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Teixeira A, Sousa-Silva M, Chícharo A, Oliveira K, Moura A, Carneiro A, Piairo P, Águas H, Sampaio-Marques B, Castro I, Mariz J, Ludovico P, Abalde-Cela S, Diéguez L. Isolation of acute myeloid leukemia blasts from blood using a microfluidic device. Analyst 2024; 149:2812-2825. [PMID: 38644740 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults and associated with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, most of the patients that achieve clinical complete remission after the treatment will ultimately relapse due to the persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD), that is not measurable using conventional technologies in the clinic. Microfluidics is a potential tool to improve the diagnosis by providing early detection of MRD. Herein, different designs of microfluidic devices were developed to promote lateral and vertical mixing of cells in microchannels to increase the contact area of the cells of interest with the inner surface of the device. Possible interactions between the cells and the surface were studied using fluid simulations. For the isolation of leukemic blasts, a positive selection strategy was used, targeting the cells of interest using a panel of specific biomarkers expressed in immature and aberrant blasts. Finally, once the optimisation was complete, the best conditions were used to process patient samples for downstream analysis and benchmarking, including phenotypic and genetic characterisation. The potential of these microfluidic devices to isolate and detect AML blasts may be exploited for the monitoring of AML patients at different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Teixeira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Sousa-Silva
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
- RUBYnanomed LDA, Praça Conde de Agrolongo, 4700-312 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Chícharo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Kevin Oliveira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
| | - André Moura
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adriana Carneiro
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
- IPO Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulina Piairo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Águas
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University of Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Mariz
- Department of Oncohematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Escola de Medicina, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lorena Diéguez
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal.
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Chea M, Rigolot L, Canali A, Vergez F. Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Old and New Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2150. [PMID: 38396825 PMCID: PMC10889505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) is of major importance in onco-hematology, particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MRD measures the amount of leukemia cells remaining in a patient after treatment, and is an essential tool for disease monitoring, relapse prognosis, and guiding treatment decisions. Patients with a negative MRD tend to have superior disease-free and overall survival rates. Considerable effort has been made to standardize MRD practices. A variety of techniques, including flow cytometry and molecular methods, are used to assess MRD, each with distinct strengths and weaknesses. MRD is recognized not only as a predictive biomarker, but also as a prognostic tool and marker of treatment efficacy. Expected advances in MRD assessment encompass molecular techniques such as NGS and digital PCR, as well as optimization strategies such as unsupervised flow cytometry analysis and leukemic stem cell monitoring. At present, there is no perfect method for measuring MRD, and significant advances are expected in the future to fully integrate MRD assessment into the management of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Chea
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (M.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Lucie Rigolot
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (M.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
- School of Medicine, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alban Canali
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (M.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
- School of Medicine, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Francois Vergez
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (M.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.)
- School of Medicine, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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3
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Fu Y, Deng Y, Zhang J, Chua SL, Khoo BL. Biofilms exacerbate atherogenesis through macrophage-induced inflammatory responses in a fibrous plaque microsystem model. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:333-345. [PMID: 37385520 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes have been implicated in atherosclerosis development and progression, but the impact of bacterial-based biofilms on fibrous plaque rupture remains poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we developed a comprehensive atherosclerotic model to reflect the progression of fibrous plaque under biofilm-induced inflammation (FP-I). High expressions of biofilm-specific biomarkers algD, pelA and pslB validated the presence of biofilms. Biofilm promotes the polarization of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype, as demonstrated by an increase in M1 macrophage-specific marker CD80 expression in CD68+ macrophages. The increase in the number of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) and foam cell percentage highlighted the potential role of biofilms on lipid synthesis or metabolic pathways in macrophage-derived foam cells. In addition, collagen I production by myofibroblasts associated with the fibrous cap was significantly reduced along with the promotion of apoptosis of myofibroblasts, indicating that biofilms affect the structural integrity of the fibrous cap and potentially undermine its strength. CONCLUSION We validated the unique role of biofilm-based inflammation in exacerbating fibrous plaque damage in the FP-I model, increasing fibrous plaque instability and risk of thrombosis. Our results lay the foundation for mechanistic studies of the role of biofilms in fibrous plaques, allowing the evaluation of preclinical combination strategies for drug therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A microsystem-based model was developed to reveal interactions in fibrous plaque during biofilm-induced inflammation (FP-I). Real-time assessment of biofilm formation and its role in fibrous plaque progression was achieved. The presence of biofilms enhanced the expression of pro-inflammatory (M1) specific marker CD80, lipid droplets, and foam cells and reduced anti-inflammatory (M2) specific marker CD206 expression. Fibrous plaque exposure to biofilm-based inflammation reduced collagen I expression and increased apoptosis marker Caspase-3 expression significantly. Overall, we demonstrate the unique role of biofilm-based inflammation in exacerbating fibrous plaque damage in the FP-I model, promoting fibrous plaque instability and enhanced thrombosis risk. Our findings lay the groundwork for mechanistic studies, facilitating the evaluation of preclinical drug combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatian Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE)
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control; Research Centre for Deep Space Explorations (RCDSE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE); City University of Hong Kong - Futian Shenzhen Research Institute.
