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Tibebu S, Kassahun E, Ale TH, Worku A, Sime T, Berhanu AA, Akino B, Hailu AM, Ayana LW, Shibeshi A, Mohammed MA, Lema NK, Ammona AA, Tebeje A, Korsa G, Ayele A, Nuru S, Kebede S, Ayalneh S, Angassa K, Weldmichael TG, Ashebir H. The application of Rumex Abysinicus derived activated carbon/bentonite clay/graphene oxide/iron oxide nanocomposite for removal of chromium from aqueous solution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19280. [PMID: 39164377 PMCID: PMC11335875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has significantly boosted economic growth but has also introduced severe environmental challenges, particularly in water pollution. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a nanocomposite composed of Rumex Abyssinicus Activated Carbon/Acid Activated Bentonite Clay/Graphene Oxide, and Iron Oxide (RAAC/AABC/GO/Fe3O4) for chromium removal from aqueous solutions. The preparation of the nanocomposite involved precise methods, and its characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the point of zero charge (pHpzc). Batch adsorption experiments were designed using Design Expert software with a central composite design under response surface methodology. The factors investigated included pH (3, 6, and 9), initial Cr (VI) concentration (40, 70, and 100 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.5, 0.75, 1 g/200 mL), and contact time (60, 90, and 120 min). Adsorption isotherms were analyzed using nonlinearized Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models, while pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied to adsorption kinetics. Characterization revealed a pHpzc of 8.25, a porous and heterogeneous surface (SEM), diverse functional groups (FTIR), an amorphous structure (XRD), and a significant surface area of 1201.23 m2/g (BET). The highest removal efficiency of 99.91% was achieved at pH 6, with an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 70 mg/L, a 90 min contact time, and an adsorbent dose of 1 g/200 mL. Optimization of the adsorption process identified optimal parameters as pH 5.84, initial Cr (VI) concentration of 88.94 mg/L, contact time of 60 min, and adsorbent dose of 0.52 g/200 mL. The Langmuir isotherm model, with an R2 value of 0.92836, best described the adsorption process, indicating a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided the best fit with an R2 value of 0.988. Overall, the nanocomposite demonstrates significant potential as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for chromium removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tibebu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Estifanos Kassahun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Innovation Incubation Center & Intellectual Property Right Coordination Office, University-Industry Linkage & Technology Transfer Directorate, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tigabu Haddis Ale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Worku
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Sime
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Aemro Berhanu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Akino
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrha Mulu Hailu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, Aksum University, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Lalise Wakshum Ayana
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Manufacturing Industry Development Institute, Chemical and Construction Inputs Industry Research and Development Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Shibeshi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammednur Abdu Mohammed
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Niguse Kelile Lema
- Department of Biotechnology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Andualem Arka Ammona
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aseged Tebeje
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gamachis Korsa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied and Natural Science, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abate Ayele
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied and Natural Science, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Saba Nuru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seble Kebede
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Ayalneh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kenatu Angassa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsedekech Gebremeskel Weldmichael
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hailu Ashebir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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2
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Abdu M, Babaee S, Worku A, Msagati TAM, Nure JF. The development of Giant reed biochar for adsorption of Basic Blue 41 and Eriochrome Black T. azo dyes from wastewater. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18320. [PMID: 39112548 PMCID: PMC11306782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The textile industry is discharging high concentrations of anionic and cationic azo dyes into the nearby environment, which can cause adverse effects on public health, and the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop giant reed biochar and apply for the removal of Basic blue 41 (BB41) and Eriochrome black T (EBT) azo dyes from water. Characterization techniques such as BET surface area analyzer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were applied for biochar description. The biochar exhibits a high fixed carbon content (80.4%), a low ash content (3.8%), a large surface area (429.0 m2/g), and good thermal stability. High removal efficiencies of BB41 98.6% and EBT 82.5% were recorded at the specific experimental condition. The experimental data were fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model at R2 0.99 for both dyes whereas the adsorption kinetics revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at R2 ∼ 1 and 0.99 for BB41 and EBT, respectively. Furthermore, four regenerations of biochar with adsorption performances of BB41 and EBT dyes were found to be 94.7% and 79.1%, respectively. Finally, this adsorbent can be considered an economically viable material for the removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater systems. In conclusion, the study findings showed that the adsorbent material is promising to apply for water and wastewater treatment but still, the study of adsorption interaction and modifications of the surface functionalities are essential to accommodate multipollutant removal from real water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednur Abdu
- College of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Saeideh Babaee
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jorissen St, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Abebe Worku
- College of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Jemal Fito Nure
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jorissen St, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
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Abeysinghe AK, Peng YP, Huang PJ, Chen KF, Chen CH, Chen WX, Liang FY, Chien PY. Enhancing visible-light-driven photocatalysis: unveiling the remarkable potential of H 2O 2-assisted MOF/COF hybrid material for organic pollutant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50983-50999. [PMID: 39106012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized MOF/COF hybrid material (NH2-MOF-5/MCOF) by integrating NH2-MOF-5 (Zn) with a melamine-based COF (MCOF) to target the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. Characterization using SEM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, and UV-DRS confirmed the synthesized MOF/COF hybrid's exceptional photocatalytic performance under visible light. The addition of H2O2 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation, achieving removal rates of 90%, 92%, and 57% for 11.75 mg L-1, 30 mg L-1, and 83 mg L-1 of MB, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed first-order kinetics, with a rate constant nearly 3.5 times higher with added H2O2. We proposed a comprehensive photocatalytic mechanism elucidated through energy band structure analysis and scavenger tests. Our findings revealed the formation of a heterojunction between NH2-MOF-5 and MCOF, which mitigates electron-hole recombination, with ∙OH identified as the principal species governing methylene blue degradation. Moreover, the NH2-MOF-5/MCOF hybrid displayed excellent reusability and chemical stability over six cycles. Notably, this H2O2-assisted hybrid material demonstrated the removal of 99% of ibuprofen, a pharmaceutical drug, showcasing its broad applicability in removing organic contaminants in aqueous solutions, thereby holding great promise for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Kasun Abeysinghe
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yen-Ping Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan.
