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Kuempel CD, Frazier M, Verstaen J, Rayner PE, Blanchard JL, Cottrell RS, Froehlich HE, Gephart JA, Jacobsen NS, McIntyre PB, Metian M, Moran D, Nash KL, Többen J, Williams DR, Halpern BS. Environmental footprints of farmed chicken and salmon bridge the land and sea. Curr Biol 2023; 33:990-997.e4. [PMID: 36787746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Food production, particularly of fed animals, is a leading cause of environmental degradation globally.1,2 Understanding where and how much environmental pressure different fed animal products exert is critical to designing effective food policies that promote sustainability.3 Here, we assess and compare the environmental footprint of farming industrial broiler chickens and farmed salmonids (salmon, marine trout, and Arctic char) to identify opportunities to reduce environmental pressures. We map cumulative environmental pressures (greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient pollution, freshwater use, and spatial disturbance), with particular focus on dynamics across the land and sea. We found that farming broiler chickens disturbs 9 times more area than farming salmon (∼924,000 vs. ∼103,500 km2) but yields 55 times greater production. The footprints of both sectors are extensive, but 95% of cumulative pressures are concentrated into <5% of total area. Surprisingly, the location of these pressures is similar (85.5% spatial overlap between chicken and salmon pressures), primarily due to shared feed ingredients. Environmental pressures from feed ingredients account for >78% and >69% of cumulative pressures of broiler chicken and farmed salmon production, respectively, and could represent a key leverage point to reduce environmental footprints. The environmental efficiency (cumulative pressures per tonne of production) also differs geographically, with areas of high efficiency revealing further potential to promote sustainability. The propagation of environmental pressures across the land and sea underscores the importance of integrating food policies across realms and sectors to advance food system sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin D Kuempel
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Juliette Verstaen
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Paul-Eric Rayner
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Julia L Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Richard S Cottrell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Halley E Froehlich
- Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Nis Sand Jacobsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Kemitorvet 1, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Department of Natural Resource and Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Marine Environment Laboratories (IAEA-MEL), Radioecology Laboratory, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Daniel Moran
- Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7016, Norway
| | - Kirsty L Nash
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Johannes Többen
- GWS (Institute of Economic Structures Research), 49080 Osnabrück, Germany; Social Metabolism & Impacts, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David R Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 1021 Anacapa St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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2
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Williams BA, Watson JEM, Beyer HL, Klein CJ, Montgomery J, Runting RK, Roberson LA, Halpern BS, Grantham HS, Kuempel CD, Frazier M, Venter O, Wenger A. Global rarity of intact coastal regions. Conservation Biology 2022; 36:e13874. [PMID: 34907590 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Management of the land-sea interface is essential for global conservation and sustainability objectives because coastal regions maintain natural processes that support biodiversity and the livelihood of billions of people. However, assessments of coastal regions have focused strictly on either the terrestrial or marine realm. Consequently, understanding of the overall state of Earth's coastal regions is poor. We integrated the terrestrial human footprint and marine cumulative human impact maps in a global assessment of the anthropogenic pressures affecting coastal regions. Of coastal regions globally, 15.5% had low anthropogenic pressure, mostly in Canada, Russia, and Greenland. Conversely, 47.9% of coastal regions were heavily affected by humanity, and in most countries (84.1%) >50% of their coastal regions were degraded. Nearly half (43.3%) of protected areas across coastal regions were exposed to high human pressures. To meet global sustainability objectives, all nations must undertake greater actions to preserve and restore the coastal regions within their borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hawthorne L Beyer
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carissa J Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Montgomery
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Rebecca K Runting
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leslie A Roberson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin D Kuempel
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Marine Program, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Butt N, Halpern BS, O'Hara CC, Allcock AL, Polidoro B, Sherman S, Byrne M, Birkeland C, Dwyer RG, Frazier M, Woodworth BK, Arango CP, Kingsford MJ, Udyawer V, Hutchings P, Scanes E, McClaren EJ, Maxwell SM, Diaz‐Pulido G, Dugan E, Simmons BA, Wenger AS, Linardich C, Klein CJ. A trait‐based framework for assessing the vulnerability of marine species to human impacts. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Butt
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Casey C. O'Hara
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - A. Louise Allcock
- Department of Zoology National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
- The Ryan Institute's Centre for Ocean Research & Exploration (COREx) National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
| | - Beth Polidoro
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Arizona State University Glendale Arizona USA
| | - Samantha Sherman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Oceans Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- TRAFFIC Cambridge UK
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Charles Birkeland
- Department of Biology University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Ross G. Dwyer
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Bradley K. Woodworth
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | | | - Michael J. Kingsford
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and Marine Biology and Aquaculture College of Science and Engineering, JCU Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Arafura Timor Research Facility Australian Institute of Marine Science—Darwin Brinkin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Pat Hutchings