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Ma Y, Deng Y, Hua H, Khoo BL, Chua SL. Distinct bacterial population dynamics and disease dissemination after biofilm dispersal and disassembly. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1290-1302. [PMID: 37270584 PMCID: PMC10356768 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities that form surface-attached biofilms must release and disperse their constituent cells into the environment to colonize fresh sites for continued survival of their species. For pathogens, biofilm dispersal is crucial for microbial transmission from environmental reservoirs to hosts, cross-host transmission, and dissemination of infections across tissues within the host. However, research on biofilm dispersal and its consequences in colonization of fresh sites remain poorly understood. Bacterial cells can depart from biofilms via stimuli-induced dispersal or disassembly due to direct degradation of the biofilm matrix, but the complex heterogeneity of bacterial populations released from biofilms rendered their study difficult. Using a novel 3D-bacterial "biofilm-dispersal-then-recolonization" (BDR) microfluidic model, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms undergo distinct spatiotemporal dynamics during chemical-induced dispersal (CID) and enzymatic disassembly (EDA), with contrasting consequences in recolonization and disease dissemination. Active CID required bacteria to employ bdlA dispersal gene and flagella to depart from biofilms as single cells at consistent velocities but could not recolonize fresh surfaces. This prevented the disseminated bacteria cells from infecting lung spheroids and Caenorhabditis elegans in on-chip coculture experiments. In contrast, EDA by degradation of a major biofilm exopolysaccharide (Psl) released immotile aggregates at high initial velocities, enabling the bacteria to recolonize fresh surfaces and cause infections in the hosts efficiently. Hence, biofilm dispersal is more complex than previously thought, where bacterial populations adopting distinct behavior after biofilm departure may be the key to survival of bacterial species and dissemination of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Ma
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Haojun Hua
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen-Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China.
- Research Centre for Deep Space Explorations (RCDSE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Teixeira A, Carreira L, Abalde-Cela S, Sampaio-Marques B, Areias AC, Ludovico P, Diéguez L. Current and Emerging Techniques for Diagnosis and MRD Detection in AML: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051362. [PMID: 36900154 PMCID: PMC10000116 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by abnormal differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. AML is associated with poor outcome due to the lack of efficient therapies and early diagnostic tools. The current gold standard diagnostic tools are based on bone marrow biopsy. These biopsies, apart from being very invasive, painful, and costly, have low sensitivity. Despite the progress uncovering the molecular pathogenesis of AML, the development of novel detection strategies is still poorly explored. This is particularly important for patients that check the criteria for complete remission after treatment, since they can relapse through the persistence of some leukemic stem cells. This condition, recently named as measurable residual disease (MRD), has severe consequences for disease progression. Hence, an early and accurate diagnosis of MRD would allow an appropriate therapy to be tailored, improving a patient's prognosis. Many novel techniques with high potential in disease prevention and early detection are being explored. Among them, microfluidics has flourished in recent years due to its ability at processing complex samples as well as its demonstrated capacity to isolate rare cells from biological fluids. In parallel, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has shown outstanding sensitivity and capability for multiplex quantitative detection of disease biomarkers. Together, these technologies can allow early and cost-effective disease detection as well as contribute to monitoring the efficiency of treatments. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of AML disease, the conventional techniques currently used for its diagnosis, classification (recently updated in September 2022), and treatment selection, and we also aim to present how novel technologies can be applied to improve the detection and monitoring of MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Teixeira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Carreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Anabela C. Areias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Lorena Diéguez
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (L.D.)
