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Pereira AP, Antunes P, Peixe L, Freitas AR, Novais C. Current insights into the effects of cationic biocides exposure on Enterococcus spp. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1392018. [PMID: 39006755 PMCID: PMC11242571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1392018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cationic biocides (CBs), such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides, are critical for controlling the spread of bacterial pathogens like Enterococcus spp., a leading cause of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections. The widespread use of CBs in recent decades has prompted concerns about the potential emergence of Enterococcus spp. populations exhibiting resistance to both biocides and antibiotics. Such concerns arise from their frequent exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of CBs in clinical, food chain and diverse environmental settings. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the complexity of the Enterococcus' response to CBs and of their possible evolution toward resistance. To that end, CBs' activity against diverse Enterococcus spp. collections, the prevalence and roles of genes associated with decreased susceptibility to CBs, and the potential for co- and cross-resistance between CBs and antibiotics are reviewed. Significant methodological and knowledge gaps are identified, highlighting areas that future studies should address to enhance our comprehension of the impact of exposure to CBs on Enterococcus spp. populations' epidemiology. This knowledge is essential for developing effective One Health strategies that ensure the continued efficacy of these critical agents in safeguarding Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Morioka M, Shimaoka D, Ohnishi M. Preparation of antiviral multispray with cationic antimicrobial dialkyldimethyl ammonium salt and sulfobetaine against new coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2). Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000631.v5. [PMID: 38873577 PMCID: PMC11170126 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000631.v5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The novel sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is an enveloped virus currently causing severe illness and death worldwide. Common antiseptics such as alcohol have some efficacy in disinfecting everyday surroundings, but development of more effective disinfectants is imperative. A series of studies focusing on cationic antimicrobials resulted in the development of a safe and effective novel coronavirus disinfectant, DEA-171, which provides ≥99.98 % inhibition of all novel coronavirus variants within 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Morioka
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Garden-cho, Naka-kuSakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimaoka
- Printemps Co., Ltd, 992-1 Toichi-machi, Kashihara, Nara 634-0008, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ohnishi
- 2802-1, Shiroi-city, Chiba 270-1402, Hiratsuka, Maple-BioLaboratories, Japan
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3
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Cohn EF, Clayton BLL, Madhavan M, Lee KA, Yacoub S, Fedorov Y, Scavuzzo MA, Paul Friedman K, Shafer TJ, Tesar PJ. Pervasive environmental chemicals impair oligodendrocyte development. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:836-845. [PMID: 38528201 PMCID: PMC11088982 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals can impair neurodevelopment, and oligodendrocytes may be particularly vulnerable, as their development extends from gestation into adulthood. However, few environmental chemicals have been assessed for potential risks to oligodendrocytes. Here, using a high-throughput developmental screen in cultured cells, we identified environmental chemicals in two classes that disrupt oligodendrocyte development through distinct mechanisms. Quaternary compounds, ubiquitous in disinfecting agents and personal care products, were potently and selectively cytotoxic to developing oligodendrocytes, whereas organophosphate flame retardants, commonly found in household items such as furniture and electronics, prematurely arrested oligodendrocyte maturation. Chemicals from each class impaired oligodendrocyte development postnatally in mice and in a human 3D organoid model of prenatal cortical development. Analysis of epidemiological data showed that adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes were associated with childhood exposure to the top organophosphate flame retardant identified by our screen. This work identifies toxicological vulnerabilities for oligodendrocyte development and highlights the need for deeper scrutiny of these compounds' impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Cohn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin L L Clayton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mayur Madhavan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristin A Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sara Yacoub
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J Shafer
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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4
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Onozuka D, Takatera S, Matsuo H, Yoshida H, Hamaguchi S, Yamamoto S, Sada RM, Suzuki K, Konishi K, Kutsuna S. Oral mouthwashes for asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19 and salivary viral load: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:491. [PMID: 38664718 PMCID: PMC11044332 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that the effect of using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in COVID-19 patients has been inconsistent. Additionally, no clinical study has investigated the effectiveness of on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash against COVID-19. METHODS We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess for any effects of using mouthwash on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adult COVID-19-positive patients. Patients were randomized to receive either 20 mL of 0.05% CPC, 10 mL of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide, or 20 mL of placebo mouthwash (purified water) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was the cycle threshold (Ct) values employed for SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load estimation. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess for any effect of the mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. RESULTS Of a total of 96 eligible participants enrolled from November 7, 2022, to January 19, 2023, 90 were accepted for the primary analysis. The use of 0.05% CPC mouthwash was not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.425 to 2.706; P = 0.543); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.158; 95% CI, -0.797 to 3.112; P = 0.246); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.283; 95% CI, -0.719 to 3.285; P = 0.209); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.304; 95% CI, -1.777 to 2.385; P = 0.775); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.782; 95% CI, -1.195 to 2.759; P = 0.438). The use of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash was also not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.905; 95% CI, -1.079 to 2.888; P = 0.371); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.709; 95% CI, -1.275 to 2.693; P = 0.483); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.220; 95% CI, -1.787 to 2.226; P = 0.830); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.198; 95% CI, -1.901 to 2.296; P = 0.854); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.784; 95% CI, -1.236 to 2.804; P = 0.447). CONCLUSIONS In asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19, compared to placebo, the use of 0.05% CPC and 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash did not lead to a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. Future studies of the efficacy of CPC and on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash on the viral viability of SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted using different specimen types and in multiple populations and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Takatera
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shungo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minoda Sada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Konishi
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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5
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Sawant NV, Chang SS, Pandit KA, Khekare P, Warner WR, Zimmern PE, De Nisco NJ. VesiX cetylpyridinium chloride is rapidly bactericidal and reduces uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder epithelial cell invasion in vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0271223. [PMID: 38240572 PMCID: PMC10913388 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02712-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women can be challenging. The recent rise in resistance to most of the available oral antibiotic options together with high recurrence rate in postmenopausal women has further complicated treatment of UTI. As such, intravesical instillations of antibiotics like gentamicin are being investigated as an alternative to oral antibiotic therapies. This study evaluates the efficacy of the candidate intravesical therapeutic VesiX, a solution containing the cationic detergent Cetylpyridinium chloride, against a broad range of uropathogenic bacterial species clinically isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI (rUTI). We also evaluate the cytotoxicity of VesiX against cultured bladder epithelial cells and find that low concentrations of 0.0063% and 0.0125% provide significant bactericidal effect toward diverse bacterial species including uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis while minimizing cytotoxic effects against cultured 5637 bladder epithelial cells. Lastly, to begin to evaluate the potential utility of using VesiX in combination therapy with existing intravesical therapies for rUTI, we investigate the combined effects of VesiX and the intravesical antibiotic gentamicin. We find that VesiX and gentamicin are not antagonistic and are able to reduce levels of intracellular UPEC in cultured bladder epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE When urinary tract infections (UTIs), which affect over 50% of women, become resistant to available antibiotic therapies dangerous complications like kidney infection and lethal sepsis can occur. New therapeutic paradigms are needed to expand our arsenal against these difficult to manage infections. Our study investigates VesiX, a Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-based therapeutic, as a candidate broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for use in bladder instillation therapy for antibiotic-resistant UTI. CPC is a cationic surfactant that is FDA-approved for use in mouthwashes and is used as a food additive but has not been extensively evaluated as a UTI therapeutic. Our study is the first to investigate its rapid bactericidal kinetics against diverse uropathogenic bacterial species isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI and host cytotoxicity. We also report that together with the FDA-approved bladder-instillation agent gentamicin, VesiX was able to significantly reduce intracellular populations of uropathogenic bacteria in cultured bladder epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata V. Sawant
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel S. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Krutika A. Pandit
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Prachi Khekare
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | | | - Philippe E. Zimmern
