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Khan MZ, Chen W, Huang B, Liu X, Wang X, Liu Y, Chai W, Wang C. Advancements in Genetic Marker Exploration for Livestock Vertebral Traits with a Focus on China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:594. [PMID: 38396562 PMCID: PMC10885964 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In livestock breeding, the number of vertebrae has gained significant attention due to its impact on carcass quality and quantity. Variations in vertebral traits have been observed across different animal species and breeds, with a strong correlation to growth and meat production. Furthermore, vertebral traits are classified as quantitative characteristics. Molecular marker techniques, such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), have emerged as efficient tools to identify genetic markers associated with vertebral traits. In the current review, we highlight some key potential genes and their polymorphisms that play pivotal roles in controlling vertebral traits (development, length, and number) in various livestock species, including pigs, donkeys, and sheep. Specific genetic variants within these genes have been linked to vertebral development, number, and length, offering valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms governing vertebral traits. This knowledge has significant implications for selective breeding strategies to enhance structural characteristics and meat quantity and quality in livestock, ultimately improving the efficiency and quality of the animal husbandry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 522000, China
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Yao Y, Wang H, Lu Z, Nian F, Zheng C, Li F, Tang D. Improving Shelf Life and Content of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Meat of Lambs Fed a Diet Supplemented with Grape Dregs. Foods 2023; 12:4204. [PMID: 38231653 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of dietary grape residue levels on the slaughter indicators, meat quality, meat shelf-life, unsaturated fatty acid content, and expression of fatty acid deposition genes in the muscle of lambs. Sixty 30-month-old male Dorper and Small-Tailed Han F1 hybrid lambs were assigned to a single factor complete randomized trial design and fed with four different diets including 0%, 8%, 16%, and 24% grape dregs, respectively. The findings regarding meat production efficacy in the lambs revealed substantial differences. The control group showed notably lower dressing percentage, carcass weight, net meat weight, meat percentage concerning carcass, meat-to-bone ratio, relative visceral and kidney fat mass, and rib eye area compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the meat shearing force of lambs fed a diet with 16% grape pomace (GP) was significantly higher than that of the 24% GP group (p < 0.05), while the 24 h meat color parameter a* value of the control group was notably higher than that of the 8% GP group (p < 0.05). In addition, compared to the control group, lambs fed with a diet containing 16% GP had higher levels of oleic acid (C18:1n-9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6c), behenic acid (C22:0), tricosanoic acid (C23:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), at a ratio of ∑CLA/TFA, ∑n-6, ∑MUFA, and ∑PUFA in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < 0.05), but the reverse case was applicable for Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) content (p < 0.05). GP supplementation did not substantially affect the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes (p > 0.05). The findings indicated that incorporating grape dregs in the diets of fattening lambs leads to notable enhancements in meat production and the antioxidant capacity of lamb meat, and effectively extends the shelf life of the meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fang Nian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Pastoral Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Defu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Croney C, Swanson J. Is meat eating morally defensible? Contemporary ethical considerations. Anim Front 2023; 13:61-67. [PMID: 37073313 PMCID: PMC10105844 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice Swanson
- Departments of Animal Science and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Kalds P, Zhou S, Huang S, Gao Y, Wang X, Chen Y. When Less Is More: Targeting the Myostatin Gene in Livestock for Augmenting Meat Production. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4216-4227. [PMID: 36862946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How to increase meat production is one of the main questions in animal breeding. Selection for improved body weight has been made and, due to recent genomic advances, naturally occurring variants that are responsible for controlling economically relevant phenotypes have been revealed. The myostatin (MSTN) gene, a superstar gene in animal breeding, was discovered as a negative controller of muscle mass. In some livestock species, natural mutations in the MSTN gene could generate the agriculturally desirable double-muscling phenotype. However, some other livestock species or breeds lack these desirable variants. Genetic modification, particularly gene editing, offers an unprecedented opportunity to induce or mimic naturally occurring mutations in livestock genomes. To date, various MSTN-edited livestock species have been generated using different gene modification tools. These MSTN gene-edited models have higher growth rates and increased muscle mass, suggesting the high potential of utilizing MSTN gene editing in animal breeding. Additionally, post-editing investigations in most livestock species support the favorable influence of targeting the MSTN gene on meat quantity and quality. In this Review, we provide a collective discussion on targeting the MSTN gene in livestock to further encourage its utilization opportunities. It is expected that, shortly, MSTN gene-edited livestock will be commercialized, and MSTN-edited meat will be on the tables of ordinary customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalds
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish 45511, Egypt