- Department of Marine Invertebrates Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Elliot Scanes
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
| | - Emily Jane McClaren
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sara M. Maxwell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences University of Washington, Bothell Campus Bothell Washington USA
| | - Guillermo Diaz‐Pulido
- School of Environment & Science Griffith University, Nathan Campus Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Emma Dugan
- College of Letters & Science University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Amelia S. Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Christi Linardich
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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4
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Tuholske C, Halpern BS, Blasco G, Villasenor JC, Frazier M, Caylor K. Mapping global inputs and impacts from of human sewage in coastal ecosystems. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258898. [PMID: 34758036 PMCID: PMC8580218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems face a host of pressures from both offshore and land-based human activity. Research on terrestrial threats to coastal ecosystems has primarily focused on agricultural runoff, specifically showcasing how fertilizers and livestock waste create coastal eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, or hypoxic or anoxic zones. These impacts not only harm coastal species and ecosystems but also impact human health and economic activities. Few studies have assessed impacts of human wastewater on coastal ecosystems and community health. As such, we lack a comprehensive, fine-resolution, global assessment of human sewage inputs that captures both pathogens and nutrient flows to coastal waters and the potential impacts on coastal ecosystems. To address this gap, we use a new high-resolution geospatial model to measure and map nitrogen (N) and pathogen-fecal indicator organisms (FIO)-inputs from human sewage for ~135,000 watersheds globally. Because solutions depend on the source, we separate nitrogen and pathogen inputs from sewer, septic, and direct inputs. Our model indicates that wastewater adds 6.2Tg nitrogen into coastal waters, which is approximately 40% of total nitrogen from agriculture. Of total wastewater N, 63% (3.9Tg N) comes from sewered systems, 5% (0.3Tg N) from septic, and 32% (2.0Tg N) from direct input. We find that just 25 watersheds contribute nearly half of all wastewater N, but wastewater impacts most coastlines globally, with sewered, septic, and untreated wastewater inputs varying greatly across watersheds and by country. Importantly, model results find that 58% of coral and 88% of seagrass beds are exposed to wastewater N input. Across watersheds, N and FIO inputs are generally correlated. However, our model identifies important fine-grained spatial heterogeneity that highlight potential tradeoffs and synergies essential for management actions. Reducing impacts of nitrogen and pathogens on coastal ecosystems requires a greater focus on where wastewater inputs vary across the planet. Researchers and practitioners can also overlay these global, high resolution, wastewater input maps with maps describing the distribution of habitats and species, including humans, to determine the where the impacts of wastewater pressures are highest. This will help prioritize conservation efforts.Without such information, coastal ecosystems and the human communities that depend on them will remain imperiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cascade Tuholske
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Center for International for International Earth Science Information Network, the Columbia Climate School and its Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Gordon Blasco
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Juan Carlos Villasenor
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelly Caylor
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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5
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O’Hara CC, Frazier M, Halpern BS. At-risk marine biodiversity faces extensive, expanding, and intensifying human impacts. Science 2021; 372:84-87. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and climate change threaten marine biodiversity worldwide, though sensitivity to these stressors varies considerably by species and taxonomic group. Mapping the spatial distribution of 14 anthropogenic stressors from 2003 to 2013 onto the ranges of 1271 at-risk marine species sensitive to them, we found that, on average, species faced potential impacts across 57% of their ranges, that this footprint expanded over time, and that the impacts intensified across 37% of their ranges. Although fishing activity dominated the footprint of impacts in national waters, climate stressors drove the expansion and intensification of impacts. Mitigating impacts on at-risk biodiversity is critical to supporting resilient marine ecosystems, and identifying the co-occurrence of impacts across multiple taxonomic groups highlights opportunities to amplify the benefits of conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. O’Hara
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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6
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Blenckner T, Möllmann C, Stewart Lowndes J, Griffiths JR, Campbell E, De Cervo A, Belgrano A, Boström C, Fleming V, Frazier M, Neuenfeldt S, Niiranen S, Nilsson A, Ojaveer H, Olsson J, Palmlöv CS, Quaas M, Rickels W, Sobek A, Viitasalo M, Wikström SA, Halpern BS. The Baltic Health Index (BHI): Assessing the social–ecological status of the Baltic Sea. People and Nature 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Möllmann
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Julia Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Jennifer R. Griffiths
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Olympia WA USA
| | | | - Andrea De Cervo
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrea Belgrano
- Institute of Marine Research Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lysekil Sweden
- Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment (SIME) University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Vivi Fleming
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE Helsinki Finland
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Henn Ojaveer
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
- Pärnu College University of Tartu Pärnu Estonia
| | - Jens Olsson
- Institute of Coastal Research Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Öregrund Sweden
| | | | - Martin Quaas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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7