| | - Ku-Fan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, 54561, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wu-Xing Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fang-Yu Liang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Yen Chien
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70 Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Banaei A, Saadat A, Javadi R, Pargolghasemi P. Preparation magnetic graphene oxide/diethylenetriamine composite for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15457. [PMID: 38965355 PMCID: PMC11224226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives have several applications in many areas such as environmental and energy materials, water treatment and biomedical technologies. Because of having various polar groups on its surface, GO is considered as an excellent adsorbent. However, for many applications such as adsorption of pollution from aqueous solutions, chemical functionalization of graphene oxide is often a necessary requirement. In the present study, a new composite from graphene oxide, diethylenetriamine (DETA) and silica coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (GO/DETA/MnFe2O4@SiO2) was prepared. The structure, thermal stability and magnetic properties of the composite were studied by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, VSM and TGA spectroscopic methods. The prepared composite showed magnetic property with a saturation magnetization of 3.0 emu/g. The adsorption properties of GO/DETA/MnFe2O4@SiO2 composite for methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution were studied using batch method. The effects of important parameters on the surface adsorption process of MB, including pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were investigated. The adsorption isotherm was in accordance with Langmuir model showing surface homogeneity of the adsorbent. According to the Langmuir analysis, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of GO/DETA/MnFe2O4@SiO2 composite for MB was found to be 243.91 mg/g. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption was pseudo first-order process. In addition, the thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Banaei
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Saadat
- Department of Chemistry, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi, Iran.
| | - Roghayyeh Javadi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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Meraz Melo MA, Bautista Hernández A, Fereidooni M, Lopez CVP, Ibarra Hernandez W, Vazquez-Cuchillo O, Victoria APR, Villanueva MS. In Silico Study of Interactions between the Methylene Blue Molecule and the (TiO 2) 20 Cluster by Means of DFT Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28018-28027. [PMID: 38973934 PMCID: PMC11223221 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the (TiO2)20 cluster is proposed to adsorb the methylene blue (BM) dye; thus, the quantum parameters to explain the adsorption process are calculated by means of density functional theory calculations. Eight possible configurations are obtained and labeled from M1 to M8. According to the adsorption energy values, they reveal physisorption for at least two cases, and for the rest of the systems, they exhibit chemisorption. The preferential positions that lead to good adsorption for the BM dye are parallel to the semiconductor cluster; however, when one end of the BM dye formed by hydrogen atoms is interacting with the cluster, a weak chemical interaction is reached. The chemical interactions for M4 and M5 systems generate considerable increases of their electronic gap values (E g) with respect to the rest, and this effect is explained based on iso-surfaces of frontier orbitals and electronic charge transference. The chemical interactions between these chemical species are stable under vibrational and thermal criteria. This semiconductor cluster arises as a good candidate to adsorb some dyes like BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Meraz Melo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Puebla, Av. Tecnológico #420 Col. Maravillas, Puebla C.P. 72220, Puebla, México
| | - Alejandro Bautista Hernández
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-39, Puebla 72570, Puebla, México
| | - Mohammad Fereidooni
- Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Christian Vianey Paz Lopez
- Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wilfredo Ibarra Hernandez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-39, Puebla 72570, Puebla, México
| | - Odilon Vazquez-Cuchillo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Puebla, Av. Tecnológico #420 Col. Maravillas, Puebla C.P. 72220, Puebla, México
| | - Angel Pedro Rodríguez Victoria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Dispositivos Semiconductores, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, C.U., Puebla 72000, México
| | - Martin Salazar Villanueva
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-39, Puebla 72570, Puebla, México
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Fan X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Zhou N, Fan S. Effect of citric acid modification on the properties of hydrochar and pyrochar and their adsorption performance toward methylene blue: crucial roles of minerals and oxygen functional groups. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:664. [PMID: 38926195 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Modification is widely used to enhance the adsorption performance of pristine hydrochar (HBC) and pyrochar (BC). However, comparisons between modified HBC and BC toward pollutant removal have rarely been reported. In this study, pristine HBC and BC derived from rice straw were first produced, and then citric acid (CA) was used as a modifier to synthesize CA-modified HBC (CAHBC) and CA-modified BC (CABC). Furthermore, the adsorption performance of biochars toward methylene blue (MB) was investigated. The results showed that BC exhibits relatively rough surfaces and contains more minerals (ash), whereas HBC has plentiful O-containing functional groups and fewer minerals. CA modification partially removed minerals from the surface of BC, which weakened the ion exchange, surface complexation, and n-π interaction, resulting in a lower adsorption ability toward MB. By contrast, CA produced more O-containing functional groups on the surface of HBC, which strengthened the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, thus increasing the adsorption capacity toward MB. The two-compartment model showed a good fit to the adsorption process of MB on CAHBC, and the isotherm data for MB adsorption by HBC and CAHBC are suitable for the Freundlich model. The highest adsorption amount of MB using CAHBC was 80.13 mg·g-1, which was 27.66% higher than that for CABC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the carboxyl groups in the surface functional groups of CAHBC played a crucial role in the MB adsorption process. In addition, CAHBC showed a good performance for a wide range of pH values (4.0-10.0) and under the interference of coexisting ions, and also presented a recycling ability. Furthermore, the adsorption of MB on CAHBC biochar was a spontaneous, exothermic, degree-of-randomness-increasing process. Consequently, CA modification of HBC is a promising strategy and could be used for MB removal from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Fan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yushan Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Manquan Zhao