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio-Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Kuempel CD, Frazier M, Verstaen J, Rayner PE, Blanchard JL, Cottrell RS, Froehlich HE, Gephart JA, Jacobsen NS, McIntyre PB, Metian M, Moran D, Nash KL, Többen J, Williams DR, Halpern BS. Environmental footprints of farmed chicken and salmon bridge the land and sea. Curr Biol 2023; 33:990-997.e4. [PMID: 36787746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Food production, particularly of fed animals, is a leading cause of environmental degradation globally.1,2 Understanding where and how much environmental pressure different fed animal products exert is critical to designing effective food policies that promote sustainability.3 Here, we assess and compare the environmental footprint of farming industrial broiler chickens and farmed salmonids (salmon, marine trout, and Arctic char) to identify opportunities to reduce environmental pressures. We map cumulative environmental pressures (greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient pollution, freshwater use, and spatial disturbance), with particular focus on dynamics across the land and sea. We found that farming broiler chickens disturbs 9 times more area than farming salmon (∼924,000 vs. ∼103,500 km2) but yields 55 times greater production. The footprints of both sectors are extensive, but 95% of cumulative pressures are concentrated into <5% of total area. Surprisingly, the location of these pressures is similar (85.5% spatial overlap between chicken and salmon pressures), primarily due to shared feed ingredients. Environmental pressures from feed ingredients account for >78% and >69% of cumulative pressures of broiler chicken and farmed salmon production, respectively, and could represent a key leverage point to reduce environmental footprints. The environmental efficiency (cumulative pressures per tonne of production) also differs geographically, with areas of high efficiency revealing further potential to promote sustainability. The propagation of environmental pressures across the land and sea underscores the importance of integrating food policies across realms and sectors to advance food system sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Kuempel
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Juliette Verstaen
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Paul-Eric Rayner
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Julia L Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Richard S Cottrell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Halley E Froehlich
- Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Nis Sand Jacobsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Kemitorvet 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Department of Natural Resource and Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Marine Environment Laboratories (IAEA-MEL), Radioecology Laboratory, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Daniel Moran
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7016, Norway
| | - Kirsty L Nash
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Johannes Többen
- GWS (Institute of Economic Structures Research), 49080 Osnabrück, Germany; Social Metabolism & Impacts, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David R Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Bazekin G, Gatiyatullin I, Skovorodin E, Chudov I, Ezhkov V. Improving meat qualities of pigs after deworming against ascariasis with administered glycyrrhizic acid. J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:239-246. [PMID: 36905095 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2186669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes the effect of glycyrrhizic acid contained in licorice roots on the quality of pork produced. The study uses advanced research methods as ion-exchange chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, drying of an average sample of muscle, and pressing method. The paper set out to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid on the pig meat quality after deworming. Of particular concern is the animal body restoration after deworming that results in metabolic disorders. The nutrient content of meat reduces, the output of bones and tendons rises. This is the first report on the use of glycyrrhizic acid to increase the meat quality of pigs after deworming. The findings from this study indicated higher pork quality resulted from a favorable effect of GA on the chemical and amino acid composition of meat. The resulting data demonstrated that glycyrrhizic acid in the piglets' diet had a beneficial effect on the biochemical processes in their body. The main scientific provisions of this paper and its findings have several practical implications for veterinary specialists. They can also be recommended for the educational process. Another possible implication is the development of new drugs, methods, and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Bazekin
- Department of Morphology, Pathology, Pharmacy and Non-Communicable Diseases, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University", Ufa, Russia
| | - Ildar Gatiyatullin
- Department of Morphology, Pathology, Pharmacy and Non-Communicable Diseases, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University", Ufa, Russia
| | - Evgeny Skovorodin
- Department of Morphology, Pathology, Pharmacy and Non-Communicable Diseases, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University", Ufa, Russia
| | - Ivan Chudov
- Department of Morphology, Pathology, Pharmacy and Non-Communicable Diseases, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University", Ufa, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ezhkov
- Department for the Development of Nano- and Biotechnologies in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tatar Research Institute of Agrochemistry and Soil Science-A Separate Structural Subdivision of the Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, Russia
