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Liu YH, Xu Y, He YT, Wen JL, Yuan TQ. Lignocellulosic biomass-derived functional nanocellulose for food-related applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134536. [PMID: 39111481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, nanocellulose (NC) has gained significant attention due to its remarkable properties, such as adjustable surface chemistry, extraordinary biological properties, low toxicity and low density. This review summarizes the preparation of NC derived from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF). It focuses on examining the impact of non-cellulosic components such as lignin and hemicellulose on the functionality of NC. Additionally, various surface modification strategies of NC were discussed, including esterification, etherification and silylation. The review also emphasizes the progress of NC application in areas such as Pickering emulsions, food packaging materials, food additives, and hydrogels. Finally, the prospects for producing NC from LCB and its application in food-related fields are examined. This work aims to demonstrate the effective benefits of preparing NC from lignocellulosic biomass and its potential application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yu-Tong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jia-Long Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Somseemee O, Siriwong K, Sae-Oui P, Harnchana V, Appamato I, Prada T, Siriwong C. Preparation of UV-cured cellulose nanocrystal-filled epoxidized natural rubber and its application in a triboelectric nanogenerator. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130109. [PMID: 38346626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is an abundant biopolymer possessing high strength and biodegradability. In the present work, the extraction of CNCs from Napier grass stems was carried out. The CNCs were subsequently modified by maleic anhydride, called M-CNC, before being incorporated into the epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The compounds were later cured by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation under various conditions. The obtained optimum condition was then used to fabricate the biocomposites filled with various CNC and M-CNC loadings for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance measurements. Output voltage and current increased continuously with increasing filler loading. Regardless of the filler type, an increase in filler loading enhanced TENG output. ENR/M-CNC exhibited a superior TENG output to ENR/CNC due to the greater electron transfer capability of the biocomposites, as proven by the reduction in the ionization potential (IP) value obtained from the quantum calculation. In this study, ENR/M-CNC5 exhibited the maximum output voltage (80.3 V), current (7.4 μA), and power density (1.32 W/m2) at a load resistance of 9 MΩ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oranooch Somseemee
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of excellence for innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Khatcharin Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of excellence for innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae-Oui
- MTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Intuorn Appamato
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Teerayut Prada
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry and Center of excellence for innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Khalid MY, Arif ZU, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. 3D/4D printing of cellulose nanocrystals-based biomaterials: Additives for sustainable applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126287. [PMID: 37573913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained significant attraction from both industrial and academic sectors, thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability with remarkable mechanical characteristics. Desirable mechanical characteristics of CNCs include high stiffness, high strength, excellent flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the mechanical properties of CNCs can be tailored through chemical modifications for high-end applications including tissue engineering, actuating, and biomedical. Modern manufacturing methods including 3D/4D printing are highly advantageous for developing sophisticated and intricate geometries. This review highlights the major developments of additive manufactured CNCs, which promote sustainable solutions across a wide range of applications. Additionally, this contribution also presents current challenges and future research directions of CNC-based composites developed through 3D/4D printing techniques for myriad engineering sectors including tissue engineering, wound healing, wearable electronics, robotics, and anti-counterfeiting applications. Overall, this review will greatly help research scientists from chemistry, materials, biomedicine, and other disciplines to comprehend the underlying principles, mechanical properties, and applications of additively manufactured CNC-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus, 51041, Pakistan.
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Yadav C, Lee JM, Mohanty P, Li X, Jang WD. Graft onto approaches for nanocellulose-based advanced functional materials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15108-15145. [PMID: 37712254 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of cellulose as nano-dimensional 'nanocellulose' has unlocked a sustainable bioeconomy for the development of advanced functional biomaterials. Bestowed with multifunctional attributes, such as renewability and abundance of its source, biodegradability, biocompatibility, superior mechanical, optical, and rheological properties, tunable self-assembly and surface chemistry, nanocellulose presents exclusive opportunities for a wide range of novel applications. However, to alleviate its intrinsic hydrophilicity-related constraints surface functionalization is inevitably needed to foster various targeted applications. The abundant surface hydroxyl groups on nanocellulose offer opportunities for grafting small molecules or macromolecular entities using either a 'graft onto' or 'graft from' approach, resulting in materials with distinctive functionalities. Most of the reviews published to date extensively discussed 'graft from' modification approaches, however 'graft onto' approaches are not well discussed. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of 'graft onto' approaches. Furthermore, insight into some of the recently emerging applications of this grafted nanocellulose including advanced nanocomposite formulation, stimuli-responsive materials, bioimaging, sensing, biomedicine, packaging, and wastewater treatment has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandravati Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Paritosh Mohanty
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Xinping Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Klongklaew P, Khamjapo P, Sae-Oui P, Jittham P, Loykulnant S, Intiya W. Characterization and Application in Natural Rubber of Leucaena Leaf and Its Extracted Products. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3698. [PMID: 37765552 PMCID: PMC10538027 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucaena is a fast-growing tree in the legume family. Its leaf contains a significant amount of protein and is thus widely used as fodder for cattle. To broaden its application in the rubber field, the effects of Leucaena leaf powder and its extracted products on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber were investigated. The extraction of Leucaena leaf was carried out by using a proteolytic enzyme at 60 °C. The digested protein was separated from the residue by centrifugation. Both digested protein and residue were then dried and ground into powder, namely digested protein powder and residual powder, respectively, before being characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size determination, and protein analysis. After being added to natural rubber at 3 parts per hundred rubber, they significantly reduced both the scorch time and the optimum cure time of the rubber compounds, probably due to the presence of nitrogen-containing substances, without a significant sacrifice of the mechanical properties. For instance, the optimum cure time decreased by approximately 25.5, 35.4, and 54.9% for Leucaena leaf powder, residual powder, and digested protein powder, respectively. Thus, they can be used as green and sustainable fillers with a cure-activation effect in rubber compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamaporn Klongklaew
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Phimthong Khamjapo
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae-Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pairote Jittham
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Surapich Loykulnant
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Weenusarin Intiya
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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