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shisuo Fan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Masuku M, Nure JF, Atagana HI, Hlongwa N, Nkambule TTI. Pinecone biochar for the Adsorption of chromium (VI) from wastewater: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and adsorbent regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119423. [PMID: 38889839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
High concentration of chromium in aquatic environments is the trigger for researchers to remediate it from wastewater environments. However, conventional water treatment methods have not been satisfactory in removing chromium from water and wastewater over the last decade. Similarly, many adsorption studies have been focused on one aspect of the treatment, but this study dealt with all aspects of adsorption packages to come up with a concrete conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to prepare pinecone biochar (PBC) via pyrolysis and apply it for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater. The PBC was characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET surface area, pHpzc, Raman analyses, TGA, and XRD techniques. Chromium adsorption was studied under the influence of PBC dose, solution pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and contact time. The characteristics of PBC are illustrated by FTIR spectroscopic functional groups, XRD non-crystallite structure, SEM rough surface morphology, and high BET surface area125 m2/g, pore volume, 0.07 cm3/g, and pore size 1.4 nm. On the other hand, the maximum Cr (VI) adsorption of 69% was found at the experimental condition of pH 2, adsorbent dosage 0.25 mg/50 mL, initial Cr concentration 100 mg/L, and contact time of 120 min. Similarly, the experimental data were well-fitted with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm at R2 0.96 and the pseudo-second-order kinetics model at R2 0.99. This implies the adsorption process is mainly attributed to monolayer orientation between the adsorbent and adsorbate. In the thermodynamics study of adsorption, ΔG was found to be negative implying the adsorption process was feasible and spontaneous whereas the positive values of ΔH and ΔS indicated the adsorption process was endothermic and increasing the degree of randomness, respectively. Finally, adsorbent regeneration and reusability were successful up to three cycles. In conclusion, biochar surface modification and reusability improvements are urgently required before being applied at the pilot scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhosazana Masuku
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jemal Fito Nure
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Harrison I Atagana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntuthuko Hlongwa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Hashem HM, El-Maghrabey M, El-Shaheny R. Inclusive study of peanut shells derived activated carbon as an adsorbent for removal of lead and methylene blue from water. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13515. [PMID: 38866816 PMCID: PMC11169236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Green and efficient agro-waste-based activated carbon has been prepared utilizing peanut shells for adsorptive elimination of an industrial dye, methylene blue, and lead from polluted water. The carbonaceous biomass obtained from peanut shells was chemically activated using either NaOH, ZnCl2, or steam and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption and desorption studies. The adsorption process was optimal for methylene blue at alkaline pH, while pH 4.5 was optimal for Pb (II) adsorption. The adsorption takes place through pseudo-second-order kinetic, and the rate-governing step of the adsorption procedure are intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of the adsorption process has been studied, and the obtained Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) values are negative (- 35.90 to - 43.59 kJ mol-1) indicating the spontaneous adsorption of the investigated pollutants on the prepared activated carbon. As per the correlation coefficient, the obtained results were best fit by the Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 303.03 mg g-1 for methylene blue and 130.89 mg g-1 for Pb (II). The activated carbon successfully removed methylene blue and Pb (II) with %removal exceeding 95%. The mechanisms of interaction of Pb (II) with the activated carbon is a combination of electrostatic interaction and ion exchange, while methylene blue interacts with the activated carbon via π-π interaction, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interaction. Thus, the prepared activated carbon has been employed to decontaminate wastewater and groundwater samples. The developed agro-waste-based activated carbon is a promising, cost-efficient, green, and accessible tool for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Hashem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Rania El-Shaheny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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9
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Mortada WI, Ghaith MM, Khedr NE, Ellethy MI, Mohsen AW, Shafik AL. Mesoporous magnetic biochar derived from common reed (Phragmites australis) for rapid and efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42330-42341. [PMID: 38866933 PMCID: PMC11219389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A novel mesoporous magnetic biochar (MBC) was prepared, using a randomly growing plant, i.e., common reed, as an exporter of carbon, and applied for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The prepared sorbent was characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm, saturation magnetization, pH of point of zero charges (pHPZC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained MBC has a specific surface area of 94.2 m2 g-1 and a pore radius of 4.1 nm, a pore volume of 0.252 cm3 g-1, a saturation magnetization of 0.786 emu g-1, and a pHPZC of 6.2. Batch adsorption experiments were used to study the impact of the physicochemical factors involved in the adsorption process. The findings revealed that MB removal by MBC was achieved optimally at pH 8.0, sorbent dosage of 1.0 g L-1, and contact time of 30 min. At these conditions, the maximum adsorption was 353.4 mg g-1. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherm indicated that the Langmuir pattern matched well with the experimental data, compared to the Freindlich model. The ∆G was - 6.7, - 7.1, and - 7.5 kJ mol-1, at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively, indicating a spontaneous process. The values of ∆H and ∆S were 5.71 kJ mol-1 and 41.6 J mol-1 K-1, respectively, suggesting endothermic and the interaction between MB and MBC is van der Waals type. The absorbent was regenerated and reused for four cycles after elution with 0.1 mol L-1 of HCl. This study concluded that the magnetic biochar generated from common reed has tremendous promise in the practical use of removing MB from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Mohsen Ghaith
- Petrochemical Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nada Elsayed Khedr
- Petrochemical Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Ibrahim Ellethy
- Petrochemical Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Alaa Waleed Mohsen
- Petrochemical Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira Labib Shafik
- Petrochemical Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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10
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Grifasi N, Ziantoni B, Fino D, Piumetti M. Fundamental properties and sustainable applications of the natural zeolite clinoptilolite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33656-5. [PMID: 38780851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This review explores a set of sustainable applications of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite abundant around the world in different localities. Thanks to its physico-chemical properties this material is extremely versatile for several applications, ranging from environmental catalysis and CO2 removal to industrial and agricultural wastewater purification, aquaculture, animal feeding, and food industry but also medical applications and energy storage systems. Due to the presence of cations in its framework, it is possible to tune the material's features making it suitable for adsorbing specific compounds. Thus, this review aims to provide insight into developing new technologies based on the use of this material that is sustainable, not harmful for humans and animals, naturally abundant, and above all cost-effective. Furthermore, it is intended to promote the use of natural materials in various areas with a view to sustainability and to reduce as far as possible the use of chemicals or other materials whose synthesis process can have a polluting effect on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Grifasi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Bianca Ziantoni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Piumetti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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11
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Wasilewska M, Derylo-Marczewska A, Marczewski AW. Comprehensive Studies of Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics for Selected Aromatic Organic Compounds on Activated Carbon. Molecules 2024; 29:2038. [PMID: 38731529 PMCID: PMC11085397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the adsorption of selected aromatic organic compounds on activated carbons. Both the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption were studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The influence of a number of factors: pH, contact time, presence of an accompanying substance, adsorbate concentration, as well as the mass and size of adsorbent grains, on the adsorption process from aqueous solutions was investigated. Phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue (as an accompanying substance) were selected as adsorbates. GAC 1240W and RIAA activated carbons were used as adsorbents. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the generalized Langmuir isotherm equation (R2 = 0.912-0.996). Adsorption rate data were fitted using a multi-exponential kinetic equation (1 - R2 = (1.0 × 10-6)-(8.2 × 10-4)). As an additional parameter, the half-time was also used to present the influence of selected factors on the adsorption kinetics. An increase in the amount of adsorption was demonstrated with increasing contact time as well as with decreasing solution pH and adsorbent grain size. For selected systems, an increase in the adsorption rate was observed with increasing adsorbate concentration, adsorbent mass and at lower pH values. In some cases, the presence of an accompanying substance also resulted in an increase in adsorption kinetics. In the tested experimental systems, optimal conditions for adsorption were established (T = 298 K, pH = 2, contact time: 7 days, grain diameter: >0.5 mm and the ratio of the mass of the adsorbent to the volume of the adsorbate solution: 1 g/L). Additionally, the acid-base properties (potentiometric titration), morphology (SEM) and structure (TEM) of the used adsorbents were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wasilewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Derylo-Marczewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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12
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Buenaño L, Ali E, Jafer A, Zaki SH, Hammady FJ, Khayoun Alsaadi SB, Karim MM, Ramadan MF, Omran AA, Alawadi A, Alsalamy A, Kazemi A. Optimization by Box-Behnken design for environmental contaminants removal using magnetic nanocomposite. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6950. [PMID: 38521870 PMCID: PMC10960869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a CoO-Fe2O3/SiO2/TiO2 (CIST) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and copper (Cu) from aqueous environments. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Input parameters included pH (3-10), contact time (10-30 min), adsorbent amount (0.01-0.03 g), and pollutant concentration (20-60 mg L-1). The effects of these parameters on the removal process efficiency were modeled and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The RSM-BBD method demonstrated the capability to develop a second-degree polynomial model with high validity (R2 ˃ 0.99) for the removal process. The optimization results using the RSM-BBD method revealed a removal efficiency of 98.01%, 93.06%, and 88.26% for MB, MG, and Cu, respectively, under optimal conditions. These conditions were a pH of 6, contact time of 10 min, adsorbent amount of 0.025 g, and concentration of 20 mg L-1. The synthesized adsorbent was recovered through five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles using hydrochloric acid. The results showed an approximately 12% reduction from the first to the seventh cycle. Also, MB, MG, and Cu removal from real water samples in optimal conditions was achieved in the range of 81.69-98.18%. This study demonstrates the potential use of CIST nanocomposite as an accessible and reusable option for removing MB, MG, and Cu pollutants from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Buenaño
- Facultad de Mecánica, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador.