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O’Hara CC, Scarborough C, Hunter KL, Afflerbach JC, Bodtker K, Frazier M, Stewart Lowndes JS, Perry RI, Halpern BS. Changes in ocean health in British Columbia from 2001 to 2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227502. [PMID: 31999705 PMCID: PMC6992189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of marine systems requires quantitative tools that can assess the state of the marine social-ecological system and are responsive to management actions and pressures. We applied the Ocean Health Index (OHI) framework to retrospectively assess ocean health in British Columbia annually from 2001 to 2016 for eight goals that represent the values of British Columbia's coastal communities. We found overall ocean health improved over the study period, from 75 (out of 100) in 2001 to 83 in 2016, with scores for inhabited regions ranging from 68 (North Coast, 2002) to 87 (West Vancouver Island, 2011). Highest-scoring goals were Tourism & Recreation (average 94 over the period) and Habitat Services (100); lowest-scoring goals were Sense of Place (61) and Food Provision (64). Significant increases in scores over the time period occurred for Food Provision (+1.7 per year), Sense of Place (+1.4 per year), and Coastal Livelihoods (+0.6 per year), while Habitat Services (-0.01 per year) and Biodiversity (-0.09 per year) showed modest but statistically significant declines. From the results of our time-series analysis, we used the OHI framework to evaluate impacts of a range of management actions. Despite challenges in data availability, we found evidence for the ability of management to reduce pressures on several goals, suggesting the potential of OHI as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of marine resource management to improve ocean health. Our OHI assessment provides an important comprehensive evaluation of ocean health in British Columbia, and our open and transparent process highlights opportunities for improving accessibility of social and ecological data to inform future assessment and management of ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. O’Hara
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Courtney Scarborough
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Hunter
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jamie C. Afflerbach
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Bodtker
- MapSea Consulting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Julia S. Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - R. Ian Perry
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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8
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Halpern BS, Frazier M, Afflerbach J, Lowndes JS, Micheli F, O'Hara C, Scarborough C, Selkoe KA. Recent pace of change in human impact on the world's ocean. Sci Rep 2019. [PMID: 31406130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47,201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans interact with the oceans in diverse and profound ways. The scope, magnitude, footprint and ultimate cumulative impacts of human activities can threaten ocean ecosystems and have changed over time, resulting in new challenges and threats to marine ecosystems. A fundamental gap in understanding how humanity is affecting the oceans is our limited knowledge about the pace of change in cumulative impact on ocean ecosystems from expanding human activities - and the patterns, locations and drivers of most significant change. To help address this, we combined high resolution, annual data on the intensity of 14 human stressors and their impact on 21 marine ecosystems over 11 years (2003-2013) to assess pace of change in cumulative impacts on global oceans, where and how much that pace differs across the ocean, and which stressors and their impacts contribute most to those changes. We found that most of the ocean (59%) is experiencing significantly increasing cumulative impact, in particular due to climate change but also from fishing, land-based pollution and shipping. Nearly all countries saw increases in cumulative impacts in their coastal waters, as did all ecosystems, with coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves at most risk. Mitigation of stressors most contributing to increases in overall cumulative impacts is urgently needed to sustain healthy oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA.
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Jamie Afflerbach
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Julia S Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Casey O'Hara
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Courtney Scarborough
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Kimberly A Selkoe
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St., Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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9
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Kaldy JE, Brown CA, Nelson WG, Frazier M. Macrophyte Community Response to Nitrogen Loading and Thermal Stressors in Rapidly Flushed Mesocosm Systems. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2017; 497:107-119. [PMID: 29225370 PMCID: PMC5716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A mesocosm system was developed to simulate estuarine conditions characteristic of short water-residence time ecosystems of the Pacific Coast of North America, and used to evaluate the response of multiple macrophyte metrics to gradients of NO3 loading and temperature. Replicated experiments found that few responses could be directly attributed to NO3 loading up to 6 x ambient. Some response metrics exhibited weak relationships with nutrient loading but could not be resolved with available statistical power. While direct nutrient responses were found for some species-specific metrics (e.g. green macroalgal growth and biomass, tissue N%, etc.), many patterns were confounded with temperature. Temperature generally had a larger effect on response metrics than did nutrient load. Experimental macrophyte communities exhibited community shifts consistent with the predicted effects of nutrient loading at 20 °C, but there was no evidence of other eutrophication symptoms (phytoplankton blooms or hypoxia) due to the short system-residence time. The Z. marina Nutrient Pollution Index (NPI) tracked the NO3 gradient at 10 °C, but exhibited no response at 20 °C, which may limit the utility of this metric in areas with marked thermal seasonality. Results suggest that teasing apart the influence of temperature and nutrients on the expression of eutrophication symptoms will require complex multi-stressor experiments and the use of indicators that are sensitive across a broad range of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Kaldy
- Western Ecology Division, US – EPA, 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, USA
- Corresponding author: , Phone: 541-867-4026
| | - Cheryl A. Brown
- Western Ecology Division, US – EPA, 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, USA
| | - Walter G. Nelson
- Western Ecology Division, US – EPA, 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR, USA
