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Elmorsy EA, Saber S, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, El-Kott AF, AlShehri MA, Morsy K, Negm S, Youssef ME. Mechanistic insights into carvedilol's potential protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 200:106849. [PMID: 38992452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug widely employed in the treatment of various cancers, known for its potent antineoplastic properties but often associated with dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, limiting its clinical use. This review explores the complex molecular details that determine the heart-protective effectiveness of carvedilol in relation to cardiotoxicity caused by DOX. The harmful effects of DOX on heart cells could include oxidative stress, DNA damage, iron imbalance, disruption of autophagy, calcium imbalance, apoptosis, dysregulation of topoisomerase 2-beta, arrhythmogenicity, and inflammatory responses. This review carefully reveals how carvedilol serves as a strong protective mechanism, strategically reducing each aspect of cardiac damage caused by DOX. Carvedilol's antioxidant capabilities involve neutralizing free radicals and adjusting crucial antioxidant enzymes. It skillfully manages iron balance, controls autophagy, and restores the calcium balance essential for cellular stability. Moreover, the anti-apoptotic effects of carvedilol are outlined through the adjustment of Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of the Akt signaling pathway. The medication also controls topoisomerase 2-beta and reduces the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, together offering a thorough defense against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. These findings not only provide detailed understanding into the molecular mechanisms that coordinate heart protection by carvedilol but also offer considerable potential for the creation of targeted treatment strategies intended to relieve cardiotoxicity caused by chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed A Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt.
| | - Rabab S Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A AlShehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally Negm
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Art Mahyel Aseer, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
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2
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Ludwig N, Cucinelli S, Hametner S, Muckenthaler MU, Schirmer L. Iron scavenging and myeloid cell polarization. Trends Immunol 2024:S1471-4906(24)00155-8. [PMID: 39054114 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid cells that populate all human organs and blood are a versatile class of innate immune cells. They are crucial for sensing and regulating processes as diverse as tissue homeostasis and inflammation and are frequently characterized by their roles in either regulating or promoting inflammation. Recent studies in cultured cells and mouse models highlight the role of iron in skewing the functional properties of myeloid cells in tissue damage and repair. Here, we review certain emerging concepts on how iron influences and determines myeloid cell polarization in the context of its uptake, storage, and metabolism, including in conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), sickle cell disease, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ludwig
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Cucinelli
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Medical Neuroscience Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Paediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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3
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Iram F, Shahid M, Ansari J, Ashraf GM, Hassan MI, Islam A. Navigating the Maze of Alzheimer's disease by exploring BACE1: Discovery, current scenario, and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102342. [PMID: 38762102 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological condition that has become a leading cause of cognitive decline in elder individuals. Hardly any effective medication has been developed to halt the progression of AD due to the disease's complexity. Several theories have been put forward to clarify the mechanisms underlying AD etiology. The identification of amyloid plaques as a hallmark of AD has sparked the development of numerous drugs targeting the players involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as the β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) blockers. Over the last ten years, preclinical and early experimental research has led several pharmaceutical companies to prioritize producing BACE1 inhibitors. Despite all these efforts, earlier discovered inhibitors were discontinued in consideration of another second-generation small molecules and recent BACE1 antagonists failed in the final stages of clinical trials because of the complications associated either with toxicity or effectiveness. In addition to discussing the difficulties associated with development of BACE1 inhibitors, this review aims to provide an overview of BACE1 and offer perspectives on the causes behind the failure of five recent BACE1 inhibitors, that would be beneficial for choosing effective treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Iram
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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4
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Go YJ, Kalathingal M, Rhee YM. An Ensemble Docking Approach for Analyzing and Designing Aptamer Heterodimers Targeting VEGF 165. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4066. [PMID: 38612876 PMCID: PMC11012306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) is a prominent isoform of the VEGF-A protein that plays a crucial role in various angiogenesis-related diseases. It is homodimeric, and each of its monomers is composed of two domains connected by a flexible linker. DNA aptamers, which have emerged as potent therapeutic molecules for many proteins with high specificity and affinity, can also work for VEGF165. A DNA aptamer heterodimer composed of monomers of V7t1 and del5-1 connected by a flexible linker (V7t1:del5-1) exhibits a greater binding affinity with VEGF165 compared to either of the two monomers alone. Although the structure of the complex formed between the aptamer heterodimer and VEGF165 is unknown due to the highly flexible linkers, gaining structural information will still be valuable for future developments. Toward this end of accessing structural information, we adopt an ensemble docking approach here. We first obtain an