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7
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Fu Y, Zou S, Khoo BL. Label-free enrichment of human blast cells from whole blood for leukemia monitoring. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101584. [PMID: 35880120 PMCID: PMC9307522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is an alternative to invasive bone marrow biopsy for leukemia detection and management. However, no robust technology is available for enriching leukemic blast cells from the blood. Here, we present a simple and effective protocol for vigorous enrichment of blast cells from whole blood using a one-step microfluidic blast cell biochip (BCB) that exploits distinct cell mechanical properties between diseased and healthy leukocytes. The BCB system achieves higher sensitivity than flow cytometry in detecting blasts. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Khoo et al. (2019). A label-free biochip to enrich leukemic blasts from liquid biopsy (blood) samples Detailed approaches for fabricating the microfluidic blast cell biochip (BCB) Detailed steps for preparing blood samples to isolate leukemic blasts from blood Operational procedure for biochip enrichment of leukemic blasts from whole blood
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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8
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Dozzo A, Galvin A, Shin JW, Scalia S, O'Driscoll CM, Ryan KB. Modelling acute myeloid leukemia (AML): What's new? A transition from the classical to the modern. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022:10.1007/s13346-022-01189-4. [PMID: 35930221 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy affecting myeloid cells in the bone marrow (BM) but can spread giving rise to impaired hematopoiesis. AML incidence increases with age and is associated with poor prognostic outcomes. There has been a disconnect between the success of novel drug compounds observed in preclinical studies of hematological malignancy and less than exceptional therapeutic responses in clinical trials. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview on the different preclinical models of AML available to expand insights into disease pathology and as preclinical screening tools. Deciphering the complex physiological and pathological processes and developing predictive preclinical models are key to understanding disease progression and fundamental in the development and testing of new effective drug treatments. Standard scaffold-free suspension models fail to recapitulate the complex environment where AML occurs. To this end, we review advances in scaffold/matrix-based 3D models and outline the most recent advances in on-chip technology. We also provide an overview of clinically relevant animal models and review the expanding use of patient-derived samples, which offer the prospect to create more "patient specific" screening tools either in the guise of 3D matrix models, microphysiological "organ-on-chip" tools or xenograft models and discuss representative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aoife Galvin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jae-Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, 909 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 5091 COMRB, USA
| | - Santo Scalia
- Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caitriona M O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,SSPC Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katie B Ryan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,SSPC Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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9
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Sierra-Agudelo J, Rodriguez-Trujillo R, Samitier J. Microfluidics for the Isolation and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:389-412. [PMID: 35761001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, liquid biopsy represents one of the most promising techniques for early diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy screening of cancer. This novel methodology includes, among other techniques, the isolation, capture, and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Nonetheless, the identification of CTC from whole blood is challenging due to their extremely low concentration (1-100 per ml of whole blood), and traditional methods result insufficient in terms of purity, recovery, throughput and/or viability of the processed sample. In this context, the development of microfluidic devices for detecting and isolating CTCs offers a wide range of new opportunities due to their excellent properties for cell manipulation and the advantages to integrate and bring different laboratory processes into the microscale improving the sensitivity, portability, reducing cost and time. This chapter explores current and recent microfluidic approaches that have been developed for the analysis and detection of CTCs, which involve cell capture methods based on affinity binding and label-free methods and detection based on electrical, chemical, and optical sensors. All the exposed technologies seek to overcome the limitations of commercial systems for the analysis and isolation of CTCs, as well as to provide extended analysis that will allow the development of novel and more efficient diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sierra-Agudelo
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romen Rodriguez-Trujillo
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Liu YS, Deng Y, Chen CK, Khoo BL, Chua SL. Rapid detection of microorganisms in a fish infection microfluidics platform. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128572. [PMID: 35278965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate access to clean water is detrimental to human health and aquatic industries. Waterborne pathogens can survive prolonged periods in aquatic bodies, infect commercially important seafood, and resist water disinfection, resulting in human infections. Environmental agencies and research laboratories require a relevant, portable, and cost-effective platform to monitor microbial pathogens and assess their risk of infection on a large scale. Advances in microfluidics enable better control and higher precision than traditional culture-based pathogen monitoring approaches. We demonstrated a rapid, high-throughput fish-based teleost (fish)-microbe (TelM) microfluidic-based device that simultaneously monitors waterborne pathogens in contaminated waters and assesses their infection potential under well-defined settings. A chamber-associated port allows direct access to the animal, while the transparency of the TelM platform enables clear observation of sensor readouts. As proof-of-concept, we established a wound infection model using Pseudomonas aeruginosa-contaminated water in the TelM platform, where bacteria formed biofilms on the wound and secreted a biofilm metabolite, pyoverdine. Pyoverdine was used as fluorescent sensor to correlate P. aeruginosa contamination to infection. The TelM platform was validated with environmental waterborne microbes from marine samples. Overall, the TelM platform can be readily applied to assess microbial and chemical risk in aquatic bodies in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sylvia Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Kwan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China; City University of Hong Kong - Futian Shenzhen Research Institute, China.
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Deep Space Explorations, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, China.
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11
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Li W, Zhou Y, Deng Y, Khoo BL. Early Predictor Tool of Disease Using Label-Free Liquid Biopsy-Based Platforms for Patient-Centric Healthcare. Cancers (Basel) 2022. [PMID: 35159085 DOI: 10.3390/cancfers14030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo phenotypic changes or mutations during treatment, making detecting protein-based or gene-based biomarkers challenging. Here, we used algorithmic analysis combined with patient-derived tumor models to derive an early prediction tool using patient-derived cell clusters from liquid biopsy (LIQBP) for cancer prognosis in a label-free manner. The LIQBP platform incorporated a customized microfluidic biochip that mimicked the tumor microenvironment to establish patient clusters, and extracted physical parameters from images of each sample, including size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area (n = 31). Samples from healthy volunteers (n = 5) and cancer patients (pretreatment; n = 4) could be easily distinguished with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the multiple unique quantitative parameters reflected patient responses. Among these, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) was the most significant parameter correlated with cancer stage and treatment duration. Overall, our work presented a novel and less invasive approach for the label-free prediction of disease prognosis to identify patients who require adjustments to their treatment regime. We envisioned that such efforts would promote the management of personalized patient care conveniently and cost effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yunlan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen-Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Early Predictor Tool of Disease Using Label-Free Liquid Biopsy-Based Platforms for Patient-Centric Healthcare. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030818. [PMID: 35159085 PMCID: PMC8834418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We proposed a comprehensive early prediction tool based on liquid biopsy for the label-free phenotypic analysis of cell clusters from clinical samples (n = 31). Our custom algorithm analysis, combined with a microfluidic-based tumor model, was designed to assess and stratify cancer patients in a label-free, cost-effective, and user-friendly way. Multiple quantitative phenotypic parameters (cluster size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area) were derived from the profiling of the patient-derived cell clusters. Our platform could distinguish healthy donors from pretreatment cancer patients with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). In addition, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) parameter was significantly correlated to treatment duration and cancer stage. In conclusion, our patient-centric, early prediction tool will allow the prognosis of patients in a relatively less invasive manner, which can help clinicians identify diseases or indicate the need for new treatment strategies. Abstract Cancer cells undergo phenotypic changes or mutations during treatment, making detecting protein-based or gene-based biomarkers challenging. Here, we used algorithmic analysis combined with patient-derived tumor models to derive an early prediction tool using patient-derived cell clusters from liquid biopsy (LIQBP) for cancer prognosis in a label-free manner. The LIQBP platform incorporated a customized microfluidic biochip that mimicked the tumor microenvironment to establish patient clusters, and extracted physical parameters from images of each sample, including size, thickness, roughness, and thickness per area (n = 31). Samples from healthy volunteers (n = 5) and cancer patients (pretreatment; n = 4) could be easily distinguished with high sensitivity (91.16 ± 1.56%) and specificity (71.01 ± 9.95%). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the multiple unique quantitative parameters reflected patient responses. Among these, the ratio of normalized gray value to cluster size (RGVS) was the most significant parameter correlated with cancer stage and treatment duration. Overall, our work presented a novel and less invasive approach for the label-free prediction of disease prognosis to identify patients who require adjustments to their treatment regime. We envisioned that such efforts would promote the management of personalized patient care conveniently and cost effectively.