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Choi J, Liu G, Goo D, Wang J, Bowker B, Zhuang H, Kim WK. Effects of tannic acid supplementation on growth performance, gut health, and meat production and quality of broiler chickens raised in floor pens for 42 days. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1082009. [PMID: 36589444 PMCID: PMC9800873 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1082009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of tannic acid (TA) supplementation on growth performance, gut health, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and meat yield and quality in broilers raised for 42 days. A total of 700 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Cobb500) were allocated into 5 treatments with 7 replicates of 20 birds per pen. There were five treatments: 1) tannic acid 0 (TA0: basal diet without TA); 2) tannic acid 0.25 (TA0.25: basal diet+0.25 g/kg TA); 3) tannic acid 0.5 (TA0.5: basal diet+0.5 g/kg TA); 4) tannic acid 1 (TA1: basal diet+1 g/kg TA); and 5) tannic acid 2 (TA2: basal diet+2 g/kg TA). The dietary phases included starter (D 0 to 18; crumble feed), grower (D 18 to 28; pellet feed), and finisher (D 28 to 42; pellet feed). On D 18, the supplementation of TA linearly reduced body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p < 0.05), and on D 28, the supplementation of TA linearly reduced BW, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). Relative mRNA expression of genes related to mucin production (MUC2), tight junction proteins (CLDN2 and JAM2), and nutrient transporters (B0AT1 and SGLT1) was linearly increased by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). The supplementation of TA tended to linearly increase the relative abundance of the family Enterobacteriaceae (p = 0.08) and quadratically increased the relative abundance of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in the cecal microbial communities (p < 0.05). On D 36, the ratio of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was quadratically reduced by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). On D 42, bone mineral density and the lean to fat ratio were linearly decreased by the supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). On D 43, total chilled carcass weight was linearly reduced (p < 0.05), and proportion of leg weight was increased by supplementation of TA (p < 0.05). The supplementation of TA linearly reduced pH of the breast meat (p < 0.05) and linearly increased redness (a*) (p < 0.05). Although the supplementation of TA positively influenced gut health and gut microbiota in the starter/grower phases, it negatively affected overall growth performance, bone health, and meat production in broilers on D 42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Doyun Goo
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brain Bowker
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hong Zhuang
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Woo Kyun Kim,
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Cavalheiro LG, Gené LA, Coldebella A, Kich JD, Ruiz VLDA. Microbiological Quality of Pig Carcasses in a Slaughterhouse under Risk-Based Inspection System. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243986. [PMID: 36553728 PMCID: PMC9778288 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat product inspection is one of the procedures adopted more than a century ago to guarantee food quality and safety for consumption. Due to technology and regulation advancement for farming and slaughtering pigs, a change in zoonotic profile attributed to pork has been identified. Thus, a global movement began to establish inspection parameters based on epidemiological risk profiles, culminating in the publication of a new regulation in Brazil in 2018. This normative instruction establishes that slaughterhouses under federal inspection must implement risk-based inspection until 2028. Changes in the inspection system can generate questions and objections on the part of customers and consumer markets. In order to assess microbiological contamination when adopting a risk-based inspection system, the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts were compared in pig carcasses slaughtered under traditional and risk-based inspection systems. A statistical significance reduction was identified regarding the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae (log -0.18 to -1.61 CFU/cm2) and mesophilic aerobic counts (log 4.60 to 3.49 CFU/cm2). The occurrence of Salmonella spp. did not show a significant difference (4% to 5.3%). The results allowed us to conclude that adopting risk-based inspection systems improves food safety through Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Giacometti Cavalheiro
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-98169-1133
| | - Luisa Aneiros Gené
- Department of Food Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR153, km 110, Concórdia 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Vera Letticie de Azevedo Ruiz
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
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Şen U, Şirin E, Filik AG, Önder H, Piwczyński D, Kolenda M. Growth and Slaughter Characteristics of Weaning Male Kids of Turkish Native Goat Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2788. [PMID: 34679809 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little knowledge about the carcass potential of Turkish native goat breeds raised under different rearing conditions. It is necessary to compare the carcass characteristics of these breeds to minimize the effect of the rearing conditions. Therefore, this study aims to compare the growth, slaughter, and carcass characteristics of male kids at weaning age to eliminate the impact of rearing conditions. Kids born to Angora (n = 6), Hair (n = 6), Honamlı (n = 6), and Kilis (n = 6) Turkish native goat breeds, ranging in age from 2-3 years, were slaughtered at 90 days of weaning age and carcass characteristics were determined immediately. There were differences (p < 0.05) among breeds in terms of birth weight (BW) and daily weight gain (DWG) from birth to weaning age. Honamlı kids had higher BW and DWG than those of other breeds (p < 0.05). Similarly, carcass weights (hot-cold) and yields (hot-cold) of Honamlı kids were higher compared to kids born to other breeds (p < 0.05). Additionally, Honamlı and Hair kids had higher longissimus-dorsi (LD), and semitendinosus (ST) muscle weights compared to Kilis and Angora kids. Interestingly, Kilis kids had lower BW and DWG than those of other breeds (p < 0.05). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) among breeds in terms of non-carcass parts and organ weights. Positive correlations were calculated between cross-sectional area and weight (r = 0.793; p < 0.01), length and weight (r = 0.723; p < 0.01), and depth and weight (r = 0.698; p < 0.01) in LD muscle of all kids. A similar correlation trend was calculated for the ST muscle (cross-sectional area and weight; r = 0.699; p < 0.01, length and weight; r = 0.751; p < 0.01, and depth and weight; r = 0.528; p < 0.05) in all kids. In conclusion, the present study results showed that Honamlı kids could be used for fattening material due to their good carcass quality compared to other native breeds.
