1
|
Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Himiyama T, Suzuki A, Hayashi T. Redox Engineering of Myoglobin by Cofactor Substitution to Enhance Cyclopropanation Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403485. [PMID: 38780472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Design of metal cofactor ligands is essential for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. We investigated a carbene transfer reaction catalyzed by myoglobins containing iron porphyrin cofactors with one and two trifluoromethyl groups at peripheral sites (FePorCF3 and FePor(CF3)2, respectively), native heme and iron porphycene (FePc). These four myoglobins show a wide range of Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox potentials in the protein of +147 mV, +87 mV, +42 mV and -198 mV vs. NHE, respectively. Myoglobin reconstituted with FePor(CF3)2 has a more positive potential, which enhances the reactivity of a carbene intermediate with alkenes, and demonstrates superior cyclopropanation of inert alkenes, such as aliphatic and internal alkenes. In contrast, engineered myoglobin reconstituted with FePc has a more negative redox potential, which accelerates the formation of the intermediate, but has low reactivity for inert alkenes. Mechanistic studies indicate that myoglobin with FePor(CF3)2 generates an undetectable active intermediate with a radical character. In contrast, this reaction catalyzed by myoglobin with FePc includes a detectable iron-carbene species with electrophilic character. This finding highlights the importance of redox-focused design of the iron porphyrinoid cofactor in hemoproteins to tune the reactivity of the carbene transfer reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Himiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-8508, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu K, Ward TR. C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 258:112621. [PMID: 38852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
CH functionalization, a promising frontier in modern organic chemistry, facilitates the direct conversion of inert CH bonds into many valuable functional groups. Despite its merits, traditional homogeneous catalysis, often faces challenges in efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability towards this transformation. In this context, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), resulting from the incorporation of a catalytically-competent metal cofactor within an evolvable protein scaffold, bridges the gap between the efficiency of enzymatic transformations and the versatility of transition metal catalysis. Accordingly, ArMs have emerged as attractive tools for various challenging catalytic transformations. Additionally, the coming of age of directed evolution has unlocked unprecedented avenues for optimizing enzymatic catalysis. Taking advantage of their genetically-encoded protein scaffold, ArMs have been evolved to catalyze various CH functionalization reactions. This review delves into the recent developments of ArM-catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, highlighting the benefits of engineering the second coordination sphere around a metal cofactor within a host protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu W, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu P, Yang Y. A metalloenzyme platform for catalytic asymmetric radical dearomatization. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01608-8. [PMID: 39198700 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization represents a powerful means to convert flat aromatic compounds into stereochemically well-defined three-dimensional molecular scaffolds. Using new-to-nature metalloredox biocatalysis, we describe an enzymatic strategy for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization via a challenging radical mechanism that has eluded small-molecule catalysts. Enabled by directed evolution, new-to-nature radical dearomatases P450rad1-P450rad5 facilitated asymmetric dearomatization of a broad spectrum of aromatic substrates, including indoles, pyrroles and phenols, allowing both enantioconvergent and enantiodivergent radical dearomatization reactions to be accomplished with excellent enzymatic control. Computational studies revealed the importance of additional hydrogen bonding interactions between the engineered metalloenzyme and the reactive intermediate in enhancing enzymatic activity and enantiocontrol. Furthermore, designer non-ionic surfactants were found to significantly accelerate this biotransformation, providing an alternative means to promote otherwise sluggish new-to-nature biotransformations. Together, this evolvable metalloenzyme platform opens up new avenues to advance challenging catalytic asymmetric dearomatization processes involving free radical intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang TC, Zhang Z, Rao G, Li J, Shirah J, Britt RD, Zhu Q, Yang Y. Threonine Aldolase-Catalyzed Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Amino Acids through Unconventional Photoinduced Radical Initiation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22476-22484. [PMID: 38961805 PMCID: PMC11376206 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Visible light-driven pyridoxal radical biocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of valuable noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). Previously, the use of well-tailored photoredox catalysts represented the key to enable efficient pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme-catalyzed radical reactions. Here, we report a PLP-dependent threonine aldolase-catalyzed asymmetric α-C-H alkylation of abundant amino acids using Katritzky pyridinium salts as alkylating agents. The use of engineered threonine aldolases allowed for this redox-neutral radical alkylation to proceed efficiently, giving rise to challenging α-trisubstituted and -tetrasubstituted ncAA products in a protecting-group-free fashion with excellent enantiocontrol. Mechanistically, this enantioselective α-alkylation capitalizes on the unique reactivity of the persistent enzymatic quinonoid intermediate derived from the PLP cofactor and the amino acid substrate to allow for novel radical C-C coupling. Surprisingly, this photobiocatalytic process does not require the use of well-established photoredox catalysts and operates through an unconventional photoinduced radical generation involving a PLP-derived aldimine. The ability to develop photobiocatalytic reactions without relying on classic photocatalysts or photoenzymes opens up new avenues for advancing stereoselective intermolecular radical reactions that are not known in either organic chemistry or enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jiedong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Josephine Shirah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng C, Wei W, Wen J, Song W, Wu J, Wang R, Yin D, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Liu L. Rational Design of the Spatial Effect in a Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Reverses the Regioselectivity of C(sp 3)-H Bond Hydroxylation in Aliphatic Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406060. [PMID: 38789390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The hydroxylation of remote C(sp3)-H bonds in aliphatic amino acids yields crucial precursors for the synthesis of high-value compounds. However, accurate regulation of the regioselectivity of remote C(sp3)-H bonds hydroxylation in aliphatic amino acids continues to be a common challenge in chemosynthesis and biosynthesis. In this study, the Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase from Bacillus subtilis (BlAH) was mined and found to catalyze hydroxylation at the γ and δ sites of aliphatic amino acids. Crystal structure analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum chemical calculations revealed that regioselectivity was regulated by the spatial effect of BlAH. Based on these results, the spatial effect of BlAH was reconstructed to stabilize the transition state at the δ site of aliphatic amino acids, thereby successfully reversing the γ site regioselectivity to the δ site. For example, the regioselectivity of L-Homoleucine (5 a) was reversed from the γ site (1 : 12) to the δ site (>99 : 1). The present study not only expands the toolbox of biocatalysts for the regioselective functionalization of remote C(sp3)-H bonds, but also provides a theoretical guidance for the precision-driven modification of similarly remote C(sp3)-H bonds in complex molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenni Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Wen
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Dejing Yin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ju S, Li D, Mai BK, Liu X, Vallota-Eastman A, Wu J, Valentine DL, Liu P, Yang Y. Stereodivergent photobiocatalytic radical cyclization through the repurposing and directed evolution of fatty acid photodecarboxylases. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1339-1347. [PMID: 38632367 PMCID: PMC11321912 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite their intriguing photophysical and photochemical activities, naturally occurring photoenzymes have not yet been repurposed for new-to-nature activities. Here we engineered fatty acid photodecarboxylases to catalyse unnatural photoredox radical C-C bond formation by leveraging the strongly oxidizing excited-state flavoquinone cofactor. Through genome mining, rational engineering and directed evolution, we developed a panel of radical photocyclases to facilitate decarboxylative radical cyclization with excellent chemo-, enantio- and diastereoselectivities. Our high-throughput experimental workflow allowed for the directed evolution of fatty acid photodecarboxylases. An orthogonal set of radical photocyclases was engineered to access all four possible stereoisomers of the stereochemical dyad, affording fully diastereo- and enantiodivergent biotransformations in asymmetric radical biