1
|
Kuo ZM, Chen KF, Tseng YJ. MoCab: A framework for the deployment of machine learning models across health information systems. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 255:108336. [PMID: 39079482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Machine learning models are vital for enhancing healthcare services. However, integrating them into health information systems (HISs) introduces challenges beyond clinical decision making, such as interoperability and diverse electronic health records (EHR) formats. We proposed Model Cabinet Architecture (MoCab), a framework designed to leverage fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR) as the standard for data storage and retrieval when deploying machine learning models across various HISs, addressing the challenges highlighted by platforms such as EPOCH®, ePRISM®, KETOS, and others. METHODS The MoCab architecture is designed to streamline predictive modeling in healthcare through a structured framework incorporating several specialized parts. The Data Service Center manages patient data retrieval from FHIR servers. These data are then processed by the Knowledge Model Center, where they are formatted and fed into predictive models. The Model Retraining Center is crucial in continuously updating these models to maintain accuracy in dynamic clinical environments. The framework further incorporates Clinical Decision Support (CDS) Hooks for issuing clinical alerts. It uses Substitutable Medical Apps Reusable Technologies (SMART) on FHIR to develop applications for displaying alerts, prediction results, and patient records. RESULTS The MoCab framework was demonstrated using three types of predictive models: a scoring model (qCSI), a machine learning model (NSTI), and a deep learning model (SPC), applied to synthetic data that mimic a major EHR system. The implementations showed how MoCab integrates predictive models with health data for clinical decision support, utilizing CDS Hooks and SMART on FHIR for seamless HIS integration. The demonstration confirmed the practical utility of MoCab in supporting clinical decision making, validated by its application in various healthcare settings. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate MoCab's potential in promoting the interoperability of machine learning models and enhancing its utility across various EHRs. Despite facing challenges like FHIR adoption, MoCab addresses key challenges in adapting machine learning models within healthcare settings, paving the way for further enhancements and broader adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Ming Kuo
- Department of Information Management, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- College of Intelligent Computing, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McMurry AJ, Gottlieb DI, Miller TA, Jones JR, Atreja A, Crago J, Desai PM, Dixon BE, Garber M, Ignatov V, Kirchner LA, Payne PRO, Saldanha AJ, Shankar PRV, Solad YV, Sprouse EA, Terry M, Wilcox AB, Mandl KD. Cumulus: a federated electronic health record-based learning system powered by Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources and artificial intelligence. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024; 31:1638-1647. [PMID: 38860521 PMCID: PMC11258401 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address challenges in large-scale electronic health record (EHR) data exchange, we sought to develop, deploy, and test an open source, cloud-hosted app "listener" that accesses standardized data across the SMART/HL7 Bulk FHIR Access application programming interface (API). METHODS We advance a model for scalable, federated, data sharing and learning. Cumulus software is designed to address key technology and policy desiderata including local utility, control, and administrative simplicity as well as privacy preservation during robust data sharing, and artificial intelligence (AI) for processing unstructured text. RESULTS Cumulus relies on containerized, cloud-hosted software, installed within a healthcare organization's security envelope. Cumulus accesses EHR data via the Bulk FHIR interface and streamlines automated processing and sharing. The modular design enables use of the latest AI and natural language processing tools and supports provider autonomy and administrative simplicity. In an initial test, Cumulus was deployed across 5 healthcare systems each partnered with public health. Cumulus output is patient counts which were aggregated into a table stratifying variables of interest to enable population health studies. All code is available open source. A policy stipulating that only aggregate data leave the institution greatly facilitated data sharing agreements. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Cumulus addresses barriers to data sharing based on (1) federally required support for standard APIs, (2) increasing use of cloud computing, and (3) advances in AI. There is potential for scalability to support learning across myriad network configurations and use cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McMurry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daniel I Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Timothy A Miller
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - James R Jones
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Ashish Atreja
- Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Jennifer Crago
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Pankaja M Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Brian E Dixon
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Matthew Garber
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Vladimir Ignatov
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | | | - Philip R O Payne
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Anil J Saldanha
- Department of Health Innovation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Prabhu R V Shankar
- Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA 95817, United States
| | - Yauheni V Solad
- Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670, United States
| | | | - Michael Terry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Adam B Wilcox
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science, and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu R, Bode L, Geva A, Mandl KD, McMurry AJ. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for suicidal ideation and action in pediatric emergency department encounters. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.23.24310777. [PMID: 39211891 PMCID: PMC11361224 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.23.24310777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Objectives According to the ideation-to-action framework of suicidality, suicidal ideation and suicidal action arise via distinct trajectories. Studying suicidality under this framework requires accurate identification of both ideation and action. We sought to assess the accuracy of ICD-10 codes for suicidal ideation and action in emergency department (ED) encounters. Methods Accuracy of ICD-10 coding for suicidality was assessed through chart review of clinical notes for 205 ED encounters among patients 6-18 years old at a large academic pediatric hospital between June 1, 2016, and June 1, 2022. Physician notes were reviewed for documentation of past or present suicidal ideation, suicidal action, or both. The study cohort consisted of 103 randomly selected "cases," or encounters assigned at least one ICD-10 code for suicidality, and 102 propensity-matched "non-cases" lacking ICD-10 codes. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Results Against a gold standard chart review, the PPV for ICD-10 suicidality codes was 86.9%, and the NPV was 76.2%. Nearly half of encounters involving suicidality were not captured by ICD-10 coding (sensitivity=53.4%). Sensitivity was higher for ideation-present (82.4%) than for action-present (33.7%) or action-past (20.4%). Conclusions Many cases of suicidality may be missed by relying on only ICD-10 codes. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes is high for suicidal ideation but low for action. To scale the ideation-to-action model for use in large populations, better data sources are needed to identify cases of suicidal action.
Collapse
|
4
|
Essaid S, Andre J, Brooks IM, Hohman KH, Hull M, Jackson SL, Kahn MG, Kraus EM, Mandadi N, Martinez AK, Mui JY, Zambarano B, Soares A. MENDS-on-FHIR: leveraging the OMOP common data model and FHIR standards for national chronic disease surveillance. JAMIA Open 2024; 7:ooae045. [PMID: 38818114 PMCID: PMC11137321 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The Multi-State EHR-Based Network for Disease Surveillance (MENDS) is a population-based chronic disease surveillance distributed data network that uses institution-specific extraction-transformation-load (ETL) routines. MENDS-on-FHIR examined using Health Language Seven's Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7® FHIR®) and US Core Implementation Guide (US Core IG) compliant resources derived from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM) to create a standards-based ETL pipeline. Materials and Methods The input data source was a research data warehouse containing clinical and administrative data in OMOP CDM Version 5.3 format. OMOP-to-FHIR transformations, using a unique JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)-to-JSON transformation language called Whistle, created FHIR R4 V4.0.1/US Core IG V4.0.0 conformant resources that were stored in a local FHIR server. A REST-based Bulk FHIR $export request extracted FHIR resources to populate a local MENDS database. Results Eleven OMOP tables were used to create 10 FHIR/US Core compliant resource types. A total of 1.13 trillion resources were extracted and inserted into the MENDS repository. A very low rate of non-compliant resources was observed. Discussion OMOP-to-FHIR transformation results passed validation with less than a 1% non-compliance rate. These standards-compliant FHIR resources provided standardized data elements required by the MENDS surveillance use case. The Bulk FHIR application programming interface (API) enabled population-level data exchange using interoperable FHIR resources. The OMOP-to-FHIR transformation pipeline creates a FHIR interface for accessing OMOP data. Conclusion MENDS-on-FHIR successfully replaced custom ETL with standards-based interoperable FHIR resources using Bulk FHIR. The OMOP-to-FHIR transformations provide an alternative mechanism for sharing OMOP data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahim Essaid
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Jeff Andre
- Commonwealth Informatics Inc, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Ian M Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Katherine H Hohman
- National Association of Chronic Disease Directors (NACDD), Decatur, GA 30030, United States
| | - Madelyne Hull
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Sandra L Jackson
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Michael G Kahn
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Emily M Kraus
- Kraushold Consulting, Denver, CO 80120, United States
- Public Health Informatics Institute, Decatur, GA 30030, United States
| | - Neha Mandadi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Amanda K Martinez
- National Association of Chronic Disease Directors (NACDD), Decatur, GA 30030, United States
| | - Joyce Y Mui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| | - Bob Zambarano
- Commonwealth Informatics Inc, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Andrey Soares
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Furner B, Cheng A, Desai AV, Benedetti DJ, Friedman DL, Wyatt KD, Watkins M, Volchenboum SL, Cohn SL. Extracting Electronic Health Record Neuroblastoma Treatment Data With High Fidelity Using the REDCap Clinical Data Interoperability Services Module. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2024; 8:e2400009. [PMID: 38815188 PMCID: PMC11371086 DOI: 10.1200/cci.24.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Data Commons (INRGdc) has enabled seminal large cohort studies, the research is limited by the lack of real-world, electronic health record (EHR) treatment data. To address this limitation, we evaluated the feasibility of extracting treatment data directly from EHRs using the REDCap Clinical Data Interoperability Services (CDIS) module for future submission to the INRGdc. METHODS Patients enrolled on the Children's Oncology Group neuroblastoma biology study ANBL00B1 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00904241) who received care at the University of Chicago (UChicago) or the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) after the go-live dates for the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)-compliant EHRs were identified. Antineoplastic drug orders were extracted using the CDIS module. To validate the CDIS output, antineoplastic agents extracted through FHIR were compared with those queried through EHR relational databases (UChicago's Clinical Research Data Warehouse and VUMC's Epic Clarity database) and manual chart review. RESULTS The analytic cohort consisted of 41 patients at UChicago and 32 VUMC patients. Antineoplastic drug orders were identified in the extracted EHR records of 39 (95.1%) UChicago patients and 26 (81.3%) VUMC patients. Manual chart review confirmed that patients with missing (n = 8) or discontinued (n = 1) orders in the CDIS output did not receive antineoplastic agents during the timeframe of the study. More than 99% of the antineoplastic drug orders in the EHR relational databases were identified in the corresponding CDIS output. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the feasibility of extracting EHR treatment data with high fidelity using HL7-FHIR via REDCap CDIS for future submission to the INRGdc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Furner
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ami V. Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Daniel J. Benedetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Debra L. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kirk D. Wyatt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Roger Maris Cancer Center, Sanford Health, Fargo, ND
| | - Michael Watkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Samuel L. Volchenboum
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan L. Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jones JR, Gottlieb D, McMurry AJ, Atreja A, Desai PM, Dixon BE, Payne PRO, Saldanha AJ, Shankar P, Solad Y, Wilcox AB, Ali MS, Kang E, Martin AM, Sprouse E, Taylor DE, Terry M, Ignatov V, Mandl KD. Real world performance of the 21st Century Cures Act population-level application programming interface. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024; 31:1144-1150. [PMID: 38447593 PMCID: PMC11031206 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the real-world performance of the SMART/HL7 Bulk Fast Health Interoperability Resources (FHIR) Access Application Programming Interface (API), developed to enable push button access to electronic health record data on large populations, and required under the 21st Century Cures Act Rule. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an open-source Bulk FHIR Testing Suite at 5 healthcare sites from April to September 2023, including 4 hospitals using electronic health records (EHRs) certified for interoperability, and 1 Health Information Exchange (HIE) using a custom, standards-compliant API build. We measured export speeds, data sizes, and completeness across 6 types of FHIR. RESULTS Among the certified platforms, Oracle Cerner led in speed, managing 5-16 million resources at over 8000 resources/min. Three Epic sites exported a FHIR data subset, achieving 1-12 million resources at 1555-2500 resources/min. Notably, the HIE's custom API outperformed, generating over 141 million resources at 12 000 resources/min. DISCUSSION The HIE's custom API showcased superior performance, endorsing the effectiveness of SMART/HL7 Bulk FHIR in enabling large-scale data exchange while underlining the need for optimization in existing EHR platforms. Agility and scalability are essential for diverse health, research, and public health use cases. CONCLUSION To fully realize the interoperability goals of the 21st Century Cures Act, addressing the performance limitations of Bulk FHIR API is critical. It would be beneficial to include performance metrics in both certification and reporting processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Jones
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew J McMurry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ashish Atreja
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Pankaja M Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Brian E Dixon
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Philip R O Payne
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Anil J Saldanha
- Department of Health Innovation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Prabhu Shankar
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA 95670, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA 95817, United States
| | - Yauheni Solad
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Adam B Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Momeena S Ali
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Eugene Kang
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA 95670, United States
| | - Andrew M Martin
- Department of Technical Services, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - David E Taylor
- Department of Technical Services, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Michael Terry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Vladimir Ignatov
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phelan D, Gottlieb D, Mandel JC, Ignatov V, Jones J, Marquard B, Ellis A, Mandl KD. Beyond compliance with the 21st Century Cures Act Rule: a patient controlled electronic health information export application programming interface. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024; 31:901-909. [PMID: 38287642 PMCID: PMC10990503 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 21st Century Cures Act Final Rule requires that certified electronic health records (EHRs) be able to export a patient's full set of electronic health information (EHI). This requirement becomes more powerful if EHI exports use interoperable application programming interfaces (APIs). We sought to advance the ecosystem, instantiating policy desiderata in a working reference implementation based on a consensus design. MATERIALS AND METHODS We formulate a model for interoperable, patient-controlled, app-driven access to EHI exports in an open source reference implementation following the Argonaut FHIR Accelerator consensus implementation guide for EHI Export. RESULTS The reference implementation, which asynchronously provides EHI across an API, has three central components: a web application for patients to request EHI exports, an EHI server to respond to requests, and an administrative export management web application to manage requests. It leverages mandated SMART on FHIR/Bulk FHIR APIs. DISCUSSION A patient-controlled app enabling full EHI export from any EHR across an API could facilitate national-scale patient-directed information exchange. We hope releasing these tools sparks engagement from the health IT community to evolve the design, implement and test in real-world settings, and develop patient-facing apps. CONCLUSION To advance regulatory innovation, we formulate a model that builds on existing requirements under the Cures Act Rule and takes a step toward an interoperable, scalable approach, simplifying patient access to their own health data; supporting the sharing of clinical data for both improved patient care and medical research; and encouraging the growth of an ecosystem of third-party applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Phelan
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Joshua C Mandel
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Ignatov
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - James Jones
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | | | - Alyssa Ellis
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandl KD, Gottlieb D, Mandel JC. Integration of AI in healthcare requires an interoperable digital data ecosystem. Nat Med 2024; 30:631-634. [PMID: 38291298 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Central Square Solutions, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C Mandel
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soltan AAS, Thakur A, Yang J, Chauhan A, D'Cruz LG, Dickson P, Soltan MA, Thickett DR, Eyre DW, Zhu T, Clifton DA. A scalable federated learning solution for secondary care using low-cost microcomputing: privacy-preserving development and evaluation of a COVID-19 screening test in UK hospitals. Lancet Digit Health 2024; 6:e93-e104. [PMID: 38278619 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicentre training could reduce biases in medical artificial intelligence (AI); however, ethical, legal, and technical considerations can constrain the ability of hospitals to share data. Federated learning enables institutions to participate in algorithm development while retaining custody of their data but uptake in hospitals has been limited, possibly as deployment requires specialist software and technical expertise at each site. We previously developed an artificial intelligence-driven screening test for COVID-19 in emergency departments, known as CURIAL-Lab, which uses vital signs and blood tests that are routinely available within 1 h of a patient's arrival. Here we aimed to federate our COVID-19 screening test by developing an easy-to-use embedded system-which we introduce as full-stack federated learning-to train and evaluate machine learning models across four UK hospital groups without centralising patient data. METHODS We supplied a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B preloaded with our federated learning software pipeline to four National Health Service (NHS) hospital groups in the UK: Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (OUH; through the locally linked research University, University of Oxford), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHB), Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (BH), and Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust (PUH). OUH, PUH, and UHB participated in federated training, training a deep neural network and logistic regressor over 150 rounds to form and calibrate a global model to predict COVID-19 status, using clinical data from patients admitted before the pandemic (COVID-19-negative) and testing positive for COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. We conducted a federated evaluation of the global model for admissions during the second wave of the pandemic at OUH, PUH, and externally at BH. For OUH and PUH, we additionally performed local fine-tuning of the global model using the sites' individual training data, forming a site-tuned model, and evaluated the resultant model for admissions during the second wave of the pandemic. This study included data collected between Dec 1, 2018, and March 1, 2021; the exact date ranges used varied by site. The primary outcome was overall model performance, measured as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Removable micro secure digital (microSD) storage was destroyed on study completion. FINDINGS Clinical data from 130 941 patients (1772 COVID-19-positive), routinely collected across three hospital groups (OUH, PUH, and UHB), were included in federated training. The evaluation step included data from 32 986 patients (3549 COVID-19-positive) attending OUH, PUH, or BH during the second wave of the pandemic. Federated training of a global deep neural network classifier improved upon performance of models trained locally in terms of AUROC by a mean of 27·6% (SD 2·2): AUROC increased from 0·574 (95% CI 0·560-0·589) at OUH and 0·622 (0·608-0·637) at PUH using the locally trained models to 0·872 (0·862-0·882) at OUH and 0·876 (0·865-0·886) at PUH using the federated global model. Performance improvement was smaller for a logistic regression model, with a mean increase in AUROC of 13·9% (0·5%). During federated external evaluation at BH, AUROC for the global deep neural network model was 0·917 (0·893-0·942), with 89·7% sensitivity (83·6-93·6) and 76·6% specificity (73·9-79·1). Site-specific tuning of the global model did not significantly improve performance (change in AUROC <0·01). INTERPRETATION We developed an embedded system for federated learning, using microcomputing to optimise for ease of deployment. We deployed full-stack federated learning across four UK hospital groups to develop a COVID-19 screening test without centralising patient data. Federation improved model performance, and the resultant global models were generalisable. Full-stack federated learning could enable hospitals to contribute to AI development at low cost and without specialist technical expertise at each site. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust, University of Oxford Medical and Life Sciences Translational Fund.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A S Soltan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anshul Thakur
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anoop Chauhan
- Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Leon G D'Cruz
- Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Marina A Soltan
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Thickett
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford and Public Health England, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Clifton
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford-Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miller TA, McMurry AJ, Jones J, Gottlieb D, Mandl KD. The SMART Text2FHIR Pipeline. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2024; 2023:514-520. [PMID: 38222416 PMCID: PMC10785871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To implement an open source, free, and easily deployable high throughput natural language processing module to extract concepts from clinician notes and map them to Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR). Materials and Methods: Using a popular open-source NLP tool (Apache cTAKES), we create FHIR resources that use modifier extensions to represent negation and NLP sourcing, and another extension to represent provenance of extracted concepts. Results: The SMART Text2FHIR Pipeline is an open-source tool, released through standard package managers, and publicly available container images that implement the mappings, enabling ready conversion of clinical text to FHIR. Discussion: With the increased data liquidity because of new interoperability regulations, NLP processes that can output FHIR can enable a common language for transporting structured and unstructured data. This framework can be valuable for critical public health or clinical research use cases. Conclusion: Future work should include mapping more categories of NLP-extracted information into FHIR resources and mappings from additional open-source NLP tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Miller
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J McMurry
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James Jones
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Essaid S, Andre J, Brooks IM, Hohman KH, Hull M, Jackson SL, Kahn MG, Kraus EM, Mandadi N, Martinez AK, Mui JY, Zambarano B, Soares A. MENDS-on-FHIR: Leveraging the OMOP common data model and FHIR standards for national chronic disease surveillance. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.09.23293900. [PMID: 38045364 PMCID: PMC10690355 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.23293900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective The Multi-State EHR-Based Network for Disease Surveillance (MENDS) is a population-based chronic disease surveillance distributed data network that uses institution-specific extraction-transformation-load (ETL) routines. MENDS-on-FHIR examined using Health Language Seven's Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7® FHIR®) and US Core Implementation Guide (US Core IG) compliant resources derived from the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM) to create a standards-based ETL pipeline. Materials and Methods The input data source was a research data warehouse containing clinical and administrative data in OMOP CDM Version 5.3 format. OMOP-to-FHIR transformations, using a unique JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)-to-JSON transformation language called Whistle, created FHIR R4 V4.0.1/US Core IG V4.0.0 conformant resources that were stored in a local FHIR server. A REST-based Bulk FHIR $export request extracted FHIR resources to populate a local MENDS database. Results Eleven OMOP tables were used to create 10 FHIR/US Core compliant resource types. A total of 1.13 trillion resources were extracted and inserted into the MENDS repository. A very low rate of non-compliant resources was observed. Discussion OMOP-to-FHIR transformation results passed validation with less than a 1% non-compliance rate. These standards-compliant FHIR resources provided standardized data elements required by the MENDS surveillance use case. The Bulk FHIR application programming interface (API) enabled population-level data exchange using interoperable FHIR resources. The OMOP-to-FHIR transformation pipeline creates a FHIR interface for accessing OMOP data. Conclusion MENDS-on-FHIR successfully replaced custom ETL with standards-based interoperable FHIR resources using Bulk FHIR. The OMOP-to-FHIR transformations provide an alternative mechanism for sharing OMOP data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahim Essaid
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | - Jeff Andre
- Commonwealth Informatics Inc, Waltham MA
| | - Ian M Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | | | - Madelyne Hull
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | - Sandra L Jackson
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta GA
| | - Michael G Kahn
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | - Emily M Kraus
- Kraushold Consulting, Denver CO
- Public Health Informatics Institute, Decatur, GA
| | - Neha Mandadi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | - Amanda K Martinez
- National Association of Chronic Disease Directors (NACDD), Decatur GA
| | - Joyce Y Mui
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
- Health Data Compass, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| | | | - Andrey Soares
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver CO
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jones JR, Gottlieb D, McMurry AJ, Atreja A, Desai PM, Dixon BE, Payne PRO, Saldanha AJ, Shankar P, Solad Y, Wilcox AB, Ali MS, Kang E, Martin AM, Sprouse E, Taylor D, Terry M, Ignatov V, Mandl KD. Real World Performance of the 21st Century Cures Act Population Level Application Programming Interface. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.05.23296560. [PMID: 37873390 PMCID: PMC10593080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.23296560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the real-world performance in delivering patient data on populations, of the SMART/HL7 Bulk FHIR Access API, required in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) under the 21st Century Cures Act Rule. Materials and Methods We used an open-source Bulk FHIR Testing Suite at five healthcare sites from April to September 2023, including four hospitals using EHRs certified for interoperability, and one Health Information Exchange (HIE) using a custom, standards-compliant API build. We measured export speeds, data sizes, and completeness across six types of FHIR resources. Results Among the certified platforms, Oracle Cerner led in speed, managing 5-16 million resources at over 8,000 resources/min. Three Epic sites exported a FHIR data subset, achieving 1-12 million resources at 1,555-2,500 resources/min. Notably, the HIE's custom API outperformed, generating over 141 million resources at 12,000 resources/min. Discussion The HIE's custom API showcased superior performance, endorsing the effectiveness of SMART/HL7 Bulk FHIR in enabling large-scale data exchange while underlining the need for optimization in existing EHR platforms. Agility and scalability are essential for diverse health, research, and public health use cases. Conclusion To fully realize the interoperability goals of the 21st Century Cures Act, addressing the performance limitations of Bulk FHIR API is critical. It would be beneficial to include performance metrics in both certification and reporting processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Jones
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J McMurry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashish Atreja
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA
| | - Pankaja M Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL
| | - Brian E Dixon
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Philip R O Payne
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Anil J Saldanha
- Department of Health Innovation, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL
| | - Prabhu Shankar
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - Yauheni Solad
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA
| | - Adam B Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Momeena S Ali
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA
| | - Eugene Kang
- Department of Health Innovation Technology, UC Davis Health, Rancho Cardova, CA
| | - Andrew M Martin
- Department of Technical Services, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - David Taylor
- Department of Technical Services, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael Terry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vladimir Ignatov
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nan J, Xu LQ. Designing Interoperable Health Care Services Based on Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources: Literature Review. JMIR Med Inform 2023; 11:e44842. [PMID: 37603388 PMCID: PMC10477925 DOI: 10.2196/44842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of the digital economy and the aging population, the demand for diversified health care services and innovative care delivery models has been overwhelming. This trend has accelerated the urgency to implement effective and efficient data exchange and service interoperability, which underpins coordinated care services among tiered health care institutions, improves the quality of oversight of regulators, and provides vast and comprehensive data collection to support clinical medicine and health economics research, thus improving the overall service quality and patient satisfaction. To meet this demand and facilitate the interoperability of IT systems of stakeholders, after years of preparation, Health Level 7 formally introduced, in 2014, the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard. It has since continued to evolve. FHIR depends on the Implementation Guide (IG) to ensure feasibility and consistency while developing an interoperable health care service. The IG defines rules with associated documentation on how FHIR resources are used to tackle a particular problem. However, a gap remains between IGs and the process of building actual services because IGs are rules without specifying concrete methods, procedures, or tools. Thus, stakeholders may feel it nontrivial to participate in the ecosystem, giving rise to the need for a more actionable practice guideline (PG) for promoting FHIR's fast adoption. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to propose a general FHIR PG to facilitate stakeholders in the health care ecosystem to understand FHIR and quickly develop interoperable health care services. METHODS We selected a collection of FHIR-related papers about the latest studies or use cases on designing and building FHIR-based interoperable health care services and tagged each use case as belonging to 1 of the 3 dominant innovation feature groups that are also associated with practice stages, that is, data standardization, data management, and data integration. Next, we reviewed each group's detailed process and key techniques to build respective care services and collate a complete FHIR PG. Finally, as an example, we arbitrarily selected a use case outside the scope of the reviewed papers and mapped it back to the FHIR PG to demonstrate the effectiveness and generalizability of the PG. RESULTS The FHIR PG includes 2 core elements: one is a practice design that defines the responsibilities of stakeholders and outlines the complete procedure from data to services, and the other is a development architecture for practice design, which lists the available tools for each practice step and provides direct and actionable recommendations. CONCLUSIONS The FHIR PG can bridge the gap between IGs and the process of building actual services by proposing actionable methods, procedures, and tools. It assists stakeholders in identifying participants' roles, managing the scope of responsibilities, and developing relevant modules, thus helping promote FHIR-based interoperable health care services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Nan
- Health IT Research, China Mobile (Chengdu) Industrial Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Qun Xu
- Health IT Research, China Mobile (Chengdu) Industrial Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Miller TA, McMurry AJ, Jones J, Gottlieb D, Mandl KD. The SMART Text2FHIR Pipeline. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.21.23287499. [PMID: 37034815 PMCID: PMC10081439 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.23287499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective To implement an open source, free, and easily deployable high throughput natural language processing module to extract concepts from clinician notes and map them to Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR). Materials and Methods Using a popular open-source NLP tool (Apache cTAKES), we create FHIR resources that use modifier extensions to represent negation and NLP sourcing, and another extension to represent provenance of extracted concepts. Results The SMART Text2FHIR Pipeline is an open-source tool, released through standard package managers, and publicly available container images that implement the mappings, enabling ready conversion of clinical text to FHIR. Discussion With the increased data liquidity because of new interoperability regulations, NLP processes that can output FHIR can enable a common language for transporting structured and unstructured data. This framework can be valuable for critical public health or clinical research use cases. Conclusion Future work should include mapping more categories of NLP-extracted information into FHIR resources and mappings from additional open-source NLP tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Miller
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J McMurry
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Jones
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center, 5th Floor East, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lenert L, Jacobs J, Agnew J, Ding W, Kirchoff K, Weatherston D, Deans K. VACtrac: enhancing access immunization registry data for population outreach using the Bulk Fast Healthcare Interoperable Resource (FHIR) protocol. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 30:ocac237. [PMID: 36474431 PMCID: PMC9933063 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination uptake has been suboptimal, even in high-risk populations. New approaches are needed to bring vaccination data to the groups leading outreach efforts. This article describes work to make state-level vaccination data more accessible by extending the Bulk Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) standard to better support the repeated retrieval of vaccination data for coordinated outreach efforts. We also describe a corresponding low-foot-print software for population outreach that automates repeated checks of state-level immunization data and prioritizes outreach by social determinants of health. Together this software offers an integrated approach to addressing vaccination gaps. Several extensions to the Bulk FHIR protocol were needed to support bulk query of immunization records. These are described in detail. The results of a pilot study, using the outreach tool to target a population of 1500 patients are also described. The results confirmed the limitations of current patient-by-patient approach for querying state immunizations systems for population data and the feasibility of a Bulk FHIR approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Lenert
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff Jacobs
- Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Agnew
- Smile Digital Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Ding
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katie Kirchoff
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Deans
- Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wyatt KD, Birz S, Hawkins DS, Minard-Colin V, Rodeberg DA, Sparber-Sauer M, Bisogno G, Koscielniak E, De Salvo GL, Ebinger M, Merks JHM, Wolden SL, Xue W, Volchenboum SL. Creating a data commons: The INternational Soft Tissue SaRcoma ConsorTium (INSTRuCT). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29924. [PMID: 35969120 PMCID: PMC9560864 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we will discuss the genesis, evolution, and progress of the INternational Soft Tissue SaRcoma ConsorTium (INSTRuCT), which aims to foster international research and collaboration focused on pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. We will begin by highlighting the current state of clinical research for pediatric soft tissue sarcomas, including rhabdomyosarcoma and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma. We will then explore challenges and research priorities, describe the development of INSTRuCT, and discuss how the consortium aims to address key research priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D. Wyatt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Roger Maris Cancer Center, Sanford Health, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Suzi Birz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - David A. Rodeberg
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Monika Sparber-Sauer
- Klinikum der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Zentrum für Kinder-, Jugend - und Frauenmedizin, Pediatrie 5 (Pädiatrische Onkologie, Hämatologie, Immunologie), Stuttgart Cancer Center, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Medical Faculty, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Ewa Koscielniak
- Klinikum der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Zentrum für Kinder-, Jugend - und Frauenmedizin, Pediatrie 5 (Pädiatrische Onkologie, Hämatologie, Immunologie), Stuttgart Cancer Center, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Medical Faculty, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gian Luca De Salvo
- Clinical Research Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Department Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children’s University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne L. Wolden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Children’s Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Griffin AC, He L, Sunjaya AP, King AJ, Khan Z, Nwadiugwu M, Douthit B, Subbian V, Nguyen V, Braunstein M, Jaffe C, Schleyer T. Clinical, technical, and implementation characteristics of real-world health applications using FHIR. JAMIA Open 2022; 5:ooac077. [PMID: 36247086 PMCID: PMC9555876 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Understanding the current state of real-world Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) applications (apps) will benefit biomedical research and clinical care and facilitate advancement of the standard. This study aimed to provide a preliminary assessment of these apps' clinical, technical, and implementation characteristics. Materials and Methods We searched public repositories for potentially eligible FHIR apps and surveyed app implementers and other stakeholders. Results Of the 112 apps surveyed, most focused on clinical care (74) or research (45); were implemented across multiple sites (56); and used SMART-on-FHIR (55) and FHIR version R4 (69). Apps were primarily stand-alone web-based (67) or electronic health record (EHR)-embedded (51), although 49 were not listed in an EHR app gallery. Discussion Though limited in scope, our results show FHIR apps encompass various domains and characteristics. Conclusion As FHIR use expands, this study-one of the first to characterize FHIR apps at large-highlights the need for systematic, comprehensive methods to assess their characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Griffin
- Corresponding Author: Ashley C. Griffin, PhD, MSPH, VA Palo Alto Health Care System (152-MPD), 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
| | - Lu He
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Anthony P Sunjaya
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zubin Khan
- University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, Kentucky, USA
| | - Martin Nwadiugwu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian Douthit
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Viet Nguyen
- Health Level Seven International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark Braunstein
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Interactive Computing, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Charles Jaffe
- Health Level Seven International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Titus Schleyer
- Regenstrief Institute Center for Biomedical Informatics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grimes J, Szul P, Metke-Jimenez A, Lawley M, Loi K. Pathling: analytics on FHIR. J Biomed Semantics 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 36076268 PMCID: PMC9455941 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-022-00277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health data analytics is an area that is facing rapid change due to the acceleration of digitization of the health sector, and the changing landscape of health data and clinical terminology standards. Our research has identified a need for improved tooling to support analytics users in the task of analyzing Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) data and associated clinical terminology. Results A server implementation was developed, featuring a FHIR API with new operations designed to support exploratory data analysis (EDA), advanced patient cohort selection and data preparation tasks. Integration with a FHIR Terminology Service is also supported, allowing users to incorporate knowledge from rich terminologies such as SNOMED CT within their queries. A prototype user interface for EDA was developed, along with visualizations in support of a health data analysis project. Conclusions Experience with applying this technology within research projects and towards the development of analytics-enabled applications provides a preliminary indication that the FHIR Analytics API pattern implemented by Pathling is a valuable abstraction for data scientists and software developers within the health care domain. Pathling contributes towards the value proposition for the use of FHIR within health data analytics, and assists with the use of complex clinical terminologies in that context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13326-022-00277-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Grimes
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Level 7, Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS), Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Piotr Szul
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Level 7, Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS), Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alejandro Metke-Jimenez
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Level 7, Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS), Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Lawley
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Level 7, Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS), Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylynn Loi
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Level 7, Surgical Treatment and Rehabilitation Service (STARS), Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, 4029, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ananda Padmanabhan A, Balczewski EA, Singh K. Artificial Intelligence Systems in CKD: Where Do We Stand and What Will the Future Bring? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2022; 29:461-464. [PMID: 36253029 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Balczewski
- Medical Scientist Training Program University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Karandeep Singh
- School of Information University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Learning Health Sciences University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Duda SN, Kennedy N, Conway D, Cheng AC, Nguyen V, Zayas-Cabán T, Harris PA. HL7 FHIR-based tools and initiatives to support clinical research: a scoping review. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 29:1642-1653. [PMID: 35818340 PMCID: PMC9382376 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The HL7® fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR®) specification has emerged as the leading interoperability standard for the exchange of healthcare data. We conducted a scoping review to identify trends and gaps in the use of FHIR for clinical research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed published literature, federally funded project databases, application websites, and other sources to discover FHIR-based papers, projects, and tools (collectively, "FHIR projects") available to support clinical research activities. RESULTS Our search identified 203 different FHIR projects applicable to clinical research. Most were associated with preparations to conduct research, such as data mapping to and from FHIR formats (n = 66, 32.5%) and managing ontologies with FHIR (n = 30, 14.8%), or post-study data activities, such as sharing data using repositories or registries (n = 24, 11.8%), general research data sharing (n = 23, 11.3%), and management of genomic data (n = 21, 10.3%). With the exception of phenotyping (n = 19, 9.4%), fewer FHIR-based projects focused on needs within the clinical research process itself. DISCUSSION Funding and usage of FHIR-enabled solutions for research are expanding, but most projects appear focused on establishing data pipelines and linking clinical systems such as electronic health records, patient-facing data systems, and registries, possibly due to the relative newness of FHIR and the incentives for FHIR integration in health information systems. Fewer FHIR projects were associated with research-only activities. CONCLUSION The FHIR standard is becoming an essential component of the clinical research enterprise. To develop FHIR's full potential for clinical research, funding and operational stakeholders should address gaps in FHIR-based research tools and methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephany N Duda
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nan Kennedy
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas Conway
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alex C Cheng
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Viet Nguyen
- Stratametrics LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- HL7 Da Vinci Project, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Teresa Zayas-Cabán
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Harris
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chatterjee A, Pahari N, Prinz A. HL7 FHIR with SNOMED-CT to Achieve Semantic and Structural Interoperability in Personal Health Data: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3756. [PMID: 35632165 PMCID: PMC9147872 DOI: 10.3390/s22103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a problem in storing and exchanging data in a digital health information system (HIS) following semantic and structural integrity. The existing literature shows different methods to overcome this problem. Fast healthcare interoperable resources (FHIR) as a structural standard may explain other information models, (e.g., personal, physiological, and behavioral data from heterogeneous sources, such as activity sensors, questionnaires, and interviews) with semantic vocabularies, (e.g., Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT)) to connect personal health data to an electronic health record (EHR). We design and develop an intuitive health coaching (eCoach) smartphone application to prove the concept. We combine HL7 FHIR and SNOMED-CT vocabularies to exchange personal health data in JavaScript object notion (JSON). This study explores and analyzes our attempt to design and implement a structurally and logically compatible tethered personal health record (PHR) that allows bidirectional communication with an EHR. Our eCoach prototype implements most PHR-S FM functions as an interoperability quality standard. Its end-to-end (E2E) data are protected with a TSD (Services for Sensitive Data) security mechanism. We achieve 0% data loss and 0% unreliable performances during data transfer between PHR and EHR. Furthermore, this experimental study shows the effectiveness of FHIR modular resources toward flexible management of data components in the PHR (eCoach) prototype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Center for eHealth, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
| | - Nibedita Pahari
- Department of Software Development, Knowit As, 4836 Arendal, Norway;
| | - Andreas Prinz
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Center for eHealth, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gordon WJ, Rudin RS. Why APIs? Anticipated value, barriers, and opportunities for standards-based application programming interfaces in healthcare: perspectives of US thought leaders. JAMIA Open 2022; 5:ooac023. [PMID: 35474716 PMCID: PMC9030107 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Improving health data interoperability through application programming interfaces (APIs) is a focus of US policy initiatives and could have tremendous impact on many aspects of care delivery, such as innovation, operational efficiency, and patient-centered care. To better understand the landscape of API use cases, we interviewed US thought leaders involved in developing and implementing standard-based APIs.
Materials and Methods
We conducted semi-structured virtual interviews with US subject matter experts (SMEs) on APIs. SMEs were asked to describe API use cases along with value and barriers for each use case. Written summaries were checked by the SME and analyzed by the study team to identify findings and themes.
Results
We interviewed 12 SMEs representing diverse sectors of the US healthcare system, including academia, industry, public health agencies, electronic health record vendors, government, and standards organizations. Use cases for standards-based APIs fell into six categories: patient-facing, clinician-facing, population health and value-based care, public health, administrative, and social services. The value across use cases was viewed as unrealized to date, and barriers to the use of APIs varied by use case.
Conclusions
SMEs identified a diverse set of API use cases where standard-based APIs had the potential to generate value. As policy efforts seek to increase API adoption, our work provides an early look at the landscape of API use cases, value propositions, and barriers. Additional effort is needed to better understand the barriers and how to overcome them to create value, such as through demonstration projects and rigorous evaluations for specific use cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Mass General Brigham, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert S Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Health Care Division, RAND Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murphy SN, Visweswaran S, Becich MJ, Campion TR, Knosp BM, Melton-Meaux GB, Lenert LA. Research data warehouse best practices: catalyzing national data sharing through informatics innovation. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 29:581-584. [PMID: 35289371 PMCID: PMC8922176 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N Murphy
- Research Information Science and Computing, Mass General Brigham, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shyam Visweswaran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Becich
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas R Campion
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Boyd M Knosp
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and the Institute for Clinical & Translational Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Genevieve B Melton-Meaux
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics (IHI), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Leslie A Lenert
- Biomedical Informatics Center (BMIC), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Post AR, Burningham Z, Halwani AS. Electronic Health Record Data in Cancer Learning Health Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2022; 6:e2100158. [PMID: 35353547 PMCID: PMC9005105 DOI: 10.1200/cci.21.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Post
- Research Informatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Zachary Burningham
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ahmad S. Halwani
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao Y. Design of Optimal Scheduling Model for Emergency Medical Supplies by Blockchain Technology. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4608761. [PMID: 35222887 PMCID: PMC8881154 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4608761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to explore the scheduling plan for the emergency of blockchain technology in the medical industry. Network security architecture for medical supplies management based on the Hyperledger Fabric optimized consensus mechanism is established by studying the characteristics of blockchain technology and its data structure composition. The supply chain model for medical device scheduling based on intelligent contracts is selected for the particularity of the nature and shape of medical devices in medical supplies. Ant colony algorithm is used to solve it. Case analysis and verification results show that the improved Hyperledger Fabric consensus mechanism has better security performance. Under the condition of 10,000 transactions, the probability of an attacker with the optimized consensus mechanism successfully controlling the transaction is only 7.2%. The optimized solution is about 50% higher than the original solution in terms of transaction processing speed. Over 1000 transactions, the transaction latency optimization rate is more than doubled. The total order completion time of the medical device scheduling model adopted by the intelligent contract is 26.3% higher than the historical service time of 19 days. The performance of the medical emergency material scheduling program that is added to the supply chain technology is better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- College of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hesse BW, Kwasnicka D, Ahern DK. Emerging digital technologies in cancer treatment, prevention, and control. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:2009-2017. [PMID: 34850933 PMCID: PMC8824462 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The very first issue of the journal of Translational Behavioral Medicine (TBM) was dedicated, in part, to the theme of Health Information Technology as a platform for evidence implementation. The topic was timely: legislation in the USA was passed with the intent of stimulating the adoption of electronic health records; mobile smartphones, tablets, and other devices were gaining traction in the consumer market, while members within the Society of Behavioral Medicine were gaining scientific understanding on how to use these tools to effect healthy behavior change. For the anniversary issue of TBM, we evaluated the progress and problems associated with deploying digital health technologies to support cancer treatment, prevention, and control over the last decade. We conducted a narrative review of published literature to identify the role that emerging digital technologies may take in achieving national and international objectives in the decade to come. We tracked our evaluation of the literature across three phases in the cancer control continuum: (a) prevention, (b) early detection/screening, and (c) treatment/survivorship. From our targeted review and analyses, we noted that significant progress had been made in the adoption of digital health technologies in the cancer space over the past decade but that significant work remains to be done to integrate these technologies effectively into the cancer control systems needed to improve outcomes equitably across populations. The challenge for the next 10 years is inherently translational.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Kwasnicka
- NHMRC CRE in Digital Technology to Transform Chronic Disease Outcomes, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia and Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wrocław, Poland
| | - David K Ahern
- Digital Behavioral Health and Informatics Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Willers C, Lynch T, Chand V, Islam M, Lassere M, March L. A Versatile, Secure, and Sustainable All-in-One Biobank-Registry Data Solution: The A3BC REDCap Model. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 20:244-259. [PMID: 34807733 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A key element in the big data revolution is large-scale biobanking and the associated development of high-quality data collections and supporting informatics solutions. As such, in establishing the Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative (A3BC), we sought to establish a low-cost, nation-scale data management system capable of managing a multisite biobank registry with complex longitudinal sample and data requirements. Materials and Methods: We assessed several international commercial and nonprofit software platforms using standardized system requirement criteria and follow-up interviews. Vendor compliance scoring was prioritized to meet our project-critical requirements. Consumer/end-user codesign was integral to refining our system requirements for optimized adoption. Customization of the selected software solution was performed to optimize field auto-population between participant timepoints and forms, using modules that are transferable and that do not impact core code. Institutional and independent testing was used to ensure data security. Results: We selected the widely used research web application Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), which is "free" (under nonprofit license agreement terms), highly configurable, and customizable to a variety of biobank and registry needs and can be developed/maintained by biobank users with modest IT skill, time, and cost. We created a secure, comprehensive participant-centric biobank-registry database that includes: (1) best practice data security measures (incl. multisite access login using institutional user credentials), (2) permission-to-contact and dynamic itemized electronic consent, (3) a complete chain of custody from consent to longitudinal biospecimen data collection to publication, (4) complex longitudinal patient-reported surveys, (5) integration of record-level extracted/linked participant data, (6) significant form auto-population for streamlined data capture, and (7) native dashboards for operational visualizations. Conclusion: We recommend the versatile, reusable, and sustainable informatics model we have developed in REDCap for prospective chronic disease biobanks or registry biobanks (of local to national complexity) supporting holistic research into disease prediction, precision medicine, and prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Willers
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tom Lynch
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vibhasha Chand
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mohammad Islam
- Information and Communications Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marissa Lassere
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyn March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, The Australian Arthritis and Autoimmune Biobank Collaborative, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lenert LA, Ilatovskiy AV, Agnew J, Rudisill P, Jacobs J, Weatherston D, Deans KR. Automated production of research data marts from a canonical fast healthcare interoperability resource data repository: applications to COVID-19 research. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:1605-1611. [PMID: 33993254 PMCID: PMC8243354 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic has created a need for timely data from the healthcare systems for research. To meet this need, several large new data consortia have been developed that require frequent updating and sharing of electronic health record (EHR) data in different common data models (CDMs) to create multi-institutional databases for research. Traditionally, each CDM has had a custom pipeline for extract, transform, and load operations for production and incremental updates of data feeds to the networks from raw EHR data. However, the demands of COVID-19 research for timely data are far higher, and the requirements for updating faster than previous collaborative research using national data networks have increased. New approaches need to be developed to address these demands. METHODS In this article, we describe the use of the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) data model as a canonical data model and the automated transformation of clinical data to the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (PCORnet) and Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) CDMs for data sharing and research collaboration on COVID-19. RESULTS FHIR data resources could be transformed to operational PCORnet and OMOP CDMs with minimal production delays through a combination of real-time and postprocessing steps, leveraging the FHIR data subscription feature. CONCLUSIONS The approach leverages evolving standards for the availability of EHR data developed to facilitate data exchange under the 21st Century Cures Act and could greatly enhance the availability of standardized datasets for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lenert
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andrey V Ilatovskiy
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Patricia Rudisill
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff Jacobs
- Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kenneth R Deans
- Health Sciences South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gordon WJ, Gottlieb D, Kreda D, Mandel JC, Mandl KD, Kohane IS. Patient-led data sharing for clinical bioinformatics research: USCDI and beyond. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:2298-2300. [PMID: 34279631 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st Century Cures Act, passed in 2016, and the Final Rules it called for create a roadmap for enabling patient access to their electronic health information. The set of data to be made available, as determined by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT through the US Core Data for Interoperability expansion process, will impact the value creation of this improved data liquidity. In this commentary, we look at the potential for significant value creation from USCDI in the context of clinical bioinformatics research and advocate for the research community's involvement in the USCDI process to propel this value creation forward. We also describe 1 mechanism-using existing required APIs for full data export capabilities-that could pragmatically enable this value creation at minimal additional technical lift beyond the current regulatory requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Gordon
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Gottlieb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Kreda
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua C Mandel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Microsoft Healthcare, Redmond, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brown J, Bhatnagar M, Gordon H, Lutrick K, Goodner J, Blum J, Bartz R, Uslan D, David-DiMarino E, Sorbello A, Jackson G, Walsh J, Neal L, Cyran M, Francis H, Cobb JP. Clinical Data Extraction During Public Health Emergencies: A Blockchain Technology Assessment. Biomed Instrum Technol 2021; 55:103-111. [PMID: 34460906 PMCID: PMC8657842 DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-55.3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the technical and legal readiness of healthcare institutions for novel data-sharing methods that allow clinical information to be extracted from electronic health records (EHRs) and submitted securely to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) blockchain through a secure data broker (SDB). MATERIALS AND METHODS This assessment was divided into four sections: an institutional EHR readiness assessment, legal consultation, institutional review board application submission, and a test of healthcare data transmission over a blockchain infrastructure. RESULTS All participating institutions reported the ability to electronically extract data from EHRs for research. Formal legal agreements were deemed unnecessary to the project but would be needed in future tests of real patient data exchange. Data transmission to the FDA blockchain met the success criteria of data connection from within the four institutions' firewalls, externally to the FDA blockchain via a SDB. DISCUSSION The readiness survey indicated advanced analytic capability in hospital institutions and highlighted inconsistency in Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources format utilitzation across institutions, despite requirements of the 21st Century Cures Act. Further testing across more institutions and annual exercises leveraging the application of data exchange over a blockchain infrastructure are recommended actions for determining the feasibility of this approach during a public health emergency and broaden the understanding of technical requirements for multisite data extraction. CONCLUSION The FDA's RAPID (Real-Time Application for Portable Interactive Devices) program, in collaboration with Discovery, the Critical Care Research Network's PREP (Program for Resilience and Emergency Preparedness), identified the technical and legal challenges and requirements for rapid data exchange to a government entity using the FDA blockchain infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Brown
- Joan Brown, EdD, MBA, CCE, is an associate administrator of clinical operations business intelligence in the Keck Hospital at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Manas Bhatnagar
- Manas Bhatnagar, MS, Director of Analytics, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Hugh Gordon
- Hugh Gordon, MD, is the chief technology officer at Akido Labs in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Karen Lutrick
- Karen Lutrick, PhD, is an assistant professor of family & community medicine in the College of Medicine at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
| | - Jared Goodner
- Jared Goodner is the chief product officer at Akido Labs in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - James Blum
- James Blum, MD, FCCM, is the chief medical information officer in the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.
| | - Raquel Bartz
- Raquel Bartz, MD, is the division chief of critical care medicine in the Department of Anesthesia and Medicine at the Duke University School of Medicine in Durham, NC.
| | - Daniel Uslan
- Daniel Uslan, MD, MBA, is the clinical chief and a clinical professor in the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Ernesto David-DiMarino
- Ernesto David-DiMarino, MS, is the head of enterprise applications and data at Cortica Advanced Therapies for Autism and Neurodevelopment in Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Alfred Sorbello
- Alfred Sorbello, DO, MPH, is a medical officer in the Office of Translational Sciences at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of the Food and Drug Administration in Silver Spring, MD.
| | - Gregory Jackson
- Gregory Jackson is a program management officer in the Office of Translational Sciences at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of the Food and Drug Administration in Silver Spring, MD.
| | - Jeremy Walsh
- Jeremy Walsh, is a chief technologist in the Strategic Innovation Group at Booz Allen Hamilton in McLean, VA.
| | - Lauren Neal
- Lauren Neal, PhD, is the vice president of Strategic Innovation Group at Booz Allen Hamilton in McLean, VA.
| | - Marek Cyran
- Marek Cyran, is a chief technologist in the Strategic Innovation Group at Booz Allen Hamilton in McLean, VA.
| | - Henry Francis
- Henry Francis, MD, is an associate director for data mining and informatics evaluation and research in the Office of Translational Sciences at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of the Food and Drug Administration in Silver Spring, MD.
| | - J. Perren Cobb
- J. Perren Cobb, MD, FACS, FCCM, is the director of surgical critical care, a professor, and a clinical scholar in the Departments of Surgery and of Anesthesiology at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brown J, Bhatnagar M, Gordon H, Lutrick K, Goodner J, Blum J, Bartz R, Uslan D, David-DiMarino E, Sorbello A, Jackson G, Walsh J, Neal L, Cyran M, Francis H, Cobb JP. Clinical Data Extraction During Public Health Emergencies: A Blockchain Technology Assessment. Biomed Instrum Technol 2021. [PMID: 34460906 DOI: 10.2345/0890-8205-55.3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the technical and legal readiness of healthcare institutions for novel data-sharing methods that allow clinical information to be extracted from electronic health records (EHRs) and submitted securely to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) blockchain through a secure data broker (SDB). MATERIALS AND METHODS This assessment was divided into four sections: an institutional EHR readiness assessment, legal consultation, institutional review board application submission, and a test of healthcare data transmission over a blockchain infrastructure. RESULTS All participating institutions reported the ability to electronically extract data from EHRs for research. Formal legal agreements were deemed unnecessary to the project but would be needed in future tests of real patient data exchange. Data transmission to the FDA blockchain met the success criteria of data connection from within the four institutions' firewalls, externally to the FDA blockchain via a SDB. DISCUSSION The readiness survey indicated advanced analytic capability in hospital institutions and highlighted inconsistency in Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources format utilitzation across institutions, despite requirements of the 21st Century Cures Act. Further testing across more institutions and annual exercises leveraging the application of data exchange over a blockchain infrastructure are recommended actions for determining the feasibility of this approach during a public health emergency and broaden the understanding of technical requirements for multisite data extraction. CONCLUSION The FDA's RAPID (Real-Time Application for Portable Interactive Devices) program, in collaboration with Discovery, the Critical Care Research Network's PREP (Program for Resilience and Emergency Preparedness), identified the technical and legal challenges and requirements for rapid data exchange to a government entity using the FDA blockchain infrastructure.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu AC, Graif C, Mitchell SG, Meurer J, Mandl KD. Creative Approaches for Assessing Long-term Outcomes in Children. Pediatrics 2021; 148:s25-s32. [PMID: 34210844 PMCID: PMC8287841 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-050693f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in new technologies, when incorporated into routine health screening, have tremendous promise to benefit children. The number of health screening tests, many of which have been developed with machine learning or genomics, has exploded. To assess efficacy of health screening, ideally, randomized trials of screening in youth would be conducted; however, these can take years to conduct and may not be feasible. Thus, innovative methods to evaluate the long-term outcomes of screening are needed to help clinicians and policymakers make informed decisions. These methods include using longitudinal and linked-data systems to evaluate screening in clinical and community settings, school data, simulation modeling approaches, and methods that take advantage of data available in the digital and genomic age. Future research is needed to evaluate how longitudinal and linked-data systems drawing on community and clinical settings can enable robust evaluations of the effects of screening on changes in health status. Additionally, future studies are needed to benchmark participating individuals and communities against similar counterparts and to link big data with natural experiments related to variation in screening policies. These novel approaches have great potential for identifying and addressing differences in access to screening and effectiveness of screening across population groups and communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chen Wu
- Center for Healthcare Research in Pediatrics, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Corina Graif
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John Meurer
- Division of Community Health, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukie, Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lenert LA, Ilatovskiy AV, Agnew J, Rudsill P, Jacobs J, Weatherston D, Deans K. Automated Production of Research Data Marts from a Canonical Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) Data Repository: Applications to COVID-19 Research. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33758877 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.21253384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has enhanced the need for timely real-world data (RWD) for research. To meet this need, several large clinical consortia have developed networks for access to RWD from electronic health records (EHR), each with its own common data model (CDM) and custom pipeline for extraction, transformation, and load operations for production and incremental updating. However, the demands of COVID-19 research for timely RWD (e.g., 2-week delay) make this less feasible. Methods and Materials We describe the use of the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) data model as a canonical model for representation of clinical data for automated transformation to the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (PCORnet) and Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) CDMs and the near automated production of linked clinical data repositories (CDRs) for COVID-19 research using the FHIR subscription standard. The approach was applied to healthcare data from a large academic institution and was evaluated using published quality assessment tools. Results Six years of data (1.07M patients, 10.1M encounters, 137M laboratory results), were loaded into the FHIR CDR producing 3 linked real-time linked repositories: FHIR, PCORnet, and OMOP. PCORnet and OMOP databases were refined in subsequent post processing steps into production releases and met published quality standards. The approach greatly reduced CDM production efforts. Conclusions FHIR and FHIR CDRs can play an important role in enhancing the availability of RWD from EHR systems. The above approach leverages 21 st Century Cures Act mandated standards and could greatly enhance the availability of datasets for research.
Collapse
|
34
|
McGraw D, Mandl KD. Privacy protections to encourage use of health-relevant digital data in a learning health system. NPJ Digit Med 2021; 4:2. [PMID: 33398052 PMCID: PMC7782585 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-00362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Academy of Medicine has long advocated for a "learning healthcare system" that produces constantly updated reference data during the care process. Moving toward a rapid learning system to solve intractable problems in health demands a balance between protecting patients and making data available to improve health and health care. Public concerns in the U.S. about privacy and the potential for unethical or harmful uses of this data, if not proactively addressed, could upset this balance. New federal laws prioritize sharing health data, including with patient digital tools. U.S. health privacy laws do not cover data collected by many consumer digital technologies and have not been updated to address concerns about the entry of large technology companies into health care. Further, there is increasing recognition that many classes of data not traditionally considered to be healthcare-related, for example consumer credit histories, are indeed predictive of health status and outcomes. We propose a multi-pronged approach to protecting health-relevant data while promoting and supporting beneficial uses and disclosures to improve health and health care for individuals and populations. Such protections should apply to entities collecting health-relevant data regardless of whether they are covered by federal health privacy laws. We focus largely on privacy but also address protections against harms as a critical component of a comprehensive approach to governing health-relevant data. U.S. policymakers and regulators should consider these recommendations in crafting privacy bills and rules. However, our recommendations also can inform best practices even in the absence of new federal requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|