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Knoll A, Nesvadbová M, Urban T. The expression pattern, polymorphisms and association analyses of the porcine NREP gene. J Anim Breed Genet 2021; 139:62-70. [PMID: 34487372 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NREP (neuronal regeneration related protein homolog) plays a role in the transformation of neural, muscle, and fibroblast cells and in smooth muscle myogenesis. The NREP gene was selected for detailed study as an expressional and functional candidate gene on the basis of data from the expression microarray, which detected the differences in gene expression between Czech Large White pigs and wild boars in the longissimus lumborum et thoracis and biceps femoris muscle tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR results confirmed that porcine NREP was expressed in both skeletal muscles and significantly overexpressed in Czech Large White pigs compared with wild boars (14.5- and 11.6-fold; p < .05). We identified 9 polymorphic sites in the genomic DNA of NREP. Six of these polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and therefore, only 4 loci were informative. The associations of the HF571253:g.103G>A, HF571253:g.134G>A, HF571253:g.179T>C and HF571253:g.402_409delT polymorphisms with backfat thickness, lean meat content and average daily gain were assessed in Czech Large White pigs. The GG genotypes HF571253:g.103G>A and HF571253:g.134G>A, the TT genotypes HF571253:g.179T>C and 67 HF571253:g.402_409delT genotypes had favourable effects on the studied traits. Our results indicate the possibility of utilizing the variability of the NREP gene in marker-assisted selection in order to improve meat production in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Knoll
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC MENDELU, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nesvadbová
- Department of Animal Origin Food and Gastronomic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urban
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC MENDELU, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Khan MZ, Ma Y, Ma J, Xiao J, Liu Y, Liu S, Khan A, Khan IM, Cao Z. Association of DGAT1 With Cattle, Buffalo, Goat, and Sheep Milk and Meat Production Traits. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:712470. [PMID: 34485439 PMCID: PMC8415568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.712470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fatty acids are essential for many dairy product productions, while intramuscular fat (IMF) is associated with the quality of meat. The triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major components of IMF and milk fat. Therefore, understanding the polymorphisms and genes linked to fat synthesis is important for animal production. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes associated with milk and meat production traits has been the objective of various mapping studies in the last decade. Consistently, the QTLs on chromosomes 14, 15, and 9 have been found to be associated with milk and meat production traits in cattle, goat, and buffalo and sheep, respectively. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene has been reported on chromosomes 14, 15, and 9 in cattle, goat, and buffalo and sheep, respectively. Being a key role in fat metabolism and TAG synthesis, the DGAT1 has obtained considerable attention especially in animal milk production. In addition to milk production, DGAT1 has also been a subject of interest in animal meat production. Several polymorphisms have been documented in DGAT1 in various animal species including cattle, buffalo, goat, and sheep for their association with milk production traits. In addition, the DGAT1 has also been studied for their role in meat production traits in cattle, sheep, and goat. However, very limited studies have been conducted in cattle for association of DGAT1 with meat production traits in cattle. Moreover, not a single study reported the association of DGAT1 with meat production traits in buffalo; thus, further studies are warranted to fulfill this huge gap. Keeping in view the important role of DGAT1 in animal production, the current review article was designed to highlight the major development and new insights on DGAT1 effect on milk and meat production traits in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat. Moreover, we have also highlighted the possible future contributions of DGAT1 for the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Nawaz AH, Amoah K, Leng QY, Zheng JH, Zhang WL, Zhang L. Poultry Response to Heat Stress: Its Physiological, Metabolic, and Genetic Implications on Meat Production and Quality Including Strategies to Improve Broiler Production in a Warming World. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699081. [PMID: 34368284 PMCID: PMC8342923 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in poultry production over the last decades to meet the high growing demand and provide food security has attracted much concern due to the recent negative impacts of the most challenging environmental stressor, heat stress (HS), on birds. The poultry industry has responded by adopting different environmental strategies such as the use of environmentally controlled sheds and modern ventilation systems. However, such strategies are not long-term solutions and it cost so much for farmers to practice. The detrimental effects of HS include the reduction in growth, deterioration of meat quality as it reduces water-holding capacity, pH and increases drip loss in meat consequently changing the normal color, taste and texture of chicken meat. HS causes poor meat quality by impairing protein synthesis and augmenting undesirable fat in meat. Studies previously conducted show that HS negatively affects the skeletal muscle growth and development by changing its effects on myogenic regulatory factors, insulin growth factor-1, and heat-shock proteins. The focus of this article is in 3-fold: (1) to identify the mechanism of heat stress that causes meat production and quality loss in chicken; (2) to discuss the physiological, metabolic and genetic changes triggered by HS causing setback to the world poultry industry; (3) to identify the research gaps to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Nawaz
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kwaku Amoah
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi Y Leng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jia H Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei L Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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13
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Insausti K, Beldarrain LR, Lavín MP, Aldai N, Mantecón ÁR, Sáez JL, Canals RM. Horse meat production in northern Spain: ecosystem services and sustainability in High Nature Value farmland. Anim Front 2021; 11:47-54. [PMID: 34026315 PMCID: PMC8127647 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kizkitza Insausti
- IS-FOOD, School of Agricultural Engineering and Biosciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorea R Beldarrain
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mª Paz Lavín
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Noelia Aldai
- Lactiker Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ángel R Mantecón
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - José L Sáez
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, Edificio de Peritos, 31610 Villava, Spain
| | - Rosa Ma Canals
- IS-FOOD, School of Agricultural Engineering and Biosciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Ijaz M, Yar MK, Badar IH, Ali S, Islam MS, Jaspal MH, Hayat Z, Sardar A, Ullah S, Guevara-Ruiz D. Meat Production and Supply Chain Under COVID-19 Scenario: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:660736. [PMID: 34026895 PMCID: PMC8137951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.660736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted meat production, supply chain, and meat prices that caused a severe socio-economic crisis worldwide. Initially, meat and meat products' prices increased due to less production and increased demand because of panic buying. Whereas, later on, both meat production and demand were significantly decreased due to lockdown restrictions and lower purchasing power of the consumers that results in a decrease in meat prices. In early April 2020, meat packing facilities started to shut down due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus among workers. Furthermore, meat producers and processors faced difficulty in harvesting and shipment of the products due to lockdown situations, decrease in labor force, restrictions in movement of animals within and across the country and change in legislation of local and international export market. These conditions adversely impacted the meat industry due to decrease in meat production, processing and distribution facilities. It is suggested that the integration among all the meat industry stakeholders is quite essential for the sustainability of the industry's supply chain to cope with such devastating conditions the future may hold. This review aimed to discuss different aspects of the meat industry and supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposed some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muawuz Ijaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Yar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Meat Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Hussain Badar
- Department of Meat Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sher Ali
- Department of Meat Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Hayat Jaspal
- Department of Meat Science and Technology, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Hayat
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Sardar
- Punjab Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ullah
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Denise Guevara-Ruiz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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15
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Islam MA, Hashiguchi K, Kober AKMH, Morie K, Zhou B, Tomokiyo M, Shimazu T, Aso H, Villena J, Suda Y, Kitazawa H. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Immunobiotic Lactiplantibacillusplantarum N14 Fermented Rakkyo ( Allium chinense) Pickled Juice on the Immunocompetence and Production Performance of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:752. [PMID: 33803393 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rakkyo (Allium chinense), is a Japanese leek that is primarily used to make a popular sweet or sour pickled dish. Lactic acid bacteria are often involved in the preparation steps of fermented pickles, which helps in the effective preservation of the natural bioactive compounds of fruits and vegetable, and thereby exert several health benefits including immunomodulation and growth performance. This work aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N14 fermented rakkyo pickled juice as feed supplement on the immunocompetence and production performance of pigs. We first analyzed the nutritional composition, which revealed that the proportion of protein, lipid, and water-soluble fiber content were estimated as of 4%, 5%, and 5% in rakkyo residual liquid or juice, while 22%, 15% and 14%, respectively, were estimated in rakkyo residual powder. For the in vivo feeding trials, three groups of pigs were treated either with 5%, 20%, or 40% mixture (v/v) of fermented rakkyo pickled juice and the grinded residual liquid supplemented in the drinking water in addition to standard feed. The results of the feeding trials showed that the administration of a juice mixture of 5% or 20% (fermented pickled juice and residual liquid) had a similar trend of effects in improving the complement activity, phagocytic activity and leucocytes counts in the peripheral blood when compared to pigs fed with 40% mixture or untreated controls. Those changes were related to an improved resistance to enteric infections. Moreover, animals receiving a mixture of fermented pickled juice and fermented rakkyo residues had a higher growth rate and carcass quality than controls. The results suggested that the use of 5% mixture of fermented rakkyo pickled juice and the residual liquid through drinking water could be a cost-effective approach to promote the immune-health and production performance of pigs. This approach would contribute not only to the sustainable management of food wastes but also to the application of a value-added feed supplement for the promotion of animal health and production.