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13
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Chu S, Wu Z, Wu Z, Wu J, Qian Y. Association Between Insomnia and Migraine Risk: A Case-Control and Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:971-976. [PMID: 34413668 PMCID: PMC8370591 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s305780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The causal relationship between insomnia and migraine is contradictory and no study has been carried out among the Chinese population to date. Methods In this case, we conducted a case–control study and a bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether insomnia is causally related to the development of migraine. The instrumental variables for insomnia were derived from the largest genome-wide association study of 1,331,010 participants, while the genetic instruments for migraine were available from the largest meta-analysis of migraine with 59,674 cases and 316,078 controls. Results In case–control study, subjects with insomnia have significantly higher risk of migraine (OR=4.29, 95% CI: 3.21–5.74, P<0.001), compared with those without insomnia. The bidirectional two-sample MR analysis revealed that insomnia was significantly associated with higher risk of migraine (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.11–1.38, P=1.01×10-4), and the results were validated in the UK Biobank data. The results showed no indication for directional pleiotropy effects as assessed by the MR-Egger intercept (P>0.05). Conclusion Conclusively, our study highlighted that increased migraine risk was confined to subjects with a genetic pre-disposition to insomnia, and these findings had potential implications for improving the sleep quality to reduce the burden of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouyang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qian
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hassan SS, Maqsood N, Wang Q, Tao S, Sadaf S. A panel of epigenetically dysregulated Wnt signaling pathway genes for non-invasive diagnosis of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:459-470. [PMID: 34334378 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic dysregulation of Wnt signaling pathway is widely linked up with abnormal proliferation and/or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, in different cancer cell types. OBJECTIVE In the present research, we have tested whether promoter DNA methylation of a set of Wnt/non-Wnt genes such as [cadherin-2 (CDH2)], "present in circulation", could serve as "bone-marrow biopsy surrogate" and help in diagnosing the status, sub-type or treatment outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. METHODS Promoter DNA methylation was quantified in the bisulfite modified blood from the pediatric ALL patients (n= 86) in comparison with age-matched cancer-free subjects (n= 28), using real-time methylation specific PCR followed by rigorous statistical validations. RESULTS The observed methylation index, sensitivity and specificity of selected molecular markers (viz., SALL1, WNT5α, LRP1b, CDH2) in patients' liquid-biopsies was clinically significant showing high positive correlation in the pre-B ALL cases (p-value < 0.001). A substantial drop in promoter methylation signal of the follow-up/post-treatment patients was also noted (p-value < 0.001), which suggested an impending role of minimally invasive liquid-biopsy approach in the diagnosis and/or therapeutic monitoring of pediatric leukemia. CONCLUSIONS Whilst the reported metadata provides useful insight into the plausible involvement of epigenetic glitches in leukemogensis, our findings strengthen the remarkable functional consequences of dysregulated Wnt signaling genes in the hematological malignancies besides offering a novel panel of epigenetic marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Saliha Hassan
- Biopharmaceuticals and Biomarkers Discovery Lab., Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Neha Maqsood
- Biopharmaceuticals and Biomarkers Discovery Lab., Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qingbing Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saima Sadaf
- Biopharmaceuticals and Biomarkers Discovery Lab., Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Liao J, Ren J, Wei H, Lam RHW, Chua SL, Khoo BL. Label-free biosensor of phagocytosis for diagnosing bacterial infections. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113412. [PMID: 34153636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic cells recognize and phagocytose invading microbes for destruction. However, bacterial pathogens can remain hidden at low levels from conventional detection or replicate intracellularly after being phagocytosed by immune cells. Current phagocytosis-detection approaches involve flow cytometry or microscopic search for rare bacteria-internalized phagocytes among large populations of uninfected cells, which poses significant challenges in research and clinical settings. Hence it is imperative to develop a rapid, non-disruptive, and label-free phagocytosis detection approach. Using deformability assays and microscopic imaging, we have demonstrated for the first time that the presence of intracellular bacteria in phagocytic blood cells led to aberrant physical properties. Specifically, human monocytes with internalized bacteria of various species were stiffer and larger compared with uninfected monocytes. Taking advantage of these physical differences, a novel microfluidics-based biosensor platform was developed to passively sort, concentrate and quantify rare monocytes with internalized pathogens (MIP) from uninfected monocyte populations for phagocytosis detection. The clinical utility of the MIP platform was demonstrated by enriching and detecting bacteria-internalized monocytes from spiked human blood samples within 1.5 h. Patient-derived clinical isolates were used to validate the utility of the MIP platform further. This proof-of-concept presents a phagocytosis detection platform that could be used to rapidly diagnose microbial infections, especially in bloodstream infections (BSIs), thereby improving the clinical outcomes for point-of-care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Huang Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, China.