| | - Eyhab Ali
- Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Jafer
- Department of Radiology and Sonar, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Amarah, Maysan, Iraq
| | - Shaima Haithem Zaki
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Fathi Jihad Hammady
- Department of Medical Engineering, Mazaya University College, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Manal Morad Karim
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Alaa A Omran
- Department of Medical Engineering, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Al-Muthanna, 66002, Iraq
| | - Ali Kazemi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Ranjan R, Bhatt SB, Rai R, Sharma SK, Verma M, Dhar P. Valorization of sugarcane bagasse with in situ grown MoS 2 for continuous pollutant remediation and microbial decontamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17494-17510. [PMID: 38342834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SB) was strategically subjected to a delignification process followed by the in situ growth of multi-layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets with hexagonal phase (2H-phase) crystal structure via hydrothermal treatment. The MoS2 nanosheets underwent self-assembly to form nanoflower-like structures in the aligned cellulose inter-channels of delignified sugarcane bagasse (DSB), the mechanism of which was understood through FTIR and XPS spectroscopic studies. DSB, due to its porous morphology and abundant hydroxyl groups, shows remediation capabilities of methylene blue (MB) dye through physio-sorption but shows a low adsorption capacity of 80.21 mg/g. To improve the removal capacity, DSB after in situ growth of MoS2 (DSB-MoS2) shows enhanced dye degradation to 114.3 mg/g (in the dark) which further improved to 158.74 mg/g during photodegradation, due to catalytically active MoS2. Interestingly, DSB-MoS2 was capable of continuous dye degradation with recyclability for three cycles, reaching an efficiency of > 83%, along with a strong antibacterial response against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The present study introduces a unique strategy for the up-conversion of agricultural biomass into value-added bio-adsorbents, which can effectively and economically address the remediation of dyes with simultaneous microbial decontamination from polluted wastewater streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ranjan
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Smruti B Bhatt
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sanju Kumari Sharma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Muskan Verma
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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14
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Zandi-Darehgharibi F, Haddadi H, Asfaram A. A new tannin-based adsorbent synthesized for rapid and selective recovery of palladium and gold: Optimization using central composite design. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24639. [PMID: 38314278 PMCID: PMC10837505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A tannin-based adsorbent was synthesized by pomegranate peel tannin powder modified with ethylenediamine (PT-ED) for the rapid and selective recovery of palladium and gold. To characterize PT-ED, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-Mapping), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used. Central composite design (CCD) was used for optimization. The kinetic, isotherm, interference of coexisting metal ions, and thermodynamics were studied. The optimal conditions, including Au (III) concentration = 30 m g L - 1 , Pd (II) concentration = 30 m g L - 1 , adsorbent mass = 26 mg, pH = 2, and time = 26 min with the sorption percent more than 99 %, were anticipated for both metals using CCD. Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order expressed the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of the both metals. The inhomogeneity of the adsorbent surface and the multi-layer adsorption of gold and palladium ions on the PT-ED surface are depicted by the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic investigation showed that P d 2 + and A u 3 + ions adsorption via PT-ED was an endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible process. The maximum adsorption capacity of P d 2 + and A u 3 + ions on PT-ED was 261.189 m g g - 1 and 220.277 m g g - 1 , respectively. The probable adsorption mechanism of P d 2 + and A u 3 + ions can be ion exchange and chelation. PT-ED (26 mg) recovered gold and palladium rapidly from the co-existing metals in the printed circuit board (PCB) scrap, including Ca, Zn, Si, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Ba, W, Co, Mn, and Mg with supreme selectivity toward gold and palladium. The results of this work suggest the use of PT-ED with high selectivity and efficiency to recover palladium and gold from secondary sources such as PCB scrap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedayat Haddadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Arash Asfaram
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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15