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St., Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Indicators are increasingly used to measure environmental systems; however, they are often criticized for failing to measure and describe uncertainty. Uncertainty is particularly difficult to evaluate and communicate in the case of composite indicators which aggregate many indicators of ecosystem condition. One of the ongoing goals of the Ocean Health Index (OHI) has been to improve our approach to dealing with missing data, which is a major source of uncertainty. Here we: (1) quantify the potential influence of gapfilled data on index scores from the 2015 global OHI assessment; (2) develop effective methods of tracking, quantifying, and communicating this information; and (3) provide general guidance for implementing gapfilling procedures for existing and emerging indicators, including regional OHI assessments. For the overall OHI global index score, the percent contribution of gapfilled data was relatively small (18.5%); however, it varied substantially among regions and goals. In general, smaller territorial jurisdictions and the food provision and tourism and recreation goals required the most gapfilling. We found the best approach for managing gapfilled data was to mirror the general framework used to organize, calculate, and communicate the Index data and scores. Quantifying gapfilling provides a measure of the reliability of the scores for different regions and components of an indicator. Importantly, this information highlights the importance of the underlying datasets used to calculate composite indicators and can inform and incentivize future data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Longo
- Marine Stewardship Council, 1 Snow Hill, London, EC1A 2DH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, West Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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11
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Halpern BS, Longo C, Lowndes JSS, Best BD, Frazier M, Katona SK, Kleisner KM, Rosenberg AA, Scarborough C, Selig ER. Patterns and emerging trends in global ocean health. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117863. [PMID: 25774678 PMCID: PMC4361765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
International and regional policies aimed at managing ocean ecosystem health need quantitative and comprehensive indices to synthesize information from a variety of sources, consistently measure progress, and communicate with key constituencies and the public. Here we present the second annual global assessment of the Ocean Health Index, reporting current scores and annual changes since 2012, recalculated using updated methods and data based on the best available science, for 221 coastal countries and territories. The Index measures performance of ten societal goals for healthy oceans on a quantitative scale of increasing health from 0 to 100, and combines these scores into a single Index score, for each country and globally. The global Index score improved one point (from 67 to 68), while many country-level Index and goal scores had larger changes. Per-country Index scores ranged from 41-95 and, on average, improved by 0.06 points (range -8 to +12). Globally, average scores increased for individual goals by as much as 6.5 points (coastal economies) and decreased by as much as 1.2 points (natural products). Annual updates of the Index, even when not all input data have been updated, provide valuable information to scientists, policy makers, and resource managers because patterns and trends can emerge from the data that have been updated. Changes of even a few points indicate potential successes (when scores increase) that merit recognition, or concerns (when scores decrease) that may require mitigative action, with changes of more than 10-20 points representing large shifts that deserve greater attention. Goal scores showed remarkably little covariance across regions, indicating low redundancy in the Index, such that each goal delivers information about a different facet of ocean health. Together these scores provide a snapshot of global ocean health and suggest where countries have made progress and where a need for further improvement exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Longo
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Julia S. Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Best
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Katona
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kristin M. Kleisner
- Sea Around Us Project, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Rosenberg
- Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Courtney Scarborough
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Selig
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
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12
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Frazier M, Miller AW, Ruiz GM. Linking science and policy to prevent the spread of invasive species from the ballast water discharge of ships. Ecol Appl 2013; 23:287-8. [PMID: 23634580 DOI: 10.1890/11-1636.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Frazier
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effect Reserch Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
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13
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Frazier M, Miller AW, Lee H, Reusser DA. Counting at low concentrations: the statistical challenges of verifying ballast water discharge standards. Ecol Appl 2013; 23:339-51. [PMID: 23634586 DOI: 10.1890/11-1639.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships is one of the primary vectors of nonindigenous species in marine environments. To mitigate this environmental and economic threat, international, national, and state entities are establishing regulations to limit the concentration of living organisms that may be discharged from the ballast tanks of ships. The proposed discharge standards have ranged from zero detectable organisms to < 10 organisms/ m3. If standard sampling methods are used, verifying whether ballast discharge complies with these stringent standards will be challenging due to the inherent stochasticity of sampling. Furthermore, at low concentrations, very large volumes of water must be sampled to find enough organisms to accurately estimate concentration. Despite these challenges, adequate sampling protocols comprise a critical aspect of establishing standards because they help define the actual risk level associated with a standard. A standard that appears very stringent may be effectively lax if it is paired with an inadequate sampling protocol. We describe some of the statistical issues associated with sampling at low concentrations to help regulators understand the uncertainties of sampling as well as to inform the development of sampling protocols that ensure discharge standards are adequately implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Frazier
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2111 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA.