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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16
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A density-based threshold model for evaluating the separation of particles in heterogeneous mixtures with curvilinear microfluidic channels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18984. [PMID: 33149169 PMCID: PMC7643107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle separation techniques play an important role in biomedical research. Inertial focusing based microfluidics using nonlinear channels is one of the promising label-free technologies for biological applications. The particle separation is achieved as a result of the combination of inertial lift force (FL) and Dean drag force (FD). Although the mathematical expressions of FL and FD have been well derived in prior studies, they are still complicated, which limits their popularity in practice. Recent studies modified these expressions through experiments and proposed a threshold model, which assumes that only particles larger than the threshold will be well focused. Although this threshold model has been used in recent studies, two varying versions of the threshold model (TM1 and TM2) prevents standardisation in practice. In addition, both models were developed with regular low-density particles and may not be applicable to samples with higher density or samples with irregular shapes. Here, we evaluated the threshold models with samples of different densities. Based on these evaluations, we derived a modified model (TM4), which additionally considers the factor of particle density to improve the accuracy of existing models. Our results demonstrated that TM4 could more reliably predict the sorting efficiency of samples within a wider density range.
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17
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Fu Y, Zhang Y, Khoo BL. Liquid biopsy technologies for hematological diseases. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:246-274. [PMID: 32929726 DOI: 10.1002/med.21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of circulating tumor cells in 1869, technological advances in studying circulating biomarkers from patients' blood have made the diagnosis of nonhematologic cancers less invasive. Technological advances in the detection and analysis of biomarkers provide new opportunities for the characterization of other disease types. When compared with traditional biopsies, liquid biopsy markers, such as exfoliated bladder cancer cells, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EV), are considered more convenient than conventional biopsies. Liquid biopsy markers undoubtedly have the potential to influence disease management and treatment dynamics. Our main focuses of this review will be the cell-based, gene-based, and protein-based key liquid biopsy markers (including EV and cfDNA) in disease detection, and discuss the research progress of these biomarkers used in conjunction with liquid biopsy. First, we highlighted the key technologies that have been broadly adopted used in hematological diseases. Second, we introduced the latest technological developments for the specific detection of cardiovascular disease, leukemia, and coronavirus disease. Finally, we concluded with perspectives on these research areas, focusing on the role of microfluidic technology and artificial intelligence in point-of-care medical applications. We believe that the noninvasive capabilities of these technologies have great potential in the development of diagnostics and can influence treatment options, thereby advancing precision disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatian Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Akbari J, Tebon P, R. Dokmeci M, Ahadian S. Design and Simulation of an Integrated Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for CTCs Separation and Cell Lysis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E699. [PMID: 32698447 PMCID: PMC7407509 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples and subsequent DNA extraction from these cells play a crucial role in cancer research and drug discovery. Microfluidics is a versatile technology that has been applied to create niche solutions to biomedical applications, such as cell separation and mixing, droplet generation, bioprinting, and organs on a chip. Centrifugal microfluidic biochips created on compact disks show great potential in processing biological samples for point of care diagnostics. This study investigates the design and numerical simulation of an integrated microfluidic device, including a cell separation unit for isolating CTCs from a blood sample and a micromixer unit for cell lysis on a rotating disk platform. For this purpose, an inertial microfluidic device was designed for the separation of target cells by using contraction-expansion microchannel arrays. Additionally, a micromixer was incorporated to mix separated target cells with the cell lysis chemical reagent to dissolve their membranes to facilitate further assays. Our numerical simulation approach was validated for both cell separation and micromixer units and corroborates existing experimental results. In the first compartment of the proposed device (cell separation unit), several simulations were performed at different angular velocities from 500 rpm to 3000 rpm to find the optimum angular velocity for maximum separation efficiency. By using the proposed inertial separation approach, CTCs, were successfully separated from white blood cells (WBCs) with high efficiency (~90%) at an angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Furthermore, a serpentine channel with rectangular obstacles was designed to achieve a highly efficient micromixer unit with high mixing quality (~98%) for isolated CTCs lysis at 2000 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; (R.N.); (J.A.)