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicole J. De Nisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Suzuki S, Kuroda M, Aoki K, Kawaji K, Hiramatsu Y, Sasano M, Nishiyama A, Murayama K, Kodama EN, Oishi S, Hayashi H. Helix-based screening with structure prediction using artificial intelligence has potential for the rapid development of peptide inhibitors targeting class I viral fusion. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:131-140. [PMID: 38333196 PMCID: PMC10849125 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of drugs against emerging and re-emerging viruses is required to prevent future pandemics. However, inhibitors usually take a long time to optimize. Here, to improve the optimization step, we used two heptad repeats (HR) in the spike protein (S protein) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a model and established a screening system for peptide-based inhibitors containing an α-helix region (SPICA). SPICA can be used to identify critical amino acid regions and evaluate the inhibitory effects of peptides as decoys. We further employed an artificial intelligence structure-prediction system (AlphaFold2) for the rapid analysis of structure-activity relationships. Here, we identified that critical amino acid regions, DVDLGD (amino acids 1163-1168 in the S protein), IQKEIDRLNE (1179-1188), and NLNESLIDL (1192-1200), played a pivotal role in SARS-CoV-2 fusion. Peptides containing these critical amino acid regions efficiently blocked viral replication. We also demonstrated that AlphaFold2 could successfully predict structures similar to the reported crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of the post-fusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Notably, the predicted structures of the HR1 region and the peptide-based fusion inhibitors corresponded well with the antiviral effects of each fusion inhibitor. Thus, the combination of SPICA and AlphaFold2 is a powerful tool to design viral fusion inhibitors using only the amino-acid sequence of the fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Mio Kuroda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoki
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kumi Kawaji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hiramatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Mina Sasano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Akie Nishiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Eiichi N Kodama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine and Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1, Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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7
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Bezinelli LM, Corrêa L, Beyerstedt S, Franco ML, Rangel ÉB, Benítez CG, Hamerschlak N, Pinho JR, Heller D, Eduardo FP. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva after rinsing with mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride: a randomized clinical study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15080. [PMID: 38130922 PMCID: PMC10734404 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic patients with COVID-19 typically have a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in their saliva. Procedures to reduce the viral load in their oral cavity are important for mitigating the viral transmission. Methods This randomized clinical trial investigated the impact of two mouthwashes (0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC+Zn) (n = 32), and 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) (n = 31)) on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva when compared to the distilled water negative control (n = 32). Saliva was collected before (T0) and after (5 min, T1; 30 min, T2; and 60 min, T3) the intervention. Viral load in saliva was measured by qRT-PCR assays. The data in both groups was normalized for T0 and Negative Control, resulting in fold change values. Results CPC+Zn oral solution reduced the viral load in saliva by 6.34-fold at T1, 3.6-fold at T2 and 1.9-fold at T3. Rinsing with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva by 2.5-fold at T1, 1.9-fold at T2 and 2.0-fold at T3. Conclusion CPC+Zn mouthwash or with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva of COVID-19 patients immediately after rinsing. These reductions extended up to 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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8
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Konishi K, Onozuka D, Takatera S, Matsuo H, Yoshida H, Hamaguchi S, Yamamoto S, Sada RM, Suzuki K, Kutsuna S. Protocol for a Randomized, Open-Label Clinical Trial on the Effect of Mouthwash on Salivary SARS-CoV-2 Load. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2312. [PMID: 38137913 PMCID: PMC10745036 DOI: 10.3390/life13122312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) or on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide (ACD) have potential to reduce the salivary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) load in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study will evaluate the effect of CPC and on-demand ACD mouthwashes on salivary SARS-CoV-2 levels in individuals with acute asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) staying in a residential recuperation facility in Osaka, Japan. This randomized, open-label clinical trial will include three equal-sized groups (CPC mouthwash, on-demand ACD mouthwash, and placebo), with 30 participants per group. A stratified replacement block method will be used to ensure balanced allocation based on symptom presence and days since symptom onset. Participants will use mouthwash at set times for 7 days or until the end of recuperation. Saliva samples will be collected at multiple time points and tested for SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The primary outcome will be changes in salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load 2 h after the first mouthwash use compared with the pre-mouthwash level. Secondary outcomes will include changes in salivary viral load and clinical parameters at different time points. This study was registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials on 18 October 2022 (jRCTs051220107).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Konishi
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.O.); (S.T.)
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.O.); (S.T.)
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Satoko Takatera
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.O.); (S.T.)
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Hiroo Matsuo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shungo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minoda Sada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (D.O.); (S.T.)
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (H.M.); (H.Y.); (S.H.); (S.Y.); (R.M.S.)