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Werner D, Baldinger L, Bussemas R, Büttner S, Weißmann F, Ciulu M, Mörlein J, Mörlein D. Early Immunocastration of Pigs: From Farming to Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020298. [PMID: 33503873 PMCID: PMC7912067 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to test a very early immunization of pigs to prevent boar taint with regard to its practicability and influence on production performance, its reliability in ensuring good meat and fat quality, and animal welfare. Immunization was already conducted at piglet production stage and could be easily integrated into routine vaccination (week 3) and weaning practices (week 7). The fattening and slaughter performance of the animals was not affected by the immunization regime and was within the usual range. In addition, there were no abnormalities in animal behavior and the prevalence of injuries caused by aggressive interactions. All animals were classified as infertile on the basis of the histological examination of the testicles. However, the testosterone levels measured at slaughter were significantly higher in animals of the early immunization regime than in animals subjected to the standard immunization regime. Androstenone and skatole levels as the main components of boar taint were, on average, higher and varied to a greater extent in early immunized animals. Furthermore, the comparison of the immunization scheme did not result in significant differences for meat quality and for fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Werner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Lisa Baldinger
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Ralf Bussemas
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Sinje Büttner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Friedrich Weißmann
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Johanna Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Lamm KW, Randall NL, Fluharty FL. Critical issues facing the animal and food industry: a Delphi analysis. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txaa213. [PMID: 33458597 PMCID: PMC7799589 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
By the year 2050, the world's population is estimated to increase by approximately 2.1 billion people. For the sake of food security and safety, it is vital for the animal and food industry to act now in preparation for future consumption needs. The study at hand explored the most critical issues facing the field, according to industry experts. Using Delphi and constant comparative methods, seven thematic categories emerged that serve as overarching areas for attention: Industry Image and Relationship with the Public, Workforce Development and Pipeline, Economic and Environmental Sustainability, Animal and Human Health/Well-Being, Production and Distribution Efficiency, Government Regulations and Relationship with Legislative Leaders, and Relationship with Higher Education/Researchers. Findings and recommendations on how the industry can move forward in light of future challenges and opportunities are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan W Lamm
- Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education and Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Nekeisha L Randall
- Department of Learning, Leadership, and Organization Development, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Francis L Fluharty
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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18
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Raspa F, Tarantola M, Bergero D, Bellino C, Mastrazzo CM, Visconti A, Valvassori E, Vervuert I, Valle E. Stocking Density Affects Welfare Indicators in Horses Reared for Meat Production. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1103. [PMID: 32604808 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Not enough effort is being made to safeguard the welfare of horses reared for meat production. These horses are kept in intensive breeding farms where they are housed in group pens at high stock densities and fed high amounts of concentrates. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether the stocking density of horses raised in group pens for meat production and their feeding management affects their welfare according to different stocking density. According to our results, when the horses had more than 4.75 m2/horse, many indicators were affected (i.e., improvement of coat cleanliness, improvement of bedding quantity, improvement of mane and tail conditions, less resting in a standing position, and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk). However, a further increment of space and/or changes in management regimes may be necessary to improve all the welfare indicators. The results also revealed the need to improve the feeding management of these animals. Abstract Horses kept for meat production are reared in intensive breeding farms. We employed a checklist adapted from the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) assessment protocol. Our evaluation aims to assess whether welfare indicators are influenced by stocking densities (m2/horse) and feeding strategies applied. An analysis was carried out on the data obtained from 7 surveys conducted at a single horse farm designed for meat production. In each survey, the same 12 pens were assessed, but on each occasion, the horses in the pens had been changed as had the stocking densities. Briefly, 561 horses aged 16 ± 8 months (mean ± standard deviation) were evaluated. Two stocking density cut-off values (median and 75th percentile: 3.95 and 4.75 m2/horse, respectively) were applied to investigate the effect of stocking density on horse welfare. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests (p < 0.05). When cut-off was set as the median percentile, lower stocking density was associated with improvements in body condition score (BCS), coat cleanliness and bedding quantity, less coughing, less resting in a standing position, and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. When the 75th percentile cut-off was used, indicators that improved were coat cleanliness, bedding quantity and mane and tail condition, as well as less resting in standing position and less feeding related to the greater space available at the feed bunk. Accordingly, the use of two different stocking density cut-off values showed that the increase of space allowance affected specific welfare indicators. Further increment of space and/or changes in management regimes should be investigated to improve all the indicators. Moreover, results related to feeding indicated the need to intervene as starch intakes exceeded recommended safe levels, negatively affecting horse welfare.