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Kouznetsova T, Ivanets A, Prozorovich V, Shornikova P, Kapysh L, Tian Q, Péter L, Trif L, Almásy L. Design of Nickel-Containing Nanocomposites Based on Ordered Mesoporous Silica: Synthesis, Structure, and Methylene Blue Adsorption. Gels 2024; 10:133. [PMID: 38391463 PMCID: PMC10888240 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous materials containing heteroelements have a huge potential for use as catalysts, exchangers, and adsorbents due to their tunable nanometer-sized pores and exceptionally large internal surfaces accessible to bulky organic molecules. In the present work, ordered mesoporous silica containing Ni atoms as active sites was synthesized by a new low-temperature method of condensation of silica precursors on a micellar template from aqueous solutions in the presence of nickel salt. The homogeneity of the resulting product was achieved by introducing ammonia and ammonium salt as a buffer to maintain a constant pH value. The obtained materials were characterized by nitrogen sorption, X-ray and neutron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Their morphology consists of polydisperse spherical particles 50-300 nm in size, with a hexagonally ordered channel structure, high specific surface area (ABET = 900-1200 m2/g), large pore volume (Vp = 0.70-0.90 cm3/g), average mesopore diameter of about 3 nm, and narrow pore size distribution. Adsorption tests for methylene blue show sorption capacities reaching 39-42 mg/g at alkaline pH. The advantages of producing nickel silicates by this method, in contrast to precipitation from silicon alkoxides, are the low cost of reagents, fire safety, room-temperature processing, and the absence of specific problems associated with the use of ethanol as a solvent, as well as the absence of the inevitable capture of organic matter in the precipitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kouznetsova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrei Ivanets
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir Prozorovich
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Polina Shornikova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lizaveta Kapysh
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Qiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - László Péter
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly Thege Miklós str. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Trif
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós str. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Almásy
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege Miklós str. 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Kwiatkowski M, Belver C, Bedia J. Effect of synthesis conditions on the porous texture of activated carbons obtained from Tara Rubber by FeCl 3 activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2266. [PMID: 38280927 PMCID: PMC10821929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an unique analysis of the influence of the mass ratio of activator FeCl3 to precursor and the temperature of the activation process on the formation of the porous structure of activated carbons obtained from Tara Rubber by FeCl3 activation. The study used the new numerical clustering based adsorption analysis method and the quenched solid density functional theory, taking into account, among other things, the heterogeneity of the analysed surface which is a new approach rarely used in the analysis of the porous structure of adsorbents. On the basis of the calculation results, it was concluded that the activated carbon with the most developed porous texture was obtained at a mass ratio (FeCl3:Tara Rubber) of 2, at an activation process temperature of 800 °C. This activated carbon is also characterised by the lowest degree of surface heterogeneity and at the same time, however, the widest range of micropores compared to activated carbons obtained at other mass ratios. The analyses carried out further demonstrated the valuable and complementary information obtained from the structure analysis methods and their high utility in practical applications, especially in the development of new industrial technologies for the production of adsorbents and the selection of optimal conditions for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Kwiatkowski
- Department of Fuel Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza, 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Carolina Belver
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bedia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Kobya M, Dolaz M, Goren AY. Renewable-based treatment solution of Reactive Blue 21 dye on fly ash as low-cost and sustainable adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464631. [PMID: 38184989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of Reactive Blue 21 (RB 21) dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption, evaluating the waste fly ash (FA). The effects of the parameters, such as initial dye concentration (100-750 mg/L), initial pH (2.0-8.0), adsorbent dose (1.0-4.0 g/L), and temperature (298-323 K) on the adsorption process were investigated. The optimum initial pH value was 2.0 for the highest RB21 dye removal (75.2 mg/g). At optimized conditions (pH 2.0, an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/L, a dye concentration of 750 mg/L, and an equilibrium time of 72 h), the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 105.2 mg/g. Moreover, the results of the kinetic studies fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 103.41 mg/g at 323 K. ΔGads0 values were negative and varied from 11.64 to 9.50 kJ/mol in the temperature range of 298-323 K, the values of enthalpy (ΔHadso) and entropy (ΔSadso) of thermodynamics parameters were calculated as 37.62 kJ/mol and 86.67 J/mol K, respectively, indicating that this process was endothermic. Furthermore, the adsorbent costs for powdered activated carbon (PAC) and FA to remove 1 kg of RB 21 dye from aqueous solutions are calculated as 2.52 U.S. $ and 0.34 U.S. $, respectively. It is seen that the cost of FA is approximately 7.4 times lower than PAC. The results showed that FA, a low-cost industrial waste, was promising for the adsorption of RB 21 from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kobya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720038, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 460100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Dolaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras 460100, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yagmur Goren
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Science and Engineering, Urla, Izmir, Turkey; Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada.
