1
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Artigas A, Carissan Y, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Bock H, Durola F, Coquerel Y. Aromaticity in Semi-Condensed Figure-Eight Molecules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401016. [PMID: 38642001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Electron delocalization and aromaticity was comparatively evaluated in recently synthesized figure-eight molecules made of two condensed U-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moieties connected either by two single bonds or by two para-phenylene groups. The selected examples include molecules that incorporate eight-membered and sixteen-membered rings, as well as a doubly [5]helicene-bridged (1,4)cyclophane. We probe whether some electron delocalization could occur through the stereogenic single bonds in these molecules: Is aromaticity purely (semi-)local, or possibly also global in these molecules? It was concluded that the situation can go from a purely (semi-)local character when the dihedral angle at the connecting single bonds is large, such as in biphenyl, to a predominantly (semi-)local character with a minor global contribution when the dihedral angle is small, such as in the para-phenylene connectors of the [5] helicene-bridged cyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer de Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnès 69, 17003, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Harald Bock
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Fabien Durola
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
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2
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Qiu S, Valdivia AC, Zhuang W, Hung FF, Che CM, Casado J, Liu J. Nonalternant Nanographenes Containing N-Centered Cyclopenta[ ef]heptalene and Aza[7]Helicene Units. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16161-16172. [PMID: 38720418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Introducing helical subunits into negatively curved π-systems has a significant effect on both the molecular geometry and photophysical properties; however, the synthesis of these helical π-systems embedded with nonbenzenoid subunits remains challenging due to the high strain deriving from both the curvature and helix. Here, we report a family of nonalternant nanographenes containing a nitrogen (N)-doped cyclopenta[ef]heptalene unit. Among them, CPH-2 and CPH-3 can be viewed as hybrids of benzoannulated cyclopenta[ef]heptalene and aza[7]helicene. The crystal structures revealed a saddle geometry for CPH-1, a saddle-helix hybrid for CPH-2, and a twist-helix hybrid for CPH-3. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations indicate that the saddle moieties in CPHs undergo flexible conformational changes at room temperature, while the aza[7]helicene subunit exhibits a dramatically increased racemization energy barrier (78.2 kcal mol-1 for CPH-2, 143.2 kcal mol-1 for CPH-3). The combination of the nitrogen lone electron pairs of the N-doped cyclopenta[ef]heptalene unit with the twisted helix fragments results in rich photophysics with distinctive fluorescence and phosphorescence in CPH-1 and CPH-2 and the similar energy fluorescence and phosphorescence in CPH-3. Both enantiopure CPH-2 and CPH-3 display distinct circular dichroism (CD) signals in the UV-vis range. Notably, compared to the reported fully π-extended helical nanographenes, CPH-3 exhibits excellent chiroptical properties with a |gabs| value of 1.0 × 10-2 and a |glum| value of 7.0 × 10-3; these values are among the highest for helical nanographenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Abel Cárdenas Valdivia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Weiwen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Faan-Fung Hung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Junzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road Hong Kong 999077, China
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3
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Huang L, Wang Q, Fu P, Sun Y, Xu J, Browne DL, Huang J. Extended Quinolizinium-Fused Corannulene Derivatives: Synthesis and Properties. JACS AU 2024; 4:1623-1631. [PMID: 38665663 PMCID: PMC11040561 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Reported here is the design and synthesis of a novel class of extended quinolizinium-fused corannulene derivatives with curved geometry. These intriguing molecules were synthesized through a rationally designed synthetic strategy, utilizing double Skraup-Doebner-Von Miller quinoline synthesis and a rhodium-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation (CHAA) as the key steps. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed a bowl depth of 1.28-1.50 Å and a unique "windmill-like" shape packing of 12a(2PF6-) due to the curvature and incorporation of two aminium ions. All of the newly reported curved salts exhibit green to orange fluorescence with enhanced quantum yields (Φf = 9-13%) and improved dispersibility compared to the pristine corannulene (Φf = 1%). The reduced optical energy gap and lower energy frontier orbital found by doping extended corannulene systems with nitrogen cations was investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, and theoretical calculations. Electrochemical measurements reveal a greater electron-accepting behavior compared with that of their pyridine analogues. The successful synthesis, isolation, and evaluation of these curved salts provide a fresh perspective and opportunity for the design of cationic nitrogen-doped curved aromatic hydrocarbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Fu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Sun
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N
1AX, U.K.
| | - Jianhui Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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4
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Fan XY, Long XY, Li S, Zhu JF, Cheng SL, Wang BQ, Feng C, Shi Y, Xiang SK. Palladium-Catalyzed Annulative π-Extension of Bay-Iodinated Triphenylenes to Access Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4085-4097. [PMID: 38394366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed annulative π-extension reaction of bay-iodinated triphenylenes with aryl iodides/o-chloroaromatic carboxylic acids was developed. This approach enabled the synthesis of diverse polycyclic aromatic compounds, including dibenzo[fg,op]tetracenes, azadibenzo[fg,op]tetracenes, and tribenzo[a,g,m]coronenes. Initial studies indicate that the resulting product, 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexakis(decyloxy)tribenzo[a,g,m]coronene, exhibits good liquid-crystalline properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Long
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Song Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Fa Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Chun Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Kai Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
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5
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Wu S, Shi D, Zhu L, Chen X, Song K, Gan Z, Xie L, Lin MJ, Li Y. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Sila-Annulated Phenanthrene Imides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1028-1033. [PMID: 38285509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A series of sila-annulated phenanthrene imides were synthesized through a three-step synthetic route, which represent a hybrid class of biphenyl-based π-conjugated molecules incorporating an imide unit and silole. A comprehensive investigation of their structural, photophysical, and electronic properties was studied by experiment and theoretical calculations. Notably, sila-annulated phenanthrene imides with significant aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kanghui Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lili Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon-Based Functional Materials (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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6
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Duan Y, Chen M, Hayashi H, Yamada H, Liu X, Zhang L. Buckybowl and its chiral hybrids featuring eight-membered rings and helicene units. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10420-10428. [PMID: 37800001 PMCID: PMC10548505 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of a novel buckybowl (7) with a high bowl-to-bowl inversion barrier (ΔG‡ = 38 kcal mol-1), which renders the rate of inversion slow enough at room temperature to establish two chiral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). By strategic fusion of eight-membered rings to the rim of 7, the chiral hybrids 8 and 9 are synthesized and display helicity and positive and negative curvature, allowing the enantiomers to be configurationally stable and their chiroptical properties are thoroughly examined. Computational and experimental studies reveal the enantiomerization mechanisms for the chiral hybrids and demonstrate that the eight-membered ring strongly affects the conformational stability. Because of its static and doubly curved conformation, 9 shows a high binding affinity towards C60. The OFET performance of 7-9 could be tuned and the hybrids show ambipolar characteristics. Notably, the 9·C60 cocrystal exhibits well-balanced ambipolar performance with electron and hole mobilities of up to 0.19 and 0.11 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. This is the first demonstration of a chiral curved PAH and its complex with C60 for organic devices. Our work presents new insight into buckybowl-based design of PAHs with configurational stability and intriguing optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Duan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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7
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Wang C, Deng Z, Phillips DL, Liu J. Extension of Non-alternant Nanographenes Containing Nitrogen-Doped Stone-Thrower-Wales Defects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306890. [PMID: 37421410 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-alternant topologies have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physiochemical characteristics in recent years. Here, three novel topological nanographenes molecular models of nitrogen-doped Stone-Thrower-Wales (S-T-W) defects were achieved through intramolecular direct arylation. Their chemical structures were unambiguously elucidated by single-crystal analysis. Among them, threefold intramolecular direct arylation compound (C42 H21 N) is the largest nanographene bearing a N-doped non-alternant topology to date, in which the non-benzenoid rings account for 83 % of the total molecular skeleton. The absorption maxima of this compound was located in the near-infrared region with a long tail up to 900 nm, which was much longer than those reported for similarly sized N-doped nanographene with six-membered rings (C40 H15 N). In addition, the electronic energy gaps of these series compounds clearly decreased with the introduction of non-alternant topologies (from 2.27 eV to 1.50 eV). It is noteworthy that C42 H21 N possesses such a low energy gap (Eg opt =1.40 eV; Eg cv =1.50 eV), yet is highly stable under ambient conditions. Our work reported herein demonstrates that the non-alternant topology could significantly influence the electronic configurations of nanocarbons, where the introduction of a non-alternanting topology may be an effective way to narrow the energy gap without extending the molecular π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, China
| | - Ziqi Deng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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8
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Fujishiro K, Morinaka Y, Ono Y, Tanaka T, Scott LT, Ito H, Itami K. Lithium-Mediated Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8163-8175. [PMID: 37011146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation is an essential synthetic method for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds, and nanographenes. Among the many examples, anionic cyclodehydrogenation using potassium(0) has attracted synthetic chemists because of its irreplaceable reactivity and utility in obtaining rylene structures from binaphthyl derivatives. However, existing methods are difficult to use in terms of practicality, pyrophoricity, and lack of scalability and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a lithium(0)-mediated mechanochemical anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction for the first time. This reaction could be easily performed using a conventional and easy-to-handle lithium(0) wire at room temperature, even under air, and the reaction of 1,1'-binaphthyl is complete within 30 min to afford perylene in 94% yield. Using this novel and user-friendly protocol, we investigated substrate scope, reaction mechanism, and gram-scale synthesis. As a result, remarkable applicability and practicality over previous methods, as well as limitations, were comprehensively studied by computational studies and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated two-, three-, and five-fold cyclodehydrogenations for the synthesis of novel nanographenes. In particular, quinterrylene ([5]rylene or pentarylene), the longest nonsubstituted molecular rylene, was synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Morinaka
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Yohei Ono
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Tosoh Corporation, 3-8-2 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8623, Japan
| | - Lawrence T Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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9
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Gan F, Shen C, Cui W, Qiu H. [1,4]Diazocine-Embedded Electron-Rich Nanographenes with Cooperatively Dynamic Skeletons. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5952-5959. [PMID: 36795894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Curved nanographenes (NGs) are emerging as promising candidates for organic optoelectronics, supramolecular materials, and biological applications. Here we report a distinctive type of curved NGs bearing a [1,4]diazocine core that is fused with four pentagonal rings. This is formed by Scholl-type cyclization of two adjacent carbazole moieties through an unusual diradical cation mechanism followed by C-H arylation. Owing to the strain in the unique 5-5-8-5-5-membered ring skeleton, the resulting NG adopts an interesting concave-convex cooperatively dynamic structure. By peripheral π-extension, a helicene moiety with fixed helical chirality can be further mounted to modulate the vibration of the concave-convex structure, through which the distant bay region of the curved NG inherits the chirality of the helicene moiety in a reversed fashion. The [1,4]diazocine-embedded NGs show typical electron-rich characteristics and form charge transfer complexes with tunable emissions with a series of electron acceptors. The relatively protruding armchair edge also allows the fusion of three NGs into a C2 symmetric triple diaza[7]helicene which reveals a subtle balance of fixed and dynamic chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute of Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chengshuo Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Wenying Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute of Advanced Study, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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10
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Izquierdo-García P, Fernández-García JM, Perles J, Fernández I, Martín N. Electronic Control of the Scholl Reaction: Selective Synthesis of Spiro vs Helical Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215655. [PMID: 36495528 PMCID: PMC10107473 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scholl oxidation has become an essential reaction in the bottom-up synthesis of molecular nanographenes. Herein, we describe a Scholl reaction controlled by the electronic effects on the starting substrate (1 a, b). Anthracene-based polyphenylenes lead to spironanographenes under Scholl conditions. In contrast, an electron-deficient anthracene substrate affords a helically arranged molecular nanographene formed by two orthogonal dibenzo[fg,ij]phenanthro-[9,10,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene (DBPP) moieties linked through an octafluoroanthracene core. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations predict that electronic effects control either the first formation of spirocycles and subsequent Scholl reaction to form spironanographene 2, or the expected dehydrogenation reaction leading solely to the helical nanographene 3. The crystal structures of four of the new spiro compounds (syn 2, syn 9, anti 9 and syn 10) were solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The photophysical properties of the new molecular nanographene 3 reveal a remarkable dual fluorescent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7 Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. de la Complutense, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Kumar R, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207486. [PMID: 35819871 PMCID: PMC9545420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tridecacyclene tetraimide, TCTI, an electron-deficient non-benzenoid nanocarbon with a C56 N4 polycyclic framework was obtained in a concise synthesis. TCTI has a non-planar structure and forms π-stacked dimers in the solid state. In solution, it undergoes eight single-electron reductions, yielding a range of negatively charged states up to an octaanion. Except for the latter species, which has a remarkably large electronic gap, the anions feature extended near-infrared absorptions, with a particularly strong band at 1692 nm observed for the dianion. A computational analysis of the TCTI anions shows that their stability originates from the combined effects of electron-deficient imide groups and the local aromaticity of reduced acenaphthylene units. The properties of TCTI make it potentially useful in electrochromic and charge storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławskiul. F. Joliot-Curie 1450-383WrocławPoland
| | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławskiul. F. Joliot-Curie 1450-383WrocławPoland
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Institute of PhysicsChair of Solid State and Materials ScienceAugsburg UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 186159AugsburgGermany
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławskiul. F. Joliot-Curie 1450-383WrocławPoland
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12
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New paradigms in molecular nanocarbon science. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Kumar R, Chmielewski P, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Augsburg University Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science GERMANY
| | - Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw Department of Chemistry ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw POLAND
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14
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Gu Y, Qiu Z, Müllen K. Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons as Multitalents of Present and Future Materials Science. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11499-11524. [PMID: 35671225 PMCID: PMC9264366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As cut-outs from a graphene sheet, nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are ideal cases with which to connect the world of molecules with that of bulk carbon materials. While various top-down approaches have been developed to produce such nanostructures in high yields, in the present perspective, precision structural control is emphasized for the length, width, and edge structures of NGs and GNRs achieved by modern solution and on-surface syntheses. Their structural possibilities have been further extended from "flatland" to the three-dimensional world, where chirality and handedness are the jewels in the crown. In addition to properties exhibited at the molecular level, self-assembly and thin-film structures cannot be neglected, which emphasizes the importance of processing techniques. With the rich toolkit of chemistry in hand, NGs and GNRs can be endowed with versatile properties and functions ranging from stimulated emission to spintronics and from bioimaging to energy storage, thus demonstrating their multitalents in present and future materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Gu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Shenzhen
Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Kojima N, Kato M, Sunada Y. Discrete palladium clusters that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7610-7615. [PMID: 35872831 PMCID: PMC9241975 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of novel molecules with unprecedented alignments of the constituent elements has revolutionized the field of functional materials. The arrangement of two or more planar subunits in a mutually perpendicular fashion is a frequently encountered approach to produce novel functional materials. Previous examples of such materials can be categorized into two well-investigated families: spiro-conjugated and dumbbell-shaped structures, wherein the two planes are aligned orthogonally via a single atom or an axis, respectively. This article describes a third family: reaction of [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 with Sn3Me8 or Ge6Me12 afforded a Pd7Sn4 cluster and a Pd8Ge6 cluster that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes. In the Pd7Sn4 cluster, the two equivalent Pd5Sn2 planes share three palladium atoms that include a dihedral angle of 85.6°. The construction of Pd7Sn4 and Pd8Ge6 clusters that consist of two mutually bisecting perpendicular planes was accomplished by the reaction of [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 with Me3Sn–SnMe2–SnMe3 or Ge6Me12.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Misaki Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sunada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan .,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
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16
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Wu F, Ma J, Lombardi F, Fu Y, Liu F, Huang Z, Liu R, Komber H, Alexandropoulos DI, Dmitrieva E, Lohr TG, Israel N, Popov AA, Liu J, Bogani L, Feng X. Benzo-Extended Cyclohepta[def]fluorene Derivatives with Very Low-Lying Triplet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202170. [PMID: 35290699 PMCID: PMC9324097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell non-alternant polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) are attracting increasing attention due to their promising applications in organic spintronics and quantum computing. Herein we report the synthesis of three cyclohepta[def]fluorene-based diradicaloids (1-3), by fusion of benzo rings on its periphery for the thermodynamic stabilization, as evidenced by multiple characterization techniques. Remarkably, all of them display a very narrow optical energy gap (Eg opt =0.52-0.69 eV) and persistent stability under ambient conditions (t1/2 =11.7-33.3 h). More importantly, this new type of diradicaloids possess a low-lying triplet state with an extremely small singlet-triplet energy gap, as low as 0.002 kcal mol-1 , with a clear dependence on the molecular size. This family of compounds thus offers a new route to create non-alternant open-shell PHs with high-spin ground states, and opens up novel possibilities and insights into understanding the structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | | | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research01069DresdenGermany
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PHUK
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V.Hohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | | | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research01069DresdenGermany
| | - Thorsten G. Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
| | - Noel Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research01069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research01069DresdenGermany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
| | - Lapo Bogani
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PHUK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401062DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure PhysicsWeinberg 206120HalleGermany
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17
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Wu F, Ma J, Lombardi F, Fu Y, Liu F, Huang Z, Liu R, Komber H, Alexandropoulos DI, Dmitrieva E, Lohr TG, Israel N, Popov AA, Liu J, Bogani L, Feng X. Benzo‐Extended Cyclohepta[
def
]fluorene Derivatives with Very Low‐Lying Triplet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Thorsten G. Lohr
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Noel Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Lapo Bogani
- Department of Materials University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3PH UK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2 06120 Halle Germany
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18
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Fernández-García JM, Izquierdo-García P, Buendía M, Filippone S, Martín N. Synthetic chiral molecular nanographenes: the key figure of the racemization barrier. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2634-2645. [PMID: 35139140 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is one of the most intriguing concepts of chemistry, involving living systems and, more recently, materials science. In particular, the bottom-up synthesis of molecular nanographenes endowed with one or several chiral elements is a current challenge for the chemical community. The wilful introduction of defects in the sp2 honeycomb lattice of molecular nanographenes allows the preparation of chiral molecules with tuned band-gaps and chiroptical properties. There are two requirements that a system must fulfill to be chiral: (i) lack of inversion elements (planes or inversion centres) and (ii) to be configurationally stable. The first condition is inherently established by the symmetry group of the structure, however, the limit between conformational and configurational isomers is not totally clear. In this feature article, the chirality and dynamics of synthetic molecular nanographenes, with special emphasis on their racemization barriers and, therefore, the stability of their chiroptical properties are discussed. The general features of nanographenes and their bottom-up synthesis, including the main defects inducing chirality in molecular nanographenes are firstly discussed. In this regard, the most common topological defects of molecular NGs as well as the main techniques used for determining their energy barriers are presented. Then, the manuscript is structured according to the dynamics of molecular nanographenes, classifying them in four main groups, depending on their respective isomerization barriers, as flexible, detectable, isolable and rigid nanographenes. In these sections, the different strategies used to increase the isomerization barrier of chiral molecular nanographenes that lead to configurationally stable nanographenes with defined chiroptical properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Buendía
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Salvatore Filippone
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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González Miera G, Matsubara S, Kono H, Murakami K, Itami K. Synthesis of octagon-containing molecular nanocarbons. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1848-1868. [PMID: 35308842 PMCID: PMC8848939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarbons, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes, have long inspired the scientific community. In order to synthesize nanocarbon molecules in an atomically precise fashion, many synthetic reactions have been developed. The ultimate challenge for synthetic chemists in nanocarbon science is the creation of periodic three-dimensional (3D) carbon crystals. In 1991, Mackay and Terrones proposed periodic 3D carbon crystals with negative Gaussian curvatures that consist of six- and eight-membered rings (the so-called Mackay-Terrones crystals). The existence of the eight-membered rings causes a warped nanocarbon structure. The Mackay-Terrones crystals are considered a "dream material", and have been predicted to exhibit extraordinary mechanical, magnetic, and optoelectronic properties (harder than diamond, for example). To turn the dream of having this wonder material into reality, the development of methods enabling the creation of octagon-embedding polycyclic structures (or nanographenes) is of fundamental and practical importance. This review describes the most vibrant synthetic achievements that the scientific community has performed to obtain curved polycyclic nanocarbons with eight-membered rings, building blocks that could potentially give access as templates to larger nanographenes, and eventually to Mackay-Terrones crystals, by structural expansion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greco González Miera
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsubara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hideya Kono
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan .,JST-PRESTO 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan .,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Nankang Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
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20
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Zank S, Fernández‐García JM, Stasyuk AJ, Voityuk AA, Krug M, Solà M, Guldi DM, Martín N. Initiating Electron Transfer in Doubly Curved Nanographene Upon Supramolecular Complexation of C 60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112834. [PMID: 34633126 PMCID: PMC9303211 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of supramolecular complexes between C60 and a molecular nanographene endowed with both positive and negative curvatures is described. The presence of a corannulene moiety and the saddle shape of the molecular nanographene allows the formation of complexes with 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 stoichiometries. The association constants for the three possible supramolecular complexes were determined by 1 H NMR titration. Furthermore, the stability of the three complexes was calculated by theoretical methods that also predict the photoinduced electron transfer from the curved nanographene to the electron acceptor C60 . Time-resolved transient absorption measurements on the ns-time scale showed that the addition of C60 to NG-1 solutions and photo-exciting them at 460 nm leads to the solvent-dependent formation of new species, in particular the formation of the one-electron reduced form of C60 in benzonitrile was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zank
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitätEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jesús M. Fernández‐García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
| | - Anton J. Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaC/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaC/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA)08010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitätEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaC/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaSpain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-UniversitätEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica IFacultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de MadridAvd. de la Complutense, S/N28040MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaC/ Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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21