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Sbricoli L, Schiavon L, Brunello G, Brun P, Becker K, Sivolella S. Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:334-356. [PMID: 37854066 PMCID: PMC10579871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load clinically and in vitro. A systematic electronic search (MEDLINE/Scopus/Cochrane) was conducted to identify prospective clinical and in vitro studies published between 2019 included and 16 June 2023 assessing the effectiveness of mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva or surrogates. Data were summarized in tables and a network meta-analysis was performed for clinical trials. Thirty-five studies (14 RCTs, 21 in vitro) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was judged to be high for 2 clinical and 7 in vitro studies. The most commonly test product was chlorhexidine alone or in combination with other active ingredients, followed by povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide and cetylpyridinium chloride. Overall, the descriptive analysis revealed the effectiveness of the mouthwashes in decreasing the salivary viral load both clinically and in vitro. Network meta-analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity. Among these studies, only chlorhexidine 0.20% was associated to a significant Ct increase in the saliva 5 min after rinsing compared to non-active control (p = 0.027). Data from clinical and in vitro studies suggested the antiviral efficacy of commonly used mouthwashes. Large well-balanced trials are needed to identify the best rinsing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sbricoli
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Schiavon
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Brunello
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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10
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Ebrahimi T, Shamshiri AR, Alebouyeh M, Mohebbi SZ. Effectiveness of mouthwashes on reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in oral cavity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:443. [PMID: 37400836 PMCID: PMC10318743 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of SARS-COV-2 transmission is relatively high during dental procedures. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of mouthwashes on SARS-COV-2 viral load reduction in the oral cavity. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library for relevant studies up to 20 July, 2022. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trial and quasi-experimental studies evaluating patients with Covid-19 infection (patients) who used mouthwashes (intervention) compared to the same patients before using the mouthwash (comparison) for reducing the SARS-COV-2 load or increasing the cycle threshold (Ct) value (outcome) were searched according to PICO components. Three independent reviewers conducted literature screening and data extraction. The Modified Downs and Black checklist was used for quality assessment. A meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model in the Revman 5.4.1software using the mean difference (MD) of cycle threshold (Ct) values. RESULTS Of 1653 articles, 9 with a high methodological quality were included. A meta-analysis indicated that 1% Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) was an effective mouthwash for reducing the SARS-COV-2 viral load [MD 3.61 (95% confidence interval 1.03, 6.19)]. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) [MD 0.61 (95% confidence interval -1.03, 2.25)] and Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) [MD -0.04 95% confidence interval (-1.20, 1.12)] were not effective against SARS-COV-2. CONCLUSION Using mouthwashes containing PVP-I may be recommended for reducing the SARS-COV-2 viral load in the oral cavity of patients before and during dental procedures, while the evidence is not sufficient for such effects for CPC and CHX-containing mouthwashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Ebrahimi
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shamshiri
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Centre, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Z Mohebbi
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Puhl AC, Godoy AS, Noske GD, Nakamura AM, Gawriljuk VO, Fernandes RS, Oliva G, Ekins S. Discovery of PL pro and M pro Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22603-22612. [PMID: 37387790 PMCID: PMC10275482 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
There are very few small-molecule antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 that are either currently approved (or emergency authorized) in the US or globally, including remdesivir, molnupiravir, and paxlovid. The increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have appeared since the outbreak began over three years ago raises the need for continual development of updated vaccines and orally available antivirals in order to fully protect or treat the population. The viral main protease (Mpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro) are key for viral replication; therefore, they represent valuable targets for antiviral therapy. We herein describe an in vitro screen performed using the 2560 compounds from the Microsource Spectrum library against Mpro and PLpro in an attempt to identify additional small-molecule hits that could be repurposed for SARS-CoV-2. We subsequently identified 2 hits for Mpro and 8 hits for PLpro. One of these hits was the quaternary ammonium compound cetylpyridinium chloride with dual activity (IC50 = 2.72 ± 0.09 μM for PLpro and IC50 = 7.25 ± 0.15 μM for Mpro). A second inhibitor of PLpro was the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene (IC50 = 3.28 ± 0.29 μM for PLpro and IC50 = 42.8 ± 6.7 μM for Mpro). We additionally tested several kinase inhibitors and identified olmutinib (IC50 = 0.54 ± 0.04 μM), bosutinib (IC50 = 4.23 ± 0.28 μM), crizotinib (IC50 = 3.81 ± 0.04 μM), and dacominitinib (IC50 = IC50 3.33 ± 0.06 μM) as PLpro inhibitors for the first time. In some cases, these molecules have also been tested by others for antiviral activity for this virus, or we have used Calu-3 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. The results suggest that approved drugs can be identified with promising activity against these proteases, and in several cases we or others have validated their antiviral activity. The additional identification of known kinase inhibitors as molecules targeting PLpro may provide new repurposing opportunities or starting points for chemical optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Puhl
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Andre S. Godoy
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Gabriela D. Noske
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Aline M. Nakamura
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Victor O. Gawriljuk
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S. Fernandes
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Sao
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of Sao Paulo, Av. Joao