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Philipsen MP, Moeslund TB. Cutting Pose Prediction from Point Clouds. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20061563. [PMID: 32168888 PMCID: PMC7146437 DOI: 10.3390/s20061563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of getting machines to understand and interact with natural objects is encountered in important areas such as medicine, agriculture, and, in our case, slaughterhouse automation. Recent breakthroughs have enabled the application of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) directly to point clouds, an efficient and natural representation of 3D objects. The potential of these methods has mostly been demonstrated for classification and segmentation tasks involving rigid man-made objects. We present a method, based on the successful PointNet architecture, for learning to regress correct tool placement from human demonstrations, using virtual reality. Our method is applied to a challenging slaughterhouse cutting task, which requires an understanding of the local geometry including the shape, size, and orientation. We propose an intermediate five-Degree of Freedom (DoF) cutting plane representation, a point and a normal vector, which eases the demonstration and learning process. A live experiment is conducted in order to unveil issues and begin to understand the required accuracy. Eleven cuts are rated by an expert, with 8 / 11 being rated as acceptable. The error on the test set is subsequently reduced through the addition of more training data and improvements to the DNN. The result is a reduction in the average translation from 1.5 cm to 0.8 cm and the orientation error from 4 . 59 to 4 . 48 . The method's generalization capacity is assessed on a similar task from the slaughterhouse and on the very different public LINEMOD dataset for object pose estimation across view points. In both cases, the method shows promising results. Code, datasets, and supplementary materials are available at https://github.com/markpp/PoseFromPointClouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Philipsen
- Media Technology, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 9, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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20
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Saif R, Henkel J, Jagannathan V, Drögemüller C, Flury C, Leeb T. The LCORL Locus is under Selection in Large-Sized Pakistani Goat Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020168. [PMID: 32033434 PMCID: PMC7074466 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat domestication and human selection for valued traits have formed diverse breeds with characteristic phenotypes. This process led to the fixation of causative genetic variants controlling breed-specific traits within regions of reduced genetic diversity-so-called "selection signatures". We previously reported an analysis of selection signatures based on pooled whole-genome sequencing data of 20 goat breeds and bezoar goats. In the present study, we reanalyzed the data and focused on a subset of eight Pakistani goat breeds (Angora, Barbari, Beetal, Dera Din Panah, Kamori, Nachi, Pahari, Teddy). We identified 749 selection signatures based on reduced heterozygosity in these breeds. A search for signatures that are shared across large-sized goat breeds revealed that five medium-to-large-sized Pakistani goat breeds had a common selection signature on chromosome 6 in a region harboring the LCORL gene, which has been shown to modulate height or body size in several mammalian species. Fine-mapping of the region confirmed that all five goat breeds with the selection signature were nearly fixed for the same haplotype in a ~191 kb region spanning positions 37,747,447-37,938,449. From the pool sequencing data, we identified a frame-shifting single base insertion into an isoform-specific exon of LCORL as a potential candidate causal variant mediating the size-increasing effect. If this preliminary result can be confirmed in independent replication studies, genotyping of this variant might be used to improve breeding programs and the selection for stature in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saif
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.S.); (J.H.); (V.J.); (C.D.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jan Henkel
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.S.); (J.H.); (V.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.S.); (J.H.); (V.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.S.); (J.H.); (V.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Christine Flury
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland;
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.S.); (J.H.); (V.J.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-23-26
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21
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Wang S, Jin J, Xu Z, Zuo B. Functions and Regulatory Mechanisms of lncRNAs in Skeletal Myogenesis, Muscle Disease and Meat Production. Cells 2019; 8:E1107. [PMID: 31546877 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is a complex biological process, and understanding the regulatory network of skeletal myogenesis will contribute to the treatment of human muscle related diseases and improvement of agricultural animal meat production. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as regulators in gene expression networks, and participate in various biological processes. Recent studies have identified functional lncRNAs involved in skeletal muscle development and disease. These lncRNAs regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of myoblasts through multiple mechanisms, such as chromatin modification, transcription regulation, and microRNA sponge activity. In this review, we presented the latest advances regarding the functions and regulatory activities of lncRNAs involved in muscle development, muscle disease, and meat production. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives related to the identification of functional lncRNAs were also discussed.
