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Rajput U, Swami D, Joshi N. Geospatial analysis of toxic metal contamination in groundwater and associated health risks in the lower Himalayan industrial region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173328. [PMID: 38777062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Once known for its clean and natural environment, the lower Himalayan region is now no exception to human-induced disturbances. Rapid industrial growth in Baddi-Barotiwala (BB) industrial region has led to degradation of groundwater resources in the area. Groundwater samples were collected from 37 locations to study the groundwater chemistry, geospatial variation of 15 toxic metals in groundwater, source apportionment, metals of concern and associated health risks in the region. The results showed rock dominated hydrogeology with decreasing order of anion and cation abundance as HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > Br- > F- and Ca+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Li+ respectively. Concentrations of Iron (BDL-3.6 mg/l), Nickel (BDL-0.023 mg/l), Barium (0.22-0.89 mg/l), Lead (0.0001-0.085 mg/l) and Zinc (0.006-21.4 mg/l) were found above the permissible limits at few locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and coefficient of variance (CV) showed both geogenic and anthropogenic origin of metals in groundwater of the BB industrial region. A consistent concentration of Uranium was detected at all the sampling locations with an average value of 0.0039 mg/l and poor spatial variation indicating its natural presence. Overall, non-carcinogenic (N-CR) risk in the study area via oral pathway was high for adults and children (Hazard Index > 1) with geogenic Uranium as the major contributor (Hazard Quotient > 1) followed by Zinc, Lead and Cobalt. Carcinogenic (CR) risk in the region was high for adults having mean value above the threshold (1E-04) with Nickel and Chromium as the metals of major concern. Spatial variation of health risks was overlayed on village boundaries of the region to identify the potential industrial sources of the metals of major concern. The results highlight the need for immediate remediation of groundwater resources in order to achieve a harmonious coexistence between industrialization and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Rajput
- School of Civil and Environmental engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Deepak Swami
- School of Civil and Environmental engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
| | - Nitin Joshi
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, 181221, India.
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Ding R, Wei D, Wu Y, Liao Z, Lu Y, Chen Z, Gao H, Xu H, Hu H. Profound regional disparities shaping the ecological risk in surface waters: A case study on cadmium across China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133450. [PMID: 38198868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The scientific advancement of water quality criteria (WQC) stands as one of the paramount challenges in ensuring the security of aquatic ecosystem. The region-dependent species distribution and water quality characteristics would impact the toxicity of pollutant, which would further affect the derivation of WQC across regions. Presently, however, numerous countries adhere to singular WQC values. The "One-size-fits-all" WQC value for a given pollutant may lead to either "over-protection" or "under-protection" of organisms in specific region. In this study, we used cadmium(Cd) pollution in surface waters of China as a case study to shed light on this issue. This study evaluated critical water quality parameters and species distribution characteristics to modify WQC for Cd across distinct regions, thus unveiling the geographical variations in ecological risk for Cd throughout China. Notably, regional disparities in ecological risk emerged a substantial correlation with water hardness, while species-related distinctions magnified these regional variations. After considering the aforementioned factors, the variation in long-term WQC among different areas reached 84-fold, while the divergence in risk quotient extended to 280-fold. This study delineated zones of both heightened and diminished ecological susceptibility of Cd, thereby establishing a foundation for regionally differentiated management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Ding
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yinhu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zitong Liao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanan Gao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
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Martínez-Oviedo A, Monterrubio-Martínez E, Tuxpan-Vargas J. Assessing the water contaminants in San Luis Potosi and its effects on its inhabitants: An interdisciplinary study on environmental contamination and public health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132828. [PMID: 37952332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and contamination is a problem worldwide, impacting the human health. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of water quality and its possible impact on public health in San Luis Potosi, a region in Mexico facing critical water challenges. Throughout the study of various pollutant sources, the contaminants were identified and analyzed. The study focuses on four contaminants; fluoride, zinc, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and arsenic, which are prevalent in the region's water sources. By analyzing water samples from 28 locations over an 8-year period and correlating the data with health information, the study identifies potential links between water quality and prevalent diseases. Analytical methods adhere to international standards, including the official Mexican standards (NOM), as well as data from authoritative sources like the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) and the ministry of health. With the quantification of the impact on human health, this research paper contributes to associating the main diseases in the population with the contaminants and the main activities of the city. The consequence of each compound is described in detail. The findings suggest that waterborne diseases and health issues may be related to the presence of contaminants in water. To integrate hydrological and health data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were employed to spatially align the data, allowing for the examination of potential spatial correlations between water quality and public health. This research emphasizes the urgent need for targeted water quality management and public health interventions to safeguard the well-being of the local population and promote sustainable water management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Oviedo
- División de Geociencias Aplicadas, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., Camino a la presa San José 2055, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Erandi Monterrubio-Martínez
- División de Geociencias Aplicadas, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., Camino a la presa San José 2055, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - José Tuxpan-Vargas
- División de Geociencias Aplicadas, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., Camino a la presa San José 2055, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Ratandeep, Dharmani AB, Verma M, Rani S, Narang A, Singh MR, Saya L, Hooda S. Unravelling groundwater contamination and health-related implications in semi-arid and cold regions of India. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 261:104303. [PMID: 38244426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater, a vital global resource, is essential for sustaining life and various human activities. However, its quality and availability face increasing threats from both natural and human-induced factors. Widespread contamination, arising from both natural origins and human activities such as agriculture, industry, mining, improper waste disposal, and wastewater release, poses significant risks to human health and water security. India, known for its dense population and pronounced groundwater challenges, serves as a prominent case study. Notably, in most of its regions, groundwater resources have been found to be severely contaminated by various chemical, biological, and radioactive contaminants. This review presents an examination of contamination disparities across various states of semi-arid and cold regions, encompassing diverse assessment methods. The studies conducted in semi-arid regions of North, South, West, and East India highlight the consistent presence of fluorides and nitrates majorly, as well as heavy metals in some areas, with values exceeding the permissible limits recommended by both the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These contaminants pose skeletal and dental threats, methemoglobinemia, and even cancer. Similarly, in cold regions, nitrate exposure and pesticide residues, reportedly exceeding BIS and WHO parameters, pose gastrointestinal and other waterborne health concerns. The findings also indicated that the recommended limits of several quality parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, and total alkalinity majorly surpassed. Emphasising the reported values of the various contaminant levels simultaneously with addressing the challenges and future perspectives, the review unravels the complex landscape of groundwater contamination and its health-related implications in semi-arid and cold regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratandeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Akshat Bhanu Dharmani
- School Of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Manisha Verma
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sanjeeta Rani
- Department of Physics, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Anita Narang
- Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - M Ramananda Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kirorimal College, (University of Delhi), Delhi 110009, India
| | - Laishram Saya
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India; Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110019, India.