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18
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Kwiatkowski M, He P, Valtchev V. Numerical analysis of the porous structure of spherical activated carbons obtained from ion-exchange resins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38167651 PMCID: PMC10761811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an analysis of the porous structure of spherical activated carbons obtained from cation-exchange resin beads subjected to ion exchange prior to activation. The study investigated the effects of the type of cation exchange resin, the concentration of potassium cations in the resin beads and the temperature of the activation process on the adsorption properties of the resulting spherical activated carbons. The numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis method and the quenched solid density functional theory were used to analyse the porous structure of spherical activated carbons. Based on original calculations and unique analyses, complex relationships between preparation conditions and the porous structure properties of the obtained spherical activated carbons were demonstrated. The results of the study indicated the need for simultaneous analyses using advanced methods for the analysis of porous structures, i.e., the numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis method and the quenched solid density functional theory. This approach allows a reliable and precise determination of the adsorption properties of the materials analysed, including, among other things, surface heterogeneities, and thus an appropriate selection of production conditions to obtain materials with the expected adsorption properties required for a given industrial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Kwiatkowski
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ping He
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Valentin Valtchev
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, Normandie University, 6 Marechal Juin, 14050, Caen, France
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19
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Aloud SS, Alharbi HA, Hameed BH, Giesy JP, Almady SS, Alotaibi KD. Production of activated carbon from date palm stones by hydrothermal carbonization and microwave assisted KOH/NaOH mixture activation for dye adsorption. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19064. [PMID: 37925477 PMCID: PMC10625556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Date palm stones are regarded as possible alternatives to activated carbon (AC) precursors with high potential for various environmental applications. In this research study, date palm stones derived activated carbon (DPSAC) was used as adsorbent for removing toxic remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). The synthesis of DPSAC involved a chemical treatment using KOH and NaOH (1:1). Characterization of DPSAC revealed that it exhibited a BET surface area of 715.30 m2/g, Langmuir surface area of 1061.93 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.39 cm3/g, and average pore diameter of 2.15 nm. Adsorption uptake of RBBR increased (from 24.54 to 248.54 mg/g), whereas the removal percentage decreased (from 98.16 to 82.85%) when the initial RBBR concentration increased (from 25 to 300 mg/L). The adsorption process performed best under acidic conditions (pH 3), with an RBBR uptake of 98.33 mg/g. Because of the high R2 values (0.9906 and 0.9779) and low average errors (6.24 and 13.95%), this adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order (PFO) models, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qm) was 319.63 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters were - 11.34 kJ/mol for ∆H° (exothermic in nature), 0.05 kJ/mol K for ∆S° (increasing randomness level at solid-liquid interface), - 27.37 kJ/mol for ∆G° (spontaneous), and 6.84 kJ/mol for Ea (controlled by physisorption).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud S Aloud
- Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan A Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassim H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Saad S Almady
- Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled D Alotaibi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Abewaa M, Mengistu A, Takele T, Fito J, Nkambule T. Adsorptive removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution using Rumex abyssinicus derived activated carbon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14701. [PMID: 37679475 PMCID: PMC10485061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for malachite green dye saturated effluent to severely affect the environment and human health has prompted the search for effective treatment technologies. Thus, this study was conducted with the goal of developing activated carbon from Rumex abyssinicus for the adsorptive removal of malachite green dye from an aqueous solution. Unit operations such as drying, size reduction, impregnation with H3PO4, and thermal activation were used during the preparation of the activated carbon. An experiment was designed considering four main variables at their respective three levels: initial dye concentration (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), pH (3, 6, and 9), contact period (20, 40, and 60 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.01, and 0.15 g/100 mL). Optimization of the batch adsorption process was carried out using the Response Surface methodology's Box Behnken approach. The characterization of the activated carbon was described by SEM for surface morphology with cracks and highly porous morphology, FTIR for multi-functional groups O-H at 3506.74 cm-1 and 3290.70 cm-1, carbonyl group stretching from aldehyde and ketone (1900-1700 cm-1), stretching motion of aromatic ring C=C (1543.12 cm-1), stretching motion of -C-H (1500-1200 cm-1), vibrational and stretching motion of -OH (1250.79 cm-1), and vibrational motion of C-O-C (1049.32 cm-1), pHpzc of 5.1, BET for the specific surface area of 962.3 m2/g, and XRD for the presence of amorphous structure. The maximum and minimum dye removal efficiencies of 99.9% and 62.4% were observed at their respective experimental conditions of (100 mg/L, 0.10 mg/100 mL, pH 6, and 40 min) and (100 mg/L, 0.15 mg/100 mL, pH 3, and 20 min), respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, and Koble-Corrigan models were used to evaluate the experimental data, in which Koble-Corrigan model was found to be the best fit with the highest value of R2 0.998. In addition to this, the kinetic studies were undertaken using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Boyd models, and as a result, the pseudo-second-order model proved to have a better fit among the kinetic models. The kinetics and isotherm analysis revealed that the nature of the adsorption to be homogenous and monolayer surfaces driven by chemosorption. Furthermore, the thermodynamics study revealed the nature of adsorption to be feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. On the other hand, the reusability study depicted the fact that the adsorbent can be utilized for five cycles with a negligible drop in the removal efficiencies from 99.9 to 95.2%. Finally, the low-cost, environmentally benign, and high adsorption capacity of the adsorbent material derived from Rumex abyssinicus stem could be used to treat industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiyas Abewaa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wachemo University, P. O. Box 667, Hossana, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashagrie Mengistu