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Abstract
Microbial pollution is a serious food safety issue because it can lead to a wide range of foodborne diseases. A great number of foodborne diseases and outbreaks are reported in which contamination of fresh produce and animal products occurs from polluted sources with pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa and such outbreaks are reviewed and the sources are revealed. Investigations of foodborne outbreaks involved meat production and fresh produce, namely, that occurred at the early stages of the food chain have shown certain sources of contamination. Domesticated food animals, as well as wild animals, flies and rodents can serve as a source of contamination of nearby produce-growing fields and can lead to human infection through direct contact at farms and, mostly, mail order hatcheries. The most of the fresh produce associated outbreaks have followed wildlife intrusion into growing fields or fecal contamination from nearly animal production facilities that likely led to produce contamination, polluted water used for irrigation and improper manure. Preventive measures, as part of implemented good agricultural practice systems are described. Controlling and minimizing pre-harvest contamination may be one of the key aspects of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bintsis
- Department of Agricultural Technology, TEI of West Macedonia, Florina, Greece
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23
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Dove H, Kirkegaard J. Using dual-purpose crops in sheep-grazing systems. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:1276-1283. [PMID: 24323974 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of dual-purpose crops, especially wheat and canola grown for forage and grain production in sheep-grazing systems, is reviewed. When sown early and grazed in winter before stem elongation, later-maturing wheat and canola crops can be grazed with little impact on grain yield. Recent research has sought to develop crop- and grazing-management strategies for dual-purpose crops. Aspects examined have been grazing effects on crop growth, recovery and yield development along with an understanding of the grazing value of the crop fodder, its implications for animal nutrition and grazing management to maximise live-weight gain. By alleviating the winter 'feed gap', the increase in winter stocking rate afforded by grazing crops allows crop and livestock production to be increased simultaneously on the same farm. Integration of dual-purpose wheat with canola on mixed farms provides further systems advantages related to widened operational windows, weed and disease control and risk management. Dual-purpose crops are an innovation that has potential to assist in addressing the global food-security challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Dove
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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24
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Pehrson B, Hakkarainen J. Vitamin E status of healthy Swedish cattle. Acta Vet Scand 1986; 27:351-60. [PMID: 3565196 PMCID: PMC8189391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using high pressure liquid chromatography the serum concentration of vitamin E was measured in dairy cows fed either hay or silage as their main roughage, in calves fed milk-replacer, and in young intensively fed bulls. The concentrates fed to the cows, calves and bulls were supplemented with 5–10, 25 and 5–10 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate per kg, respectively, and the milk-replacer for the calves was supplemented with 50 mg DL-α-tooopheryl acetate per kg powder. Cows fed silage as their main roughage had higher serum vitamin E concentrations (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\rm{\bar x}}$$\end{document}: 3.8–5.2 mg/l) than cows fed only hay (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\rm{\bar x}}$$\end{document}: 2.5–4.1 mg/1). Lactating cows had higher vitamin E concentrations than dry cows (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\rm{\bar x}}$$\end{document}: 4.1–5.2 and 2.5–3.8 mg/l, respectively) and calves and bulls had much lower vitamin E concentrations (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\rm{\bar x}}$$\end{document}: 1.4 and 1.2 mg/l, respectively) than cows. Thirty per cent of the calves and 41 % of the bulls had serum vitamin E concentrations less than 1.0 mg/l, suggesting that in these animals the conventional level of supplementation of feeds with DL-α-tocopheryl acetate in Sweden is probably inadequate for the prevention of nutritional muscular degeneration and other negative effects.
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