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Al-Sareji OJ, Grmasha RA, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Jakab M, Boros A, Majdi HS, Miskolczi N, Hashim KS. A novel two stages chemical activation of pinewood waste for removing organic micropollutants from water and wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142974. [PMID: 39084301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The prevalent presence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems underscores the necessity for developing cost-effective techniques to remove them from water. The utilization of affordable precursors in producing activated carbon, capable of rivaling commercial alternatives, remains a persistent challenge. The adsorption of diclofenac and ciprofloxacin onto a novel pinewood-derived activated carbon (FPWAC) was explored, employing a sequential activation process involving ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) treatment followed by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) activation. The produced FPWAC was then thoroughly characterized by employing several techniques. The removal of diclofenac and ciprofloxacin in water and real wastewater effluent was examined in batch tests. The optimum removal conditions were an FPWAC dosage of 1 g L-1, pH 6, mixture concentration of 25 mg L-1, and a temperature of 25 °C. The FPWAC was able to remove both pharmaceuticals for up to six cycles, with more than 95% removal for water and 90% for wastewater in the first cycle. The adsorption performance fitted well with the non-linear Freundlich isotherm for both pollutants. The kinetics of adsorption of diclofenac followed a pseudo-first-order model, while ciprofloxacin showed adherence to the pseudo-second-order model. FPWAC proved its potency as a low-cost adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201, Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Miklós Jakab
- Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Boros
- Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Hasan Sh Majdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University, Al-Hillah, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Norbert Miskolczi
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, MOL Department of Hydrocarbon & Coal Processing, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, H-8200, Hungary
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Al-Sareji OJ, Al-Samarrai SY, Grmasha RA, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Jakab M, Somogyi V, Miskolczi N, Hashim KS. A novel and sustainable composite of L@PSAC for superior removal of pharmaceuticals from different water matrices: Production, characterization, and application. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118565. [PMID: 38431073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study endeavors to develop cost-effective environmentally friendly technology for removing harmful residual pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater by utilizing the effective adsorption of pistachio shell (PS) biochar and the degradation potency of laccase immobilized on the biochar (L@PSAC). The carbonatization and activation of the shells were optimized regarding temperature, time, and NH4NO3/PS ratio. This step yielded an optimum PS biochar (PSAC) with the highest porosity and surface area treated at 700 °C for 3 h using an NH4NO3/PS ratio of 3% wt. The immobilization of laccase onto PSAC (L@PSAC) was at its best level at pH 5, 60 U/g, and 30 °C. The optimum L@PSAC maintained a high level of enzyme activity over two months. Almost a complete removal (>99%) of diclofenac, carbamazepine, and ciprofloxacin in Milli-Q (MQ) water and wastewater was achieved. Adsorption was responsible for >80% of the removal and the rest was facilitated by laccase degradation. L@PSAC maintained effective removal of pharmaceuticals of ≥60% for up to six treatment cycles underscoring the promising application of this material for wastewater treatment. These results indicate that activated carbon derived from the pistachio shell could potentially be utilized as a carrier and adsorbent to efficiently remove pharmaceutical compounds. This enzymatic physical elimination approach has the potential to be used on a large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | | | - Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Miklós Jakab
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Viola Somogyi
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprem H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Norbert Miskolczi
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, MOL Department of Hydrocarbon & Coal Processing, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, H-8200, Hungary
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Grmasha RA, Al-Sareji OJ, Meiczinger M, Stenger-Kovács C, Al-Juboori RA, Jakab M, Lengyel E, Somogyi V, Khan MA, Hashim KS. A sustainable nano-hybrid system of laccase@M-MWCNTs for multifunctional PAHs and PhACs removal from water, wastewater, and lake water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118097. [PMID: 38176629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the use of modified multiwall carbon nanotubes (M-MWCNTs) with immobilized laccase (L@M-MWCNTs) for removing ciprofloxacin (Cip), carbamazepine (Cbz), diclofenac (Dcf), benzo[a]pyrene (Bap), and anthracene (Ant) from different water samples. The synthesized materials were characterized using an array of advanced analytical techniques. The physical immobilization of laccase onto M-MWCNTs was confirmed through Scanning electron microscope (SEM)-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The specific surface area of M-MWCNTs decreased by 65% upon laccase immobilization. There was also an increase in nitrogen content seen by EDS analysis asserting successful immobilization. The results of Boehm titration and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) exhibited an increase in acidic functional groups after laccase immobilization. L@M-MWCNTs storage for two months maintained 77.8%, 61.6%, and 57.6% of its initial activity for 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. In contrast, the free laccase exhibited 55.3%, 37.5%, and 23.5% of its initial activity at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. MWCNTs improved storability and widened the working temperature range of laccase. The optimum removal conditions of studied pollutants were pH 5, 25 °C, and 1.6 g/L of M-MWCNTs. These parameters led to >90% removal of the targeted pollutants for four treatment cycles of both synthetic water and spiked lake water. L@M-MWCNTs demonstrated consistent removal of >90% for up to five cycles even with spiked wastewater. The adsorption was endothermic and followed Langmuir isotherm. Oxidation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and ring cleavage seem to be the dominant degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah,51001, Iraq; University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering graduate, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah,51001, Iraq; The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering graduate, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Csilla Stenger-Kovács
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, H-8200, Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Miklós Jakab
- Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Edina Lengyel
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, H-8200, Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10, Hungary
| | - Viola Somogyi
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Amir Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Galgotia College of Engineering, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Al-Sareji OJ, Grmasha RA, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Somogyi V, Stenger-Kovács C, Hashim KS. A sustainable and highly efficient fossil-free carbon from olive stones for emerging contaminants removal from different water matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141189. [PMID: 38211782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The olive stone is a large waste product of the olive oil extraction industry. The present study investigates developing activated carbon from olive stone waste (OSAC) to remove pharmaceuticals from water. Different temperatures and olive stone: KOH ratios were studied. The OSAC produced at 750 °C and 1:3 ratio was found to have the highest porosity and surface area and was tested in the adsorption process. Diclofenac and ciprofloxacin were selected as model contaminants. The adsorption process was optimized with regards to OSAC dosage, pH, temperature, and initial concentration of adsorbate. The OSAC was found to be effective for a wide pH range (2-11) with an optimum dosage of 1 g/L at 25 °C. The pharmaceuticals were almost completely removed in 75 min. The adsorption was endothermic and followed first-order kinetics with physical mechanisms such as electrostatic possibly being the main driver. The optimum conditions were applied to test the removal of diclofenac and ciprofloxacin in synthetic water, lake water (Lake Balaton, Hungary) and secondary wastewater for seven cycles. There was little difference between the removal of the tested water matrices highlighting the potency of OSAC as an adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal in industrial applications. The removal dropped from >99% for the first cycle to 20-30% for the seventh cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah 51001, Iraq.
| | - Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah 51001, Iraq; University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Viola Somogyi
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H, 8200, Hungary
| | - Csilla Stenger-Kovács
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, H-8200, Veszprém, Egyetem utca 10, Hungary
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Al-Sareji OJ, Grmasha RA, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Somogyi V, Hashim KS. A Sustainable Banana Peel Activated Carbon for Removing Pharmaceutical Pollutants from Different Waters: Production, Characterization, and Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1032. [PMID: 38473504 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Due to the growing concerns about pharmaceutical contamination and its devastating impact on the economy and the health of humans and the environment, developing efficient approaches for removing such contaminants has become essential. Adsorption is a cost-effective technique for removing pollutants. Thus, in this work, banana peels as agro-industrial waste were utilized for synthesizing activated carbon for removing pharmaceuticals, namely amoxicillin and carbamazepine from different water matrices. The chemically activated carbon by phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was carbonized at temperatures 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C. The material was characterized by several techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Boehm titration, point of zero charge (pHPZC), BET surface area (SBET), the proximate and ultimate analyses, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and thermos-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM of banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) depicted a semi-regular and heterogeneous morphology, characterized by an abundance of pores with diverse forms and sizes. Boehm titration revealed an increase in the amounts of acidic groups by 0.711 mmol/g due to activation by H3PO4. FTIR recorded different peaks suggesting significant modifications in the spectroscopic characteristics of the BPAC surface due to the successful activation and adsorption of the pollutant molecules. The pHpzc of BPAC was calculated to be 5.005. The SBET surface area dramatically increased to 911.59 m2/g after the activation. The optimum conditions were 25 °C, a materials dosage of 1.2 g/L, a saturation time of 120 min, a pollutants mixture of 25 mg/L, and a pH of 5. Langmuir exhibits a slightly better fit than Freundlich with a low value of the residual sum of squares (SSE) and the data were better fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic. Furthermore, the efficacy of BPAC in eliminating pharmaceuticals from Milli Q water, lake water, and wastewater was successfully investigated over the seven cycles. The results of the present work highlighted a potential usage of agro-industrial waste in eliminating organic micropollutants while exhibiting sustainable management of this waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah 51001, Iraq
| | - Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah 51001, Iraq
- Research Group of Limnology, Center for Natural Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Viola Somogyi
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Al-Hillah 51001, Iraq
- Civil Engineering Department, Dijlah University College, Baghdad 00964, Iraq
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Serbent MP, Magario I, Saux C. Immobilizing white-rot fungi laccase: Toward bio-derived supports as a circular economy approach in organochlorine removal. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:434-455. [PMID: 37990982 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite their high persistence in the environment, organochlorines (OC) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in plastics, and in the manufacture of pesticides, among other applications. These compounds and the byproducts of their decomposition deserve attention and efficient proposals for their treatment. Among sustainable alternatives, the use of ligninolytic enzymes (LEs) from fungi stands out, as these molecules can catalyze the transformation of a wide range of pollutants. Among LEs, laccases (Lac) are known for their efficiency as biocatalysts in the conversion of organic pollutants. Their application in biotechnological processes is possible, but the enzymes are often unstable and difficult to recover after use, driving up costs. Immobilization of enzymes on a matrix (support or solid carrier) allows recovery and stabilization of this catalytic capacity. Agricultural residual biomass is a passive environmental asset. Although underestimated and still treated as an undesirable component, residual biomass can be used as a low-cost adsorbent and as a support for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review, the adsorption capacity and immobilization of fungal Lac on supports made from residual biomass, including compounds such as biochar, for the removal of OC compounds are analyzed and compared with the use of synthetic supports. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the reported results was made. In this context, the use of peanut shells is highlighted in view of the increasing peanut production worldwide. The linkage of methods with circular economy approaches that can be applied in practice is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Serbent
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCAMB), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Ivana Magario
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Clara Saux
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Química (CITeQ), Facultad Regional Córdoba, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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