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Serrano J, Martine L, Grosjean Y, Acar N, Alves G, Masson EAY. The importance of choosing the appropriate cholesterol quantification method: enzymatic assay versus gas chromatography. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100561. [PMID: 38762123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major lipid of the animal realm with many biological roles. It is an important component of cellular membranes and a precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids. It is particularly abundant in nervous tissues, and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Deciphering the pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders often involves animal models such as mice and Drosophila. Accurate quantification of cholesterol levels in the chosen models is a critical point of these studies. In the present work, we compare two common methods, gas chromatography coupled to flame-ionization detection (GC/FID) and a cholesterol oxidase-based fluorometric assay to measure cholesterol in mouse brains and Drosophila heads. Cholesterol levels measured by the two methods were similar for the mouse brain, which presents a huge majority of cholesterol in its sterol profile. On the contrary, depending on the method, measured cholesterol levels were very different for Drosophila heads, which present a complex sterol profile with a minority of cholesterol. We showed that the enzyme-based assay is not specific for cholesterol and detects other sterols as well. This method is therefore not suited for cholesterol measurement in models such as Drosophila. Alternatively, chromatographic methods, such as GC/FID, offer the required specificity for cholesterol quantification. Understanding the limitations of the quantification techniques is essential for reliable interpretation of the results in cholesterol-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Serrano
- Eye & Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Sensory Perception & Glia-Neuron Interaction Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Lucy Martine
- Eye & Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yaël Grosjean
- Sensory Perception & Glia-Neuron Interaction Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye & Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Georges Alves
- Sensory Perception & Glia-Neuron Interaction Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Elodie A Y Masson
- Eye & Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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Achuoth MP, Mudalungu CM, Ochieng BO, Mokaya HO, Kibet S, Maharaj VJ, Subramanian S, Kelemu S, Tanga CM. Unlocking the Potential of Substrate Quality for the Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly against Pathogens. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8478-8489. [PMID: 38405442 PMCID: PMC10882654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Globally, antibiotics are facing fierce resistance from multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. There is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives. Though insects are important targets for antimicrobial peptides, it has received limited research attention. This study investigated the impact of waste substrates on the production of antibacterial agents in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (HIL) and their implications in the suppression of pathogens [Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)]. The 20% acetic acid (AcOH) extract from market waste had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm, followed by potato waste (15.02 mm) against S. aureus. Hexane extract from HIL raised on market waste also showed a significant inhibitory zone (13.06 mm) against B. subtilis. .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values recorded were 25 mg/mL against all test pathogens. The fastest time-kill of 20% AcOH extract was 4 h againstB. subtilis, E. coli, ,andP. aeruginosa. Lauric acid was also identified as the dominant component of the various hexane extracts with concentrations of 602.76 and 318.17 μg/g in HIL reared on potato and market waste, respectively. Energy from the market waste substrate correlated significantly (r = 0.97) with antibacterial activities. This study highlights the key role of substrate quality and extraction methods for enhancing the production of antibacterial agents in HIL, thus providing new insights into the development of potential drugs to overcome the alarming concerns of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mach P. Achuoth
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Biodiscovery
Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dr John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology-Bor, P.O. Box 436 Juba, South Sudan
| | - Cynthia M. Mudalungu
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- School
of Chemistry and Material Science, The Technical
University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian O. Ochieng
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hosea O. Mokaya
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shadrack Kibet
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vinesh J. Maharaj
- Biodiscovery
Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Tanga CM, Ekesi S. Dietary and Therapeutic Benefits of Edible Insects: A Global Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:303-331. [PMID: 37758222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020123-013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are gaining traction worldwide for research and development. This review synthesizes a large and well-established body of research literature on the high nutritional value and variety of pharmacological properties of edible insects. Positive benefits of insect-derived products include immune enhancement; gastrointestinal protection; antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities; antibacterial activities; blood lipid and glucose regulation; lowering of blood pressure; and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of these active components of edible insects in humans have received limited research attention. In addition, we discuss health risks (safety); application prospects; regulations and policies governing their production and consumption with a view to promote innovations, intraglobal trade, and economic development; and suggestions for future directions for further pharmacological functional studies. The aim is to review the current state of knowledge and research trends on edible insects as functional ingredients beneficial to the nutrition and health of humans and animals (livestock, aquatic species, and pets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
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