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Abstract
As a vector by which foreign species invade coastal and freshwater waterbodies, ballast water discharge from ships is recognized as a major environmental threat. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) drafted an international treaty establishing ballast water discharge standards based on the number of viable organisms per volume of ballast discharge for different organism size classes. Concerns that the IMO standards are not sufficiently protective have initiated several state and national efforts in the United States to develop more stringent standards. We evaluated seven approaches to establishing discharge standards for the > 50-microm size class: (1) expert opinion/management consensus, (2) zero detectable living organisms, (3) natural invasion rates, (4) reaction-diffusion models, (5) population viability analysis (PVA) models, (6) per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP), and (7) experimental studies. Because of the difficulty in synthesizing scientific knowledge in an unbiased and transparent fashion, we recommend the use of quantitative models instead of expert opinion. The actual organism concentration associated with a "zero detectable organisms" standard is defined by the statistical rigor of its monitoring program; thus it is not clear whether such a standard is as stringent as other standards. For several reasons, the natural invasion rate, reaction-diffusion, and experimental approaches are not considered suitable for generating discharge standards. PVA models can be used to predict the likelihood of establishment of introduced species but are limited by a lack of population vital rates for species characteristic of ballast water discharges. Until such rates become available, PVA models are better suited to evaluate relative efficiency of proposed standards rather than predicting probabilities of invasion. The PCIP approach, which is based on historical invasion rates at a regional scale, appears to circumvent many of the indicated problems, although it may underestimate invasions by asexual and parthenogenic species. Further research is needed to better define propagule dose-responses, densities at which Allee effects occur, approaches to predicting the likelihood of invasion from multi-species introductions, and generation of formal comparisons of approaches using standardized scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Henry
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2111 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA.
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15
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Reusser DA, Lee H, Frazier M, Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Minton MS, Miller AW. Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water. Ecol Appl 2013; 23:321-330. [PMID: 23634584 DOI: 10.1890/11-1637.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water discharges are a major source of species introductions into marine and estuarine ecosystems. To mitigate the introduction of new invaders into these ecosystems, many agencies are proposing standards that establish upper concentration limits for organisms in ballast discharge. Ideally, ballast discharge standards will be biologically defensible and adequately protective of the marine environment. We propose a new technique, the per capita invasion probability (PCIP), for managers to quantitatively evaluate the relative risk of different concentration-based ballast water discharge standards. PCIP represents the likelihood that a single discharged organism will become established as a new nonindigenous species. This value is calculated by dividing the total number of ballast water invaders per year by the total number of organisms discharged from ballast. Analysis was done at the coast-wide scale for the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, as well as the Great Lakes, to reduce uncertainty due to secondary invasions between estuaries on a single coast. The PCIP metric is then used to predict the rate of new ballast-associated invasions given various regulatory scenarios. Depending upon the assumptions used in the risk analysis, this approach predicts that approximately one new species will invade every 10-100 years with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) discharge standard of < 10 organisms with body size > 50 microm per m3 of ballast. This approach resolves many of the limitations associated with other methods of establishing ecologically sound discharge standards, and it allows policy makers to use risk-based methodologies to establish biologically defensible discharge standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Reusser
- U. S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon State University, 2111 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, Oregon 97365, USA.
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16
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Huey RB, Carlson M, Crozier L, Frazier M, Hamilton H, Harley C, Hoang A, Kingsolver JG. Plants versus animals: do they deal with stress in different ways? Integr Comp Biol 2012; 42:415-23. [PMID: 21708736 DOI: 10.1093/icb/42.3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and animals respond to stress by using adaptations that help them evade, tolerate, or recover from stress. In a synthetic paper A. D. Bradshaw (1972) noted that basic biological differences between plants and animals will have diverse evolutionary consequences, including those influencing how they deal with stress. For instance, Bradshaw argued that animals, because they have relatively well-developed sensory and locomotor capacities, can often use behavior and movement to evade or ameliorate environmental stresses. In contrast, he predicted that plants will have to emphasize increased physiological tolerance or phenotypic plasticity, and also that plants should suffer stronger selection and show more marked differentiation along environmental gradients. Here we briefly review the importance of behavior in mitigating stress, the behavioral capacities of animals and plants, and examples of plant responses that are functionally similar to behaviors of animals. Next, we try to test some of Bradshaw's predictions. Unfortunately, critical data often proved non-comparable: plant and animal biologists often study different stressors (e.g., water versus heat) and measure different traits (photosynthesis versus locomotion). Nevertheless, we were able to test some of Bradshaw's predictions and some related ones of our own. As Bradshaw predicted, the phenology of plants is more responsive to climate shifts than is that of animals and the micro-distributions of non-mobile, intertidal invertebrates ("plant" equivalents) are more sensitive to temperature than are those of mobile invertebrates. However, mortality selection is actually weaker for plants than for animals. We hope that our review not only redraws attention to some fascinating issues Bradshaw raised, but also encourages additional tests of his predictions. Such tests should be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Huey
- Department of Zoology, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800
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17
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Miller AW, Frazier M, Smith GE, Perry ES, Ruiz GM, Tamburri MN. Enumerating sparse organisms in ships' ballast water: why counting to 10 is not so easy. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:3539-46. [PMID: 21434685 PMCID: PMC3076993 DOI: 10.1021/es102790d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To reduce ballast water-borne aquatic invasions worldwide, the International Maritime Organization and United States Coast Guard have each proposed discharge standards specifying maximum concentrations of living biota that may be released in ships' ballast water (BW), but these regulations still lack guidance for standardized type approval and compliance testing of treatment systems. Verifying whether BW meets a discharge standard poses significant challenges. Properly treated BW will contain extremely sparse numbers of live organisms, and robust estimates of rare events require extensive sampling efforts. A balance of analytical rigor and practicality is essential to determine the volume of BW that can be reasonably sampled and processed, yet yield accurate live counts. We applied statistical modeling to a range of sample volumes, plankton concentrations, and regulatory scenarios (i.e., levels of type I and type II errors), and calculated the statistical power of each combination to detect noncompliant discharge concentrations. The model expressly addresses the roles of sampling error, BW volume, and burden of proof on the detection of noncompliant discharges in order to establish a rigorous lower limit of sampling volume. The potential effects of recovery errors (i.e., incomplete recovery and detection of live biota) in relation to sample volume are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Whitman Miller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center , PO Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, United States.
