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Ramos JCM, Ribeiro LM, Nunes GP, Soares JS, Francisco PMS, Sorgato JC. Cattleya walkeriana Gardner (Orchidaceae) propagation: culture medium, sealing system and irradiance. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e279803. [PMID: 39046048 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.279803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of culture media, irradiance, and sealing system on the in vitro and ex vitro growth of Cattleya walkeriana Gardner. We used MS medium as culture medium, supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose and solidified with 7.0 g L-1 of bacteriological agar. This medium served as a control, while for the other treatments we supplemented the media as follows: 2) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana pulp = P150; 3) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana pulp = P300; 4) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana peel = PE150; and 5) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana peel = PE300. The irradiances were provided by 3000K LED lamps: 86 μmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-1) and 128 µmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-2) and the conventional sealing (CSS) and sealing systems that allow gas exchange (GESS). After 120 (in vitro) and 180 days (ex vitro) of cultivation, we evaluated them for pseudobulb (PN), leaf (LN) and root number (RN), plant height (PH), pseudobulb diameter (PD), longest leaf (LL) and root length (RL), fresh mass (TFM) and survival (%SURV). There was a significant interaction for all the variables analyzed. The CM x SS double interaction was significant for PH, LL, and RL. The CM x I x SS interaction was significant for PN, LN, RN, PD, TFM, and %SURV traits of C. walkeriana grown in vitro. There was a significant interaction between CM x I x SS for all C. walkeriana traits evaluated in ex vitro culture. Using the medium with up to 150 g L-1 of banana pulp combined with Irradiance-2 and CSS provided the highest values for in vitro plant growth. However, prior cultivation in MS medium, Irradiance-1, and CSS provided the greatest survival and establishment of this species plants in ex vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C M Ramos
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - L M Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - G P Nunes
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J S Soares
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - P M S Francisco
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J C Sorgato
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
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Pérez-Escobar OA, Bogarín D, Przelomska NAS, Ackerman JD, Balbuena JA, Bellot S, Bühlmann RP, Cabrera B, Cano JA, Charitonidou M, Chomicki G, Clements MA, Cribb P, Fernández M, Flanagan NS, Gravendeel B, Hágsater E, Halley JM, Hu AQ, Jaramillo C, Mauad AV, Maurin O, Müntz R, Leitch IJ, Li L, Negrão R, Oses L, Phillips C, Rincon M, Salazar GA, Simpson L, Smidt E, Solano-Gomez R, Parra-Sánchez E, Tremblay RL, van den Berg C, Tamayo BSV, Zuluaga A, Zuntini AR, Chase MW, Fay MF, Condamine FL, Forest F, Nargar K, Renner SS, Baker WJ, Antonelli A. The origin and speciation of orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:700-716. [PMID: 38382573 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack of an up-to-date phylogeographic analysis. We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high-throughput and Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, and c. 7% (1921) of the 29 524 accepted species, and use it to infer geographic range evolution, diversity, and speciation patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants. The orchids' most recent common ancestor is inferred to have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. The modern range of Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species from India to northern Australia, is interpreted as relictual, similar to that of numerous other groups that went extinct at higher latitudes following the global climate cooling during the Oligocene. Despite their ancient origin, modern orchid species diversity mainly originated over the last 5 Ma, with the highest speciation rates in Panama and Costa Rica. These results alter our understanding of the geographic origin of orchids, previously proposed as Australian, and pinpoint Central America as a region of recent, explosive speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, CR 2333, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia A S Przelomska
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, TW9 3AE, UK
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - James D Ackerman
- University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR, 00925-2537, USA
| | | | | | | | - Betsaida Cabrera
- Jardín Botánico Rafael Maria Moscoso, Santo Domingo, 21-9, Dominican Republic
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Clements
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (joint venture between Parks Australia and CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Melania Fernández
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Nicola S Flanagan
- Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, Seccional Cali, Cali, 760031, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Ai-Qun Hu
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, 257494, Singapore
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | | | | | - Robert Müntz
- Reserva Biológica Guaitil, Eisenstadt, 7000, Austria
| | | | - Lan Li
- National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Industrial and Scientific Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Lizbeth Oses
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Charlotte Phillips
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, TW9 3AE, UK
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Milton Rincon
- Jardín Botánico Jose Celestino Mutis, Bogota, 111071, Colombia
| | | | - Lalita Simpson