Dagnone, 1100—Jardim Santa Angelina, Sao Carlos 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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12
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Riveira-Muñoz E, Garcia-Vidal E, Bañó-Polo M, León R, Blanc V, Clotet B, Ballana E. Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Mouthwashes Show Virucidal Activity against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Viruses 2023; 15:1433. [PMID: 37515121 PMCID: PMC10383790 DOI: 10.3390/v15071433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is particularly susceptible to viral infections that are self-recovering in most cases. However, complications may appear in severe cases and/or immunocompromised subjects. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-containing mouthwashes are able to decrease the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by disrupting the integrity of the viral envelope. Here, we show that CPC, as the active ingredient contained in commercialized, exerts significant antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, such as HSV-1, but not against non-enveloped viruses, such as HPV. CPC-containing mouthwashes have been used as antiseptics for decades, and thus, they can represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Edurne Garcia-Vidal
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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13
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Van der Weijden F. Aerosol in the oral health-care setting: a misty topic. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05034-x. [PMID: 37162570 PMCID: PMC10170433 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that mouth and respiratory tract microorganisms can be transported in aerosol and spatter. Due to aerosol-generating procedures, there are potentially various infection risks for patients and those working in health care, especially in oral health care. Dental aerosol can contaminate not only the mucous membranes of the oral health-care professional's mouth, respiratory passages, and eyes but also exposed surfaces and materials in the environment. As such, preventing disease transmission within oral health-care offices is important issue. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, an innumerable amount of (mis)information and advice on how to stay safe and prevent the spread of coronavirus has been published. What preventive measures can and have been taken to counteract this, and what have we learned during the pandemic? This review summarizes relevant literature that has addressed the presence and dispersal of aerosol and spatter as a concern in health care. It includes the sources of dental aerosol, their potential health threats, and strategies for controlling and mitigating their impact. It shows that further research is needed to better understand the potential health risks of dental aerosol and to develop effective strategies for mitigating them. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using personal protective equipment, high-volume evacuation systems and pre-procedural antimicrobial agents can help to reduce the potential for infection in oral health-care settings and protect the well-being of oral health-care workers and their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridus Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Combination of Cetylpyridinium Chloride and Chlorhexidine Acetate: A Promising Candidate for Rapid Killing of Gram-Positive/Gram-Negative Bacteria and Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:97. [PMID: 36738393 PMCID: PMC9899061 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Combined use of the present antimicrobial drugs has been proved to be an alternative approach for antimicrobial agents' development since the co-existed of the drugs working in different mechanism have been demonstrated potentially enhance their antimicrobial activity. In this work, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/chlorhexidine acetate (CHA) combination was evaluated for the first time, while a universal concentration for the rapid killing of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi was also proposed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CPC and CHA used alone or in combination were first measured, showing that the combined treatment decreased the MIC against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi to 1/8-1/2. Growth curve assays demonstrated CPC and CHA had dynamic combined effects against the tested microorganisms at the concentration equal to MIC. Besides, combined use of these two drugs could also enhance their biocidal activity, which was illustrated by fluorescence microscopy and SEM images, as well as soluble protein measurement. More importantly, in vitro acute eye and skin irritation tests showed short-term contact with CPC/CHA combination would not cause any damage to mammalian mucosa and skin. In a word, CPC/CHA combination exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria and fungi while without any acute irritation to mammalian mucosa and skin, providing a new perspective on the selection of personal disinfectants.
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15
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Álvarez- Ojeda A, Lozada-Martínez A, Pupo Marrugo S, Díaz-Caballero A. Efectividad de enjuagues bucales contra virus de la familia coronavirus. NOVA 2022. [DOI: 10.22490/24629448.6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
La aparición del virus Sars-CoV-2 y la enfermedad Covid-19 han provocado un estado de emergencia en el sistema de salud. Teniendo en cuenta el potencial de la saliva como material contaminante, la práctica odontológica fue una de las áreas que se vio afectada debido al uso de instrumentos que pueden esparcir aerosoles y salpicaduras que contienen microorganismos hacia el medio ambiente. Por esta razón, conociendo su potencial en la inactivación de patógenos, se propuso la utilización de enjuagues bucales en la práctica clínica previo a la realización de procedimientos dentales, sin embargo la evidencia no es clara respecto a su efectividad. Objetivo. Establecer el estado de evidencia actual del efecto de los enjuagues bucales sobre los coronavirus que se encuentran en cavidad. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo todos los parámetros descritos en las DirectricesPRISMA basada en información obtenida en los buscadores Science direct, Pubmed y Dentistry and Oral Science Source. Los criterios de selección incluyeron estudios in vivo e in vitro de texto completo que evidenciaron la efectividad del enjuague bucal contra coronavirus. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 90 artículos, de los cuales sólo 12 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión,8 in vitro y 4 in vivo, que fueron sometidos a la evaluación de calidad metodológica utilizando la lista de verificación de evaluación crítica del JBI. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que la povidona yodada es efectiva para la inactivación del virus Sars-coV-2 en todas sus concentraciones.
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