ensemble of structures for both VEGF165 and the aptamer heterodimer by considering both small- and large-scale motions. We then proceed through an extraction process based on ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to predict the structures of the VEGF165/V7t1:del5-1 complex. Through the same procedures, we reach a new aptamer heterodimer that bears a locked nucleic acid-modified counterpart of V7t1, namely RNV66:del5-1, which also binds well with VEGF165. We apply the same protocol to the monomeric units V7t1, RNV66, and del5-1 to target VEGF165. We observe that V7t1:del5-1 and RNV66:del5-1 show higher binding affinities with VEGF165 than any of the monomers, consistent with experiments that support the notion that aptamer heterodimers are more effective anti-VEGF165 aptamers than monomeric aptamers. Among the five different aptamers studied here, the newly designed RNV66:del5-1 shows the highest binding affinity with VEGF165. We expect that our ensemble docking approach can help in de novo designs of homo/heterodimeric anti-angiogenic drugs to target the homodimeric VEGF165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ju Go
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahroof Kalathingal
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
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Syed RA, Hayat M, Qaiser H, Uzair M, Al-Regaiey K, Khallaf R, Kaleem I, Bashir S. Aging-Related Protein Alterations in the Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S5-S22. [PMID: 38339930 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Aging is an intrinsic aspect of an organism's life cycle and is characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to mortality. Many age-associated disorders, including neurological disorders, are most commonly linked with the aging process, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of aging and AD on the molecular pathways and levels of different proteins in the brain, including metalloproteins, neurotrophic factors, amyloid proteins, and tau proteins. AD is caused by the aggregation of amyloid proteins in the brain. Factors such as metal ions, protein ligands, and the oligomerization state of amyloid precursor protein significantly influence the proteolytic processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). Tau, a disordered cytosolic protein, serves as the principal microtubule-associated protein in mature neurons. AD patients exhibit decreased levels of nerve growth factor within their nervous systems and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, a significant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor resulting from the neuroprotective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor suggests that the synergistic action of these proteins plays a role in inhibiting neuronal degeneration and atrophy. The mechanism through which Aβ and AβPP govern Cu2+ transport and their influence on Cu2+ and other metal ion pools requires elucidation in future studies. A comprehensive understanding of the influence of aging and AD on molecular pathways and varying protein levels may hold the potential for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafay Ali Syed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Hayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Qaiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Al-Regaiey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Khallaf
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imdad Kaleem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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LeVine SM. The Azalea Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease: A Functional Iron Deficiency Promotes Neurodegeneration. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231191743. [PMID: 37599439 PMCID: PMC10876915 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231191743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosis in azaleas is characterized by an interveinal yellowing of leaves that is typically caused by a deficiency of iron. This condition is usually due to the inability of cells to properly acquire iron as a consequence of unfavorable conditions, such as an elevated pH, rather than insufficient iron levels. The causes and effects of chlorosis were found to have similarities with those pertaining to a recently presented hypothesis that describes a pathogenic process in Alzheimer disease. This hypothesis states that iron becomes sequestered (e.g., by amyloid β and tau), causing a functional deficiency of iron that disrupts biochemical processes leading to neurodegeneration. Additional mechanisms that contribute to iron becoming unavailable include iron-containing structures not undergoing proper recycling (e.g., disrupted mitophagy and altered ferritinophagy) and failure to successfully translocate iron from one compartment to another (e.g., due to impaired lysosomal acidification). Other contributors to a functional deficiency of iron in patients with Alzheimer disease include altered metabolism of heme or altered production of iron-containing proteins and their partners (e.g., subunits, upstream proteins). A review of the evidence supporting this hypothesis is presented. Also, parallels between the mechanisms underlying a functional iron-deficient state in Alzheimer disease and those occurring for chlorosis in plants are discussed. Finally, a model describing the generation of a functional iron deficiency in Alzheimer disease is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, US
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7
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Rogers JT, Cahill CM. Iron Responsiveness to Lysosomal Disruption: A Novel Pathway to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:41-45. [PMID: 37781810 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) mutations in the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) enhance brain AβPP C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) levels to inhibit lysosomal v-ATPase. Consequent disrupted acidification of the endolysosomal pathway may trigger brain iron deficiencies and mitochondrial dysfunction. The iron responsive element (IRE) in the 5'Untranslated-region of AβPP mRNA should be factored into this cycle where reduced bioavailable Fe-II would decrease IRE-dependent AβPP translation and levels of APP-CTFβ in a cycle to adaptively restore iron homeostasis while increases of transferrin-receptors is evident. In healthy younger individuals, Fe-dependent translational modulation of AβPP is part of the neuroprotective function of sAβPPα with its role in iron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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