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18
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Thome UH, Fabres J, Frazier M, Roane C, Pohlandt F, Carlo WA. Refraktion von Fruehgeborenen im Alter von 2 Jahren, die an einer Studie zur Supplementierung mit Calcium teilnahmen. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1223159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Blazo MA, Lewis RA, Chintagumpala MM, Frazier M, McCluggage C, Plon SE. Outcomes of systematic screening for optic pathway tumors in children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127A:224-9. [PMID: 15150770 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Optic pathway tumors (OPT) occur in about 15% of individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and may effect substantial visual loss. Because their growth is not predictable at the time of discovery, neuroimaging for OPT in asymptomatic NF1 patients remains controversial. We evaluated the outcomes of systematic screening by both MRI and ophthalmic examinations for OPT in young children with NF1 seen at multi-disciplinary clinics for Neurofibromatosis and Genetics at one institution between 1996 and 2001. We report on 84 children who presented with NF1 under age 6 years, of whom 13 children presented with either known OPT or abnormal MRI findings and 11 children had OPTs identified by neuroimaging, including two children with abnormal eye examinations at presentation (one with strabismus and one with optic atrophy). Nine OPTs were detected in asymptomatic subjects with normal ophthalmic examinations. Three children with chiasmal lesions enlarging on subsequent MRI were treated with carboplatin and vincristine. After treatment, the vision in each involved eye was intact. In contrast, the 13 children with OPT diagnosed outside of screening guidelines included five children with substantial visual loss. Our observations suggest that early recognition of NF1 promotes appropriate surveillance and allows early intervention to reduce complications of OPT. This analysis supports prospective studies to compare the outcomes of systematic screening with neuroimaging to screening with ophthalmic examinations alone in children with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Blazo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921. [PMID: 11237011 DOI: 10.1038/35057062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14499] [Impact Index Per Article: 630.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Gehring D, Freeseman M, Frazier M, Southard K. Extraction treatment of a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with anterior open bite with headgear and vertical elastics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 113:431-6. [PMID: 9563359 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(98)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gehring
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Teng DH, Hu R, Lin H, Davis T, Iliev D, Frye C, Swedlund B, Hansen KL, Vinson VL, Gumpper KL, Ellis L, El-Naggar A, Frazier M, Jasser S, Langford LA, Lee J, Mills GB, Pershouse MA, Pollack RE, Tornos C, Troncoso P, Yung WK, Fujii G, Berson A, Steck PA. MMAC1/PTEN mutations in primary tumor specimens and tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1997; 57:5221-5. [PMID: 9393738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A candidate tumor suppressor gene, MMAC1/PTEN, located in human chromosome band 10q23, was recently identified based on sequence alterations observed in several glioma, breast, prostate, and kidney tumor specimens or cell lines. To further investigate the mutational profile of this gene in human cancers, we examined a large set of human tumor specimens and cancer cell lines of many types for 10q23 allelic losses and MMAC1 sequence alterations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the MMAC1 locus was observed in approximately one-half of the samples examined, consistent with the high frequency of 10q allelic loss reported for many cancers. Of 124 tumor specimens exhibiting LOH that have been screened for MMAC1 alterations to date, we have detected variants in 13 (approximately 10%) of these primary tumors; the highest frequency of variants was found in glioblastoma specimens (approximately 23%). Novel alterations identified in this gene include a missense variant in a melanoma sample and a splicing variant and a nonsense mutation in pediatric glioblastomas. Of 76 tumor cell lines prescreened for probable LOH, microsequence alterations of MMAC1 were detected in 12 (approximately 16%) of the lines, including those derived from astrocytoma, leukemia, and melanoma tumors, as well as bladder, breast, lung, prostate, submaxillary gland, and testis carcinomas. In addition, in this set of tumor cell lines, we detected 11 (approximately 14%) homozygous deletions that eliminated coding portions of MMAC1, a class of abnormality not detected by our methods in primary tumors. These data support the occurrence of inactivating MMAC1 alterations in multiple human cancer types. In addition, we report the discovery of a putative pseudogene of MMAC1 localized on chromosome 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Teng