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Cerezo-Navarrete C, David AHG, García-Zaragoza A, Codesal MD, Oña-Burgos P, del Rosal I, Poteau R, Campaña AG, Martínez-Prieto LM. Ruthenium nanoparticles canopied by heptagon-containing saddle-shaped nanographenes as efficient aromatic hydrogenation catalysts. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13046-13059. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized with non-planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are active catalysts in the hydrogenation of aromatic substrates under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cerezo-Navarrete
- ITQ, Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arthur H. G. David
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Adrián García-Zaragoza
- ITQ, Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos D. Codesal
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- ITQ, Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iker del Rosal
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, INSA-CNRS (UMR 5215)-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Romuald Poteau
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, INSA-CNRS (UMR 5215)-UPS, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis M. Martínez-Prieto
- ITQ, Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla (US) – IIQ, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
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22
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Zank S, Fernández‐García JM, Stasyuk AJ, Voityuk AA, Krug M, Solà M, Guldi DM, Martín N. Initiating Electron Transfer in Doubly Curved Nanographene Upon Supramolecular Complexation of C
60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zank
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jesús M. Fernández‐García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Avd. de la Complutense, S/N 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Anton J. Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid Avd. de la Complutense, S/N 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia C/ Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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23
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Krzeszewski M, Ito H, Itami K. Infinitene: A Helically Twisted Figure-Eight [12]Circulene Topoisomer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:862-871. [PMID: 34910487 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New forms of molecular nanocarbon particularly looped polyarenes adopting various topologies contribute to the fundamental science and practical applications. Here we report the synthesis of an infinity-shaped polyarene, infinitene (1) (cyclo[c.c.c.c.c.c.e.e.e.e.e.e]dodecakisbenzene), comprising consecutively fused 12-benzene rings forming an enclosed loop with a strain energy of 60.2 kcal·mol-1. Infinitene (1) represents a topoisomer of still-hypothetical [12]circulene, and its scaffold can be formally visualized as the outcome of the "stitching" of two homochiral [6]helicene subunits by both their ends. The synthetic strategy encompasses transformation of a rationally designed dithiacyclophane to cyclophadiene through the Stevens rearrangement and pyrolysis of the corresponding S,S'-bis(oxide) followed by the photocyclization. The structure of 1 is a unique hybrid of helicene and circulene with a molecular formula of C48H24, which can be regarded as an isomer for kekulene, [6,6]carbon nanobelt ([6,6]CNB), and [12]cyclacene. Infinitene (1) is a bench-stable yellow solid with green fluorescence and soluble to common organic solvents. Its figure-eight molecular structure was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The scaffold of 1 is significantly compressed as manifested by a remarkably shortened distance (3.152-3.192 Å) between the centroids of two π-π stacked central benzene rings and the closest C···C distance of 2.920 Å. Fundamental photophysical properties of 1 were thoroughly elucidated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies and density functional theory calculations. Its configurational stability enabled separation of the corresponding enantiomers (P,P) and (M,M) by a chiral HPLC. Circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) measurements revealed that 1 has moderate |gCD| and |gCPL| values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Amsharov K. Domino Dehydrative π-Extension: A Facile Path to Extended Perylenes and Terrylenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:17322-17325. [PMID: 34553791 PMCID: PMC9299636 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new method for synthesis of extended perylenes and terrylenes. The technique is based on the cascade dehydrative π-extensions (DPEX) of aryl aldehydes, in which stepwise annulations activate previously "dormant" substituents. Two- and fourfold cyclizations of 3-aryl-biphenyl-2,2'-dicarbaldehydes offer a rapid path to unsymmetrical perylenes and elusive terrylene derivatives, respectively. DPEX of 3,3''-(phenanthrene-1,8-diyl)bis (([1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-dicarbaldehyde)) leads to the biradical structure, which proceeds in situ into oxidative electrocyclization at room temperature. The described domino process complements and expands DPEX approach to a large family of fused acenes and related PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
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25
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Cao HJ, Chen M, Sun F, Zhao Y, Lu C, Zhang X, Shi Z, Yan H. Variable Metal Chelation Modes and Activation Sequence in Pd-Catalyzed B–H Poly-arylation of Carboranes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hou-ji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fangxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
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26
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Ejlli B, Nußbaum P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Benzo‐fused Tri[8]annulenes as Molecular Models of Cubic Graphite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Speyerer Str. 4 69115 Heidelberg Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Pascal Nußbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- InnovationLab Speyerer Str. 4 69115 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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27
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Zhang Y, Wan B. Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Tetraphenylenes through Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp2)–H Activation. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1416-9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn efficient protocol for the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-iodobiphenyls with biphenylene has been developed through C–H activation. The reaction provides a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted tetraphenylenes.
