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Garcia-Manteiga JM, Clarelli F, Bonfiglio S, Mascia E, Giannese F, Barbiera G, Guaschino C, Sorosina M, Santoro S, Protti A, Martinelli V, Cittaro D, Lazarevic D, Stupka E, Filippi M, Esposito F, Martinelli-Boneschi F. Identification of differential DNA methylation associated with multiple sclerosis: A family-based study. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577600. [PMID: 33991750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is caused by a still unknown interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetics, including DNA methylation, represents a model for environmental factors to influence MS risk. Twenty-six affected and 26 unaffected relatives from 8 MS multiplex families were analysed in a multicentric Italian study using MeDIP-Seq, followed by technical validation and biological replication in two additional families of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) using SeqCap Epi Choice Enrichment kit (Roche®). Associations from MeDIP-Seq across families were combined with aggregation statistics, yielding 162 DMRs at FDR ≤ 0.1. Technical validation and biological replication led to 2 hypo-methylated regions, which point to NTM and BAI3 genes, and to 2 hyper-methylated regions in PIK3R1 and CAPN13. These 4 novel regions contain genes of potential interest that need to be tested in larger cohorts of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Garcia-Manteiga
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - F Clarelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - S Bonfiglio
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - E Mascia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - F Giannese
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - G Barbiera
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - C Guaschino
- Department of Neurology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Gallarate, Italy
| | - M Sorosina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - S Santoro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - A Protti
- Ospedale Niguarda, Department of Neurology, Milan, Italy
| | - V Martinelli
- Neurology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - D Cittaro
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - D Lazarevic
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - E Stupka
- Centre for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - M Filippi
- Neurology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy; Neurology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - F Martinelli-Boneschi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit and MS Centre, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Cathomas F, Azzinnari D, Bergamini G, Sigrist H, Buerge M, Hoop V, Wicki B, Goetze L, Soares S, Kukelova D, Seifritz E, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Ghandour MS, Seoighe C, Hildebrandt T, Leparc G, Klein H, Stupka E, Hengerer B, Pryce CR. Oligodendrocyte gene expression is reduced by and influences effects of chronic social stress in mice. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2018; 18:e12475. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cathomas
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. Azzinnari
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - G. Bergamini
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. Sigrist
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Buerge
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - V. Hoop
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - B. Wicki
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - L. Goetze
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Soares
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. Kukelova
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - E. Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Goettingen Germany
| | - K.-A. Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Goettingen Germany
| | - M. S. Ghandour
- Center of Neurochemistry, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7357; Strasbourg France
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia
| | - C. Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics & Applied Mathematics; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - T. Hildebrandt
- Target Discovery Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG.; Biberach Germany
| | - G. Leparc
- Target Discovery Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG.; Biberach Germany
| | - H. Klein
- Target Discovery Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG.; Biberach Germany
| | - E. Stupka
- Target Discovery Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG.; Biberach Germany
| | - B. Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG.; Biberach Germany
| | - C. R. Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Perna D, Fagà G, Verrecchia A, Gorski MM, Barozzi I, Narang V, Khng J, Lim KC, Sung WK, Sanges R, Stupka E, Oskarsson T, Trumpp A, Wei CL, Müller H, Amati B. Genome-wide mapping of Myc binding and gene regulation in serum-stimulated fibroblasts. Oncogene 2011; 31:1695-709. [PMID: 21860422 PMCID: PMC3324106 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transition from quiescence to proliferation is a key regulatory step that can be induced by serum stimulation in cultured fibroblasts. The transcription factor Myc is directly induced by serum mitogens and drives a secondary gene expression program that remains largely unknown. Using mRNA profiling, we identify close to 300 Myc-dependent serum response (MDSR) genes, which are induced by serum in a Myc-dependent manner in mouse fibroblasts. Mapping of genomic Myc-binding sites by ChIP-seq technology revealed that most MDSR genes were directly targeted by Myc, but represented a minor fraction (5.5%) of all Myc-bound promoters (which were 22.4% of all promoters). Other target loci were either induced by serum in a Myc-independent manner, were not significantly regulated or were negatively regulated. MDSR gene products were involved in a variety of processes, including nucleotide biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis, DNA replication and RNA control. Of the 29 MDSR genes targeted by RNA interference, three showed a requirement for cell-cycle entry upon serum stimulation and 11 for long-term proliferation and/or survival. Hence, proper coordination of key regulatory and biosynthetic pathways following mitogenic stimulation relies upon the concerted regulation of multiple Myc-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perna
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
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4