| | - Sunita Hooda
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, (University of Delhi), Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110019, India.
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Singh G, Wani OA, Egbueri JC, Salaria A, Singh H. Seasonal variation of the quality of groundwater resources for human consumption and industrial purposes in the central plain zone of Punjab, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1454. [PMID: 37950111 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental pollution, climate change, and anthropogenic activities, the judicious use and regular assessment of the quality of groundwater for industrial, agricultural, and drinking purposes had gained a lot of attention across the globe. To assess the seasonal suitability of groundwater based on hydrochemistry and different quality indices, groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. Our findings indicated that the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), and calcium ion (Ca2+) content of groundwater were within acceptable limits of WHO and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) guidelines for drinking water. However, chloride content exceeded the acceptable levels, accounting for about 29.1% during the pre-monsoon and 15.3% during the post-monsoon period. Based on the water quality index (WQI), none of the water samples were deemed unsuitable for drinking purposes. However, when considering the synthetic pollution index (SPI), 100% of the samples were categorized as moderately polluted during both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. For industrial purpose suitability, 39.8 and 30.6% of the water samples had high corrosion tendency for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Additionally, 77.5-93.4% of the total water samples were slightly affected by salinization on the basis of Revelle index. Generally, the groundwater quality for drinking purposes meets the WHO and BIS guidelines, with high corrosion potential for industrial use and slight salinization concerns in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobinder Singh
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Owais Ali Wani
- Department of Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | | | - Amit Salaria
- Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Ali S, Baboo Agarwal M, Verma S, Islam R, Kumar Deolia R, Singh S, Kumar J, Mohammadi AA, Kumar Gupta M, Fattahi M, Nguyen PU. Variability of groundwater fluoride and its proportionate risk quantification via Monte Carlo simulation in rural and urban areas of Agra district, India. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18971. [PMID: 37923921 PMCID: PMC10624820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study quantifies the groundwater fluoride contamination and assesses associated health risks in fluoride-prone areas of the city of Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk model and Monte Carlo Simulations were employed for the assessment. Result revealed that, among various rural and urban areas Pachgain Kheda exhibited the highest average fluoride concentration (5.20 mg/L), while Bagda showed the lowest (0.33 mg/L). Similarly, K.K. Nagar recorded 4.38 mg/L, and Dayalbagh had 1.35 mg/L. Both urban and rural areas exceeded the WHO-recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L, signifying significant public health implications. Health risk assessment indicated a notably elevated probability of non-carcinogenic risk from oral groundwater fluoride exposure in the rural Baroli Ahir block. Risk simulations highlighted that children faced the highest health risks, followed by teenagers and adults. Further, Monte Carlo simulation addressed uncertainties, emphasizing escalated risks for for children and teenagers. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for the 5th and 95th percentile in rural areas ranged from was 0.28-5.58 for children, 0.15-2.58 for teenager, and 0.05-0.58 for adults. In urban areas, from the range was 0.53 to 5.26 for children, 0.27 to 2.41 for teenagers, and 0.1 to 0.53 for adults. Physiological and exposure variations rendered children and teenagers more susceptible. According to the mathematical model, calculations for the non-cancerous risk of drinking water (HQ-ing), the most significant parameters in all the targeted groups of rural areas were concentration (CW) and Ingestion rate (IR). These findings hold relevance for policymakers and regulatory boards in understanding the actual impact and setting pre-remediation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahjad Ali
- Department of Applied Sciences, Anand Engineering College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Baboo Agarwal
- Department of Applied Sciences, Anand Engineering College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sitaram Verma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - Raisul Islam
- Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Deolia
- Department of Applied Science (Mathemetics), G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura, India
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anand Engineering College, Agra, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Mathematics & Computing, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India
| | - Ali Akbar Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Applied Science, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET), Jhansi, India
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
- School of Engineering &Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
| | - P U Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering &Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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