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.T.); (M.R.D.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; (R.N.); (J.A.)
| | - Javad Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran; (R.N.); (J.A.)
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.T.); (M.R.D.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.T.); (M.R.D.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (P.T.); (M.R.D.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Islam M, Raj A, McFarland B, Brink HM, Ciciliano J, Fay M, Myers DR, Flowers C, Waller EK, Lam W, Alexeev A, Sulchek T. Stiffness based enrichment of leukemia cells using microfluidics. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:036101. [PMID: 32637856 PMCID: PMC7332299 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the survival rate of cancer patients, new diagnosis strategies are necessary to detect lower levels of cancer cells before and after treatment regimens. The scarcity of diseased cells, particularly in residual disease after treatment, demands highly sensitive detection approaches or the ability to enrich the diseased cells in relation to normal cells. We report a label-free microfluidic approach to enrich leukemia cells from healthy cells using inherent differences in cell biophysical properties. The microfluidic device consists of a channel with an array of diagonal ridges that recurrently compress and translate flowing cells in proportion to cell stiffness. Using devices optimized for acute T cell leukemia model Jurkat, the stiffer white blood cells were translated orthogonally to the channel length, while softer leukemia cells followed hydrodynamic flow. The device enriched Jurkat leukemia cells from white blood cells with an enrichment factor of over 760. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the device were found to be >0.8. The values of sensitivity and specificity could be adjusted by selecting one or multiple outlets for analysis. We demonstrate that low levels of Jurkat leukemia cells (1 in 104 white blood cells) could be more quickly detected using flow cytometry by using the stiffness sorting pre-enrichment. In a second mode of operation, the device was implemented to sort resistive leukemia cells from both drug-sensitive leukemia cells and normal white blood cells. Therefore, microfluidic biomechanical sorting can be a useful tool to enrich leukemia cells that may improve downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhymin Islam
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Abhishek Raj
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
| | - Brynn McFarland
- The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Hannah Maxine Brink
- The School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Jordan Ciciliano
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Meredith Fay
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - David Richard Myers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Christopher Flowers
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton NE Rd.: Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton NE Rd.: Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA
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Chen CK, Liao J, Li MS, Khoo BL. Urine biopsy technologies: Cancer and beyond. Theranostics 2020; 10:7872-7888. [PMID: 32685026 PMCID: PMC7359094 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of circulating tumor cells in 1869, technological advances in the study of biomarkers from liquid biopsy have made it possible to diagnose disease in a less invasive way. Although blood-based liquid biopsy has been used extensively for the detection of solid tumors and immune diseases, the potential of urine-based liquid biopsy has not been fully explored. Advancements in technologies for the harvesting and analysis of biomarkers are providing new opportunities for the characterization of other disease types. Liquid biopsy markers such as exfoliated bladder cancer cells, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and exosomes have the potential to change the nature of disease management and care, as they allow a cost-effective and convenient mode of patient monitoring throughout treatment. In this review, we addressed the advancement of research in the field of disease detection for the key liquid biopsy markers such as cancer cells, cfDNA, and exosomes, with an emphasis on urine-based liquid biopsy. First, we highlighted key technologies that were widely available and used extensively for clinical urine sample analysis. Next, we presented recent technological developments in cell and genetic research, with implications for the detection of other types of diseases, besides cancer. We then concluded with some discussions on these areas, emphasizing the role of microfluidics and artificial intelligence in advancing point-of-care applications. We believe that the benefits of urine biopsy provide diagnostic development potential, which will pave opportunities for new ways to guide treatment selections and facilitate precision disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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