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Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith MC, Maeda N, Oyama R, Ravasi T, Lenhard B, Wells C, Kodzius R, Shimokawa K, Bajic VB, Brenner SE, Batalov S, Forrest ARR, Zavolan M, Davis MJ, Wilming LG, Aidinis V, Allen JE, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Apweiler R, Aturaliya RN, Bailey TL, Bansal M, Baxter L, Beisel KW, Bersano T, Bono H, Chalk AM, Chiu KP, Choudhary V, Christoffels A, Clutterbuck DR, Crowe ML, Dalla E, Dalrymple BP, de Bono B, Della Gatta G, di Bernardo D, Down T, Engstrom P, Fagiolini M, Faulkner G, Fletcher CF, Fukushima T, Furuno M, Futaki S, Gariboldi M, Georgii-Hemming P, Gingeras TR, Gojobori T, Green RE, Gustincich S, Harbers M, Hayashi Y, Hensch TK, Hirokawa N, Hill D, Huminiecki L, Iacono M, Ikeo K, Iwama A, Ishikawa T, Jakt M, Kanapin A, Katoh M, Kawasawa Y, Kelso J, Kitamura H, Kitano H, Kollias G, Krishnan SPT, Kruger A, Kummerfeld SK, Kurochkin IV, Lareau LF, Lazarevic D, Lipovich L, Liu J, Liuni S, McWilliam S, Madan Babu M, Madera M, Marchionni L, Matsuda H, Matsuzawa S, Miki H, Mignone F, Miyake S, Morris K, Mottagui-Tabar S, Mulder N, Nakano N, Nakauchi H, Ng P, Nilsson R, Nishiguchi S, Nishikawa S, Nori F, Ohara O, Okazaki Y, Orlando V, Pang KC, Pavan WJ, Pavesi G, Pesole G, Petrovsky N, Piazza S, Reed J, Reid JF, Ring BZ, Ringwald M, Rost B, Ruan Y, Salzberg SL, Sandelin A, Schneider C, Schönbach C, Sekiguchi K, Semple CAM, Seno S, Sessa L, Sheng Y, Shibata Y, Shimada H, Shimada K, Silva D, Sinclair B, Sperling S, Stupka E, Sugiura K, Sultana R, Takenaka Y, Taki K, Tammoja K, Tan SL, Tang S, Taylor MS, Tegner J, Teichmann SA, Ueda HR, van Nimwegen E, Verardo R, Wei CL, Yagi K, Yamanishi H, Zabarovsky E, Zhu S, Zimmer A, Hide W, Bult C, Grimmond SM, Teasdale RD, Liu ET, Brusic V, Quackenbush J, Wahlestedt C, Mattick JS, Hume DA, Kai C, Sasaki D, Tomaru Y, Fukuda S, Kanamori-Katayama M, Suzuki M, Aoki J, Arakawa T, Iida J, Imamura K, Itoh M, Kato T, Kawaji H, Kawagashira N, Kawashima T, Kojima M, Kondo S, Konno H, Nakano K, Ninomiya N, Nishio T, Okada M, Plessy C, Shibata K, Shiraki T, Suzuki S, Tagami M, Waki K, Watahiki A, Okamura-Oho Y, Suzuki H, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 2005; 309:1559-63. [PMID: 16141072 DOI: 10.1126/science.1112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2607] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.
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5
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Clamp M, Andrews D, Barker D, Bevan P, Cameron G, Chen Y, Clark L, Cox T, Cuff J, Curwen V, Down T, Durbin R, Eyras E, Gilbert J, Hammond M, Hubbard T, Kasprzyk A, Keefe D, Lehvaslaiho H, Iyer V, Melsopp C, Mongin E, Pettett R, Potter S, Rust A, Schmidt E, Searle S, Slater G, Smith J, Spooner W, Stabenau A, Stalker J, Stupka E, Ureta-Vidal A, Vastrik I, Birney E. Ensembl 2002: accommodating comparative genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:38-42. [PMID: 12519943 PMCID: PMC165530 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) database project provides a bioinformatics framework to organise biology around the sequences of large genomes. It is a comprehensive source of stable automatic annotation of human, mouse and other genome sequences, available as either an interactive web site or as flat files. Ensembl also integrates manually annotated gene structures from external sources where available. As well as being one of the leading sources of genome annotation, Ensembl is an open source software engineering project to develop a portable system able to handle very large genomes and associated requirements. These range from sequence analysis to data storage and visualisation and installations exist around the world in both companies and at academic sites. With both human and mouse genome sequences available and more vertebrate sequences to follow, many of the recent developments in Ensembl have focusing on developing automatic comparative genome analysis and visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clamp
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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6
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Hubbard T, Barker D, Birney E, Cameron G, Chen Y, Clark L, Cox T, Cuff J, Curwen V, Down T, Durbin R, Eyras E, Gilbert J, Hammond M, Huminiecki L, Kasprzyk A, Lehvaslaiho H, Lijnzaad P, Melsopp C, Mongin E, Pettett R, Pocock M, Potter S, Rust A, Schmidt E, Searle S, Slater G, Smith J, Spooner W, Stabenau A, Stalker J, Stupka E, Ureta-Vidal A, Vastrik I, Clamp M. The Ensembl genome database project. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:38-41. [PMID: 11752248 PMCID: PMC99161 DOI: 10.1093/nar/30.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/) database project provides a bioinformatics framework to organise biology around the sequences of large genomes. It is a comprehensive source of stable automatic annotation of the human genome sequence, with confirmed gene predictions that have been integrated with external data sources, and is available as either an interactive web site or as flat files. It is also an open source software engineering project to develop a portable system able to handle very large genomes and associated requirements from sequence analysis to data storage and visualisation. The Ensembl site is one of the leading sources of human genome sequence annotation and provided much of the analysis for publication by the international human genome project of the draft genome. The Ensembl system is being installed around the world in both companies and academic sites on machines ranging from supercomputers to laptops.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hubbard
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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7
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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921. [PMID: 11237011 DOI: 10.1038/35057062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14499] [Impact Index Per Article: 630.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Abstract
The sequence variation project at EBI aims to create a unified resource for browsing and searching sequence differences. Technical advances in reading in new data types and in validating and cross-referencing entries are reported. It is suggested that the hardest problems in unifying mutation databases are related to intellectual property rights. The concept of copylefting is introduced as a potential solution to these.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lehväslaiho
- EMBL Outstation, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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