- The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Manufacturing Industry Development Institute, P. O. Box 1180, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Takele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wachemo University, P. O. Box 667, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Fito
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Thabo Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
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21
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Mustafa FHA, Gad ElRab EKM, Kamel RM, Elshaarawy RFM. Cost-effective removal of toxic methylene blue dye from textile effluents by new integrated crosslinked chitosan/aspartic acid hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125986. [PMID: 37506792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan/aspartic acid hydrogels were synthesized for MB dye removal from textile aqueous effluents with different ratios by gelation of chitosan with non-toxic gelling agent, crosslinker, glutaraldehyde (Glu). The obtained hydrogels were characterized by spectral and morphological techniques. The characterization techniques confirmed successful preparations and MB dye adsorption. Batch experiments were done to investigate the effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, temperature, and initial MB dye concentration. The optimum conditions were: adsorbent dose 0.1 g, pH 5, contact time 30 min, and temperature 25 °C for Chitosan-Aspartic Acid Hydrogel 1 (CSAA-HG1) and adsorbent dose 0.4 g, pH 2, contact time 60 min, temperature 25 °C for Chitosan-Aspartic Acid Hydrogel 2 (CSAA-HG2). Adsorption capacity of newly hydrogels CSAA-HG1,2 was compared with each other. Adsorption efficiencies reached 99.85 % for CSAA-HG1 and 99.88 % for CSAA-HG2. MB dye adsorption on CSAA-HG1,2 followed Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.94 and 0.92, respectively). Both adsorbents exhibited pseudo-second-order kinetics for MB dye adsorption (R2 = 1). The negative ΔHo indicated that the MB dye adsorption was exothermic, negative ΔGo confirmed that MB dye adsorption process was spontaneous and low values of ∆So indicated low degree of freedom, ordered MB dye molecules on CSAA-HG1,2 surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma H A Mustafa
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Reda F M Elshaarawy
- Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Mengistu A, Abewaa M, Adino E, Gizachew E, Abdu J. The application of Rumex abyssinicus based activated carbon for Brilliant Blue Reactive dye adsorption from aqueous solution. BMC Chem 2023; 17:82. [PMID: 37464422 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental pollution and human health impacts associated with the discharge of massive dye-containing effluents necessitate a search for cost-effective treatment technology. Therefore, this research work is conducted with the objective of investigating the potential of Rumex abyssinicus-derived activated carbon (RAAC) for the adsorption of Brilliant Blue Reactive (BBR) dye from aqueous solutions. Chemical activation with H3PO4 followed by pyrolysis was used to prepare the adsorbent. Characterization of the developed adsorbent was done using proximate analysis, pH point of zero charge (pHpzc), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental design and the effect of independent variables including pH (2, 6, and 10), initial dye concentration (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/100 mL), and contact time (20, 50, and 80 min) were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box Behnken design (BBD). The analysis results revealed the exitance of high specific surface area of 524 m2/g, morphological cracks, and the presence of multiple functional groups like -OH, C=C, alkene, and amorphous structure. Maximum removal efficiency of 99.98% was attained at optimum working conditions of pH 2, contact time of 50 min, dye concentration of 100 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 0.15 mg/100 mL, reducing the pollutant concentration from 100 to 0.02 mg/L. Evaluation of the experimental data was done using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Sips isotherm models, in which the Langmuir model was found to be the best fit with the experimental data at R2 0.986. This shows that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous and mono-layered. Furthermore, the kinetic study confirmed that the pseudo second-order model best describes the experimental data with R2 = 0.999. In general, the research work showed that the low cost, environmental friendliness and high adsorption capabilities of the activated carbon derived from Rumex abyssinicus could be taken as an effective nt for the removal of BBR dye from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrie Mengistu
- The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Manufacturing Industry Development Institute, P. O. BOX 1180, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mikiyas Abewaa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wachemo University, P. O. Box 667, Hossana, Ethiopia.
| | - Eba Adino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Ebisa Gizachew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Abdu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Wachemo University, P. O. Box 667, Hossana, Ethiopia
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23
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Trujillano R, Rives V, Miguel R, González B. Preparation of Original and Calcined Layered Double Hydroxide as Low-Cost Adsorbents: The Role of the Trivalent Cation on Methylene Blue Adsorption. Molecules 2023; 28:4717. [PMID: 37375272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides with the hydrotalcite-like structure, containing Mg2+, Al3+, and Fe3+ (with different Al/Fe ratios) in the layers, have been synthesized and fully characterized, as have the mixed oxides formed upon their calcination at 500 °C. Both series of solids (original and calcined ones) have been tested for methylene blue adsorption. In the case of the Fe-containing sample, oxidation of methylene blue takes place simultaneously with adsorption. For the calcined samples, their reconstruction to the hydrotalcite-like structure plays an important role in their adsorption ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Trujillano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Rives
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Miguel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beatriz González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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