- Myriad Genetics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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Zheng X, Lau K, Frazier M, Cassell GH, Watson HL. Epitope mapping of the variable repetitive region with the MB antigen of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1996; 3:774-8. [PMID: 8914774 PMCID: PMC170446 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.3.6.774-778.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major surface structures of Ureaplasma urealyticum recognized by antibodies of patients during infection is the MB antigen. Previously, we showed by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis that any one of the anti-MB monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 3B1.5, 5B1.1, and 10C6.6 could block the binding of patient antibodies to MB. Subsequent DNA sequencing revealed that a unique six-amino-acid direct tandem repeat region composed the carboxy two-thirds of this antigen. In the present study, using antibody-reactive peptide scanning of this repeat region, we demonstrated that the amino acids defining the epitopes for MAbs 3B1.5 5B1.1 and 10C6.6 are EQP, GK, and KEQPA, respectively. Peptide scanning analysis of an infected patient's serum antibody response showed that the dominant epitope was defined by the sequence PAGK. Mapping of these continuous epitopes revealed overlap between all MAb and patient polyclonal antibody binding sites, thus explaining the ability of a single MAb to apparently block all polyclonal antibody binding sites. We also show that a single amino acid difference in the sequence of the repeats of serovars 3 and 14 accounts for the lack of reactivity with serovar 14 of two of the serovar 3-specific MAbs. Finally, the data demonstrate the need to obtain the sequences of the mba genes of all serovars before an effective serovar-specific antibody detection method can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Schools of Medicine and Dentistry 35294, USA
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Souza RF, Appel R, Yin J, Wang S, Smolinski KN, Abraham JM, Zou TT, Shi YQ, Lei J, Cottrell J, Cymes K, Biden K, Simms L, Leggett B, Lynch PM, Frazier M, Powell SM, Harpaz N, Sugimura H, Young J, Meltzer SJ. Microsatellite instability in the insulin-like growth factor II receptor gene in gastrointestinal tumours. Nat Genet 1996; 14:255-7. [PMID: 8896552 DOI: 10.1038/ng1196-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ghusn H, Arem R, Frazier M, Chamakhi S, Ezzaouia G, Chan L. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human apo B and apo AII gene regions among type II diabetics. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996; 93:25-32. [PMID: 8865367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Levels of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) are positively, and high density lipoproteins (HDL) are negatively correlated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis. The frequencies of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the genes for apoB, a major LDL apolipoprotein, and apoAII, a major HDL apolipoprotein, were studied in 45 Tunisian diabetics and an equal number of sex and age matched controls. Southern blot analysis of an EcoR1 apoB polymorphism and an Msp1 apo AII polymorphism indicates that there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of different genotypes or alleles among diabetics compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ghusn
- Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Moll UM, Ostermeyer AG, Haladay R, Winkfield B, Frazier M, Zambetti G. Cytoplasmic sequestration of wild-type p53 protein impairs the G1 checkpoint after DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:1126-37. [PMID: 8622657 PMCID: PMC231095 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.3.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild-type p53 protein is abnormally sequestered in the cytoplasm of a subset of primary human tumors including neuroblastomas (NB) (U. M. Moll, M. LaQuaglia, J. Benard, and G. Riou, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4407-4411, 1995; U. M. Moll, G. Riou, and A. J. Levine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 89:7262-7266, 1992). This may represent a nonmutational mechanism for abrogating p53 tumor suppressor function. To test this hypothesis, we established the first available in vitro model that accurately reflects the wild-type p53 sequestration found in NB tumors. We characterized a series of human NB cell lines that overexpress wild-type p53 and show that p53 is preferentially localized to discrete cytoplasmic structures, with no detectable nuclear p53. These cell lines, when challenged with a variety of DNA strand-breaking agents, all exhibit impaired p53-mediated G1 arrest. Induction analysis of p53 and p53-responsive genes show that this impairment is due to suppression of nuclear p53 accumulation. Thus, this naturally occurring translocation defect compromises the suppressor function of p53 and likely plays a role in the tumorigenesis of these tumors previously thought to be unaffected by p53 alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Moll
- Department of Pathology, State Univeristy of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11792-8691, USA
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Murphy WJ, Durum SK, Anver M, Frazier M, Longo DL. Recombinant human growth hormone promotes human lymphocyte engraftment in immunodeficient mice and results in an increased incidence of human Epstein Barr virus-induced B-cell lymphoma. Brain Behav Immun 1992; 6:355-64. [PMID: 1336993 DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(92)90034-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) previously has been demonstrated to promote human or mouse T-cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice. We then wanted to examine long-term effects of rhGH on human cell engraftment in these mice. Mice with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) were given human peripheral blood lymphocytes or human bone marrow cells and daily injections of rhGH (20 micrograms ip every other day). Upon later assessment for engraftment by flow cytometric analysis, it was determined that rhGH strongly promoted human T-cell engraftment in the thymus and spleens of these mice. However, there was considerable variability in both the incidence and extent of engraftment which appears to be due to donor-to-donor variation. Additionally, rhGH promoted B lymphomagenesis in these mice since long-term treatment of these xenogeneic chimeras with rhGH resulted in the increased incidence of human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B-cell lymphoma. Thus, while rhGH can be used to optimize human T-cell engraftment in SCID mice, it also increases the likelihood of B-cell lymphoma generation when the donor is EBV infected. The results suggest that the activation of human T cells by rhGH results in an increased ability of these cells to traffic to the peripheral lymphoid organs of the SCID mice and results in a lymphoid microenvironment conducive to the outgrowth of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Murphy