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28
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Ejlli B, Nußbaum P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF, Müllen K. Benzo-fused Tri[8]annulenes as Molecular Models of Cubic Graphite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20220-20224. [PMID: 34156743 PMCID: PMC8457115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotrimerization of 9,10‐dibromo‐9,10‐dihydrodibenzo[3,4:7,8]cycloocta[1,2‐l]phenanthrene with potassium tert‐butoxide in the presence of a transition‐metal catalyst afforded two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon stereoisomers consisting of three cyclooctatetraene (COT) moieties connected via a central benzene ring. Both isomeric tri[8]annulenes were obtained selectively through the choice of the catalyst: The α,α,α‐form (Ru catalyst) displayed a threefold symmetrywith the COT subunits forming the side walls of a (chiral) molecular cup. In the thermodynamically more stable α,α,β‐isomer (Pd catalyst), one of the three boat‐shaped COTs was flipped over and faced the opposite molecular hemisphere with respect to the central benzene ring as evidenced by crystal structure analysis. Both title compounds are small segments of “cubic graphite”, an elusive carbon allotrope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ejlli
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Nußbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Izquierdo-García P, Fernández-García JM, Fernández I, Perles J, Martín N. Helically Arranged Chiral Molecular Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11864-11870. [PMID: 34283596 PMCID: PMC9490840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A benchtop solution-phase synthesis of molecular nanographenes composed of two orthogonal dibenzo[fg,ij]phenanthro[9,10,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene (DBPP) moieties covalently connected through a tetrafluorobenzene ring is described. The helical arrangement of these three covalently linked molecular fragments leads to the existence of a chiral axis which gives rise to a racemic mixture, even with the molecular moieties being symmetrically substituted. X-ray diffraction studies show that both enantiomers cocrystallize in a single crystal, and the racemic mixture can be resolved by chiral HPLC. Asymmetric substitution in DBPP moieties affords a pair of diastereoisomers whose rotational isomerization has been studied by 1H NMR. Additionally, the electrochemical and photophysical properties derived from these new molecular nanographenes reveal an electroactive character and a significant fluorescent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Laboratory, Interdepartmental Research Service (SIdI), Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Lan D, Pun SH, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Wang Y, Lee HK, Lin C, Wang J, Petrukhina MA, Li Q, Miao Q. Charging a Negatively Curved Nanographene and Its Covalent Network. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5231-5238. [PMID: 33764047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explores a bottom-up approach toward negatively curved carbon allotropes from octabenzo[8]circulene, a negatively curved nanographene. Stepwise chemical reduction reactions of octabenzo[8]circulene with alkali metals lead to a unique highly reduced hydrocarbon pentaanion, which is revealed by X-ray crystallography suggesting a local view for the reduction and alkali metal intercalation processes of negatively curved carbon allotropes. Polymerization of the tetrabromo derivative of octabenzo[8]circulene by the nickel-mediated Yamamoto coupling reaction results in a new type of porous carbon-rich material, which consists of a covalent network of negatively curved nanographenes. It has a specific surface area of 732 m2 g-1 and functions as anode material for lithium ion batteries exhibiting a maximum capacity of 830 mAh·g-1 at a current density of 100 mA·g-1. These results indicate that this covalent network presents the key structural and functional features of negatively curved carbon allotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Danni Lan
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ho Pun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Kay Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangpeng Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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