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, GPO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Eric Smidt
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 19031, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cassio van den Berg
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mark W Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | | | - Fabien L Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier|CNRS|IRD|EPHE), Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | | | - Katharina Nargar
- National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Industrial and Scientific Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, GPO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
- Scientific Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | | | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, 417 56, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 417 56, Sweden
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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Droissart V, Verlynde S, Ramandimbisoa B, Andriamahefarivo L, Stévart T. Diversity and distribution of Orchidaceae in one of the world's most threatened plant hotspots (Madagascar). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e106223. [PMID: 38318515 PMCID: PMC10840847 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent decades, Madagascar has become one of the most important plant hotspots in the world. The country's remaining forests and vegetation are disappearing at an alarming rate, while dozens of new species are discovered each year. Amongst the plant families that have long been studied, Orchidaceae appear as one of the most charismatic, diverse and of high conservation concern. Based on a reviewed, comprehensive herbarium dataset, we have compiled a curated checklist of all orchid species occurring in Madagascar. Based on this complete dataset, we then compiled sampling effort, species diversity distribution and some general statistics on their ecology and IUCN conservation status. METHODS We compiled and standardised a global dataset using five public databases as the main data sources, supplemented by the most recent publications. The database contains ~ 10,000 geolocated records collected between 1816 and 2021. We used GIS software and rarefaction methods to examine sampling and diversity patterns. RESULTS According to our dataset, there are currently 913 orchid species collected in Madagascar, of which 759 orchid species (83.1%) are endemic. Doubling the sampling effort could lead to the discovery of around 100 more species, bringing the total estimated number of orchid species in Madagascar to between 986 and 1048. About one-third (297 species) of all orchid species are known only by type specimens (189 species) or have not been collected in Madagascar for more than 50 years (214 species). Although the raw data show that the Andasibe-Moramanga area would have the highest orchid species concentration, our analysis of the data, adjusted for bias, shows that the centres of orchid diversity in Madagascar are in the Tsaratanàna Strict Nature Reserve and the Ranomafana National Park. Life-form statistics show that 55.0% of orchid species are strict epiphytes. The main flowering period of orchids in Madagascar is between November and March. To date, 84% of the 226 Malagasy orchid species listed in the IUCN Red List are threatened with extinction (CR, EN or VU). CONCLUSION Despite geographically uneven coverage, the biodiversity of Malagasy orchids appears to be already well documented. We provide maps corrected for sampling bias that indicate priority areas for future surveys. Upcoming efforts should also focus on rediscovery and conservation of rare and/or threatened species and ensure that the protected area network is well aligned with the distribution of priority species for conservation. Finally, the conservation status of 75% of the orchid species found in Madagascar is not yet known and the inclusion of these species must be a top priority in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Droissart
- AMAP Lab, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, FranceAMAP Lab, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAEMontpellierFrance
- Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, CameroonPlant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047YaoundéCameroon
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050, Brussels, BelgiumHerbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050BrusselsBelgium
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, United States of AmericaMissouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299United States of America
| | - Simon Verlynde
- Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, United States of AmericaCullman Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden, BronxNew York 10458-5126United States of America
- PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, United States of AmericaPhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave.New York, NY 10016United States of America
| | - Brigitte Ramandimbisoa
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, United States of AmericaMissouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299United States of America
| | - Lalao Andriamahefarivo
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, United States of AmericaMissouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299United States of America
| | - Tariq Stévart
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050, Brussels, BelgiumHerbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique africaine, CP 169, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, B-1050BrusselsBelgium
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, United States of AmericaMissouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299United States of America
- Botanic Garden Meise, Domein van Bouchout, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, BelgiumBotanic Garden Meise, Domein van Bouchout, Nieuwelaan 38B-1860 MeiseBelgium
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