- National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201
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Banaszak EF, Travers H, Frazier M, Vinz T. Home ventilator care. Respir Care 1981; 26:1262-8. [PMID: 10315153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The need for continuous home ventilatory care can arise when patients who are otherwise stable cannot be weaned from mechanical ventilatory support. Two cases are presented that show these patients can be cared for at home at a cost less than their care in the hospital. Before deciding on home ventilatory care for a patient, one should carefully consider all supportive measures, including drug therapy and psychosocial factors. The choice of home care equipment depends on many individualized considerations. The successful management of a patient on a home ventilator requires careful preparation, extensive home instruction, and continued follow-up by a home health care team.
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Lacke C, Senekjian HO, Knight TF, Frazier M, Hatlelid R, Kozak M, Baker P, Weinman EJ. Twelve months' experience with continuous ambulatory and intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141:187-190. [PMID: 7458514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
After a one-year experience with a continuous ambulatory and long-term intermittent peritoneal dialysis (CAPD and IPD, respectively) program in a Veterans Administration hospital, both forms of dialysis provided excellent biochemical control of the patients' conditions. The major drawback to peritoneal dialysis as opposed to hemodialysis is the high rate of rehospitalization resulting from peritonitis or problems related to the peritoneal catheter. The incidence of peritonitis was one episode per 4.1 patient months in CAPD and one episode per 7.3 patient months in IPD. Recurrent episodes of peritonitis in a given patient were associated with a decrease in the serum albumin level. Blood values for BUN, creatinine, serum electrolytes, calcium, and phosphorus, however, were not altered. To date, CAPD appears to be an effective alternative form of dialytic therapy.
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Abstract
A cytoplasmic particulate fraction from human leukemic cells has been shown to contain reverse transcriptase and its associated high-molecular weight RHA template. We attempted to detect the reverse-transcriptase-template complex in morphologically normal peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with acute leukemia in complete remission. Our assay system consisted of a velocity glycerol gradient and cesium sulfate equilibrium gradient analysis of the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction product. Three of nine patients in remission had positive reactions determined by glycerol gradient analysis, and eight of 10 patients in remission had positive reactions by cesium sulfate gradient analysis. We were unable to detect the template complex in leukocytes of normal persons. Thus, normal-appearing leukocytes in the peripheral blood of some leukemia patients in remission seem to retain a number of biochemical characteristics, possibly viral related, associated with leukemic cells.
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Viola MV, Frazier M, White L, Brody J, Spiegelman S. RNA-instructed DNA polymerase activity in a cytoplasmic particulate fraction in brains from Guamanian patients. J Exp Med 1975; 142:483-94. [PMID: 49390 PMCID: PMC2189894 DOI: 10.1084/jem.142.2.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous system tissues from a number of patients with idiopathic neurological disorders were examined for biochemical evidence of RNA tumor virus infection. RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity was found in a cytoplasmic particulate fraction from two patients with Guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but not in brains from two normal U.S. individuals. The buoyant density of the enzyme-containing fraction was 1.16-1.18 g/ml and could be converted to a denser region of the gradient (1.24 g/ml) by treatment with the nonionic surfactant, Sterox. The cation and detergent requirements for the endogenous RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase reaction were determined. The early (5 min) endogenous reverse transcriptase product was analyzed by cesium sulfate gradient centrifugation. RNase- and heat-sensitive RNA-DNA hybrids were detected in the product analysis of two ALS, one Parkinsonism-dementia (PD) brain, and two brains from asymptomatic Chamorros but not in brains from normal U.S. individuals and a number of patients with neuro-psychiatric disorders. The DNA product was a 4.5S heteropolymer that hybridized more extensively to RNA extracted from the enzyme-containing pellet from PD brain as compared to a similar fraction from normal U.S. brain. The DNA product appeared to be unrelated to Rausvher or visna virus 70S RNA as determined by RNA-[-3H]DNA hybridization.
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