to a 1-5 level.

Conclusion

In the group of SNPs indicated as significant in the GWAS analysis, several transpired to be localised within genes that may play an important role in CMT.

Identification of candidate genomic regions for egg yolk moisture content based on a genome-wide association study

BACKGROUND

Eggs represent important sources of protein and are widely loved by consumers. Egg yolk taste is an important index for egg selection, and the moisture content of the egg yolk affects the taste. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying egg yolk moisture content, this study determined the phenotype and heritability of egg yolk water content and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a mixed linear model.

RESULTS

We determined the phenotype and heritability of thermogelled egg yolk water content (TWC) and found that the average TWC was 47.73%. Moreover, significant variations occurred (41.06-57.12%), and the heritability was 0.11, which indicates medium-low heritability. Through the GWAS, 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to TWC (20 significantly, 28 suggestively) were obtained, and they were mainly located on chromosomes 10 and 13. We identified 36 candidate genes based on gene function and found that they were mainly involved in regulating fat, protein, and water content and embryonic development. FGF9, PIAS1, FEM1B, NOX5, GLCE, VDAC1, IGFBP7, and THOC5 were involved in lipid formation and regulation; AP3S2, GNPDA1, HSPA4, AP1B1, CABP7, EEF1D, SYTL3, PPP2CA, SKP1, and UBE2B were involved in protein folding and hydrolysis; and CSF2, SOWAHA, GDF9, FSTL4, RAPGEF6, PAQR5, and ZMAT5 were related to embryonic development and egg production. Moreover, MICU2, ITGA11, WDR76, BLM, ANPEP, TECRL, EWSR1, and P4HA2 were related to yolk quality, while ITGA11, WDR76, BLM, and ANPEP were potentially significantly involved in egg yolk water content and thus deserve further attention and research. In addition, this study identified a 19.31-19.92 Mb genome region on GGA10, and a linkage disequilibrium analysis identified strong correlations within this region. Thus, GGA10 may represent a candidate region for TWC traits.

CONCLUSION

The molecular genetic mechanism involved in TWC was revealed through heritability measurements and GWAS, which identified a series of SNPs, candidate genes, and candidate regions related to TWC. These results provide insights on the molecular mechanism of egg yolk moisture content and may aid in the development of new egg traits.

Selection signature analysis reveals RDH5 performed key function in vision during sheep domestication process

Abstract. As one of the most successful domesticated animals in the Neolithic age, sheep gradually migrated all over the world with human activities. During the domestication process, remarkable changes have taken place in morphology, physiology, and behavior, resulting in different breeds with different characters via artificial and natural selection. However, the genetic background responsible for these phenotypic variations remains largely unclear. Here, we used whole genome resequencing technology to compare and analyze the genome differences between Asiatic mouflon wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) and Hu sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 755 genes were positively selected in the process of domestication and selection, and the genes related to sensory perception had directional evolution in the autosomal region, such as OPRL1, LEF1, TAS1R3, ATF6, VSX2, MYO1A, RDH5, and some novel genes. A missense mutation of c.T722C/p.M241T in exon 4 of RDH5 existing in sheep were found, and the T allele was completely fixed in Hu sheep. In addition, the mutation with the C allele reduced the retinol dehydrogenase activity encoding by RDH5, which can impair retinoic acid metabolism and further influenced the visual cycle. Overall, our results showed significant enrichment for positively selected genes involved in sensory perception development during sheep domestication; RDH5 and its variants may be related to the retinal degeneration in sheep. We infer that the wild sheep ancestors with weaker visual sensitivity were weeded out by humans, and the mutation was selective, swept by the dual pressures of natural and artificial selection.

Identification of LTBP2 gene polymorphisms and their association with thoracolumbar vertebrae number, body size, and carcass traits in Dezhou donkeys

The number of thoracolumbar vertebrae in Dezhou donkeys varies from 22 to 24 and is associated with body size and carcass traits. In mammals, the latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2) has been found to have some functions in the development of thoracolumbar vertebrae. The relationship between LTBP2 and TLN (the number of thoracolumbar vertebrae) of Dezhou donkeys is yet to be reported. The purposes of this study are as follows: 1) to quantify the effect of thoracolumbar vertebrae number variation of Dezhou donkeys on body size and carcass trait; 2) to study the distribution of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the LTBP2 gene of Dezhou donkeys; and 3) to explore whether these SNVs can be used as candidate sites to study the mechanism of Dezhou donkey muti-thoracolumbar vertebrae development. The TLN, body size, and carcass traits of 392 individuals from a Dezhou donkey breed were recorded. All animals were sequenced for LTBP2 using GBTS liquid chip and 16 SNVs were used for further analysis. We then analyzed the relationship between these SNVs with TLN, body size, and carcass traits. The results showed that: 1) c.5547 + 860 C > T, c.5251 + 281 A > C, c.3769 + 40 C > T, and c.2782 + 3975 A > G were complete genetic linkages and significantly associated with thoracic vertebrae number (TN) (p < 0.05) (wild-type homozygotes had more TN than heterozygotes); 2) c.1381 + 768 T > G and c.1381 + 763 G > T were significantly associated with lumber vertebrae number (LN) (p < 0.05); 3) c.1003 + 704 C > T, c.1003 + 651 C > T, c.1003 + 626 A > G, and c.812 + 22526 T > G were significantly associated with chest circumference (CHC), front carcass weight (CWF), after carcass weight (CWA), and carcass weight (CW) (p < 0.05) (wild-type homozygotes were larger than other genotypes in CHC, CWF, CWA, and CW); and 4) the effect of variation is not consistent in c.565 + 11921 A > G, c.565 + 6840 A > G, c.565 + 3453 C > T, and c.494 + 5808 C > T. These results provide useful information that the polymorphism of LTBP2 is significantly associated with TLN, body size, and carcass traits in Dezhou donkeys, which can serve as a molecule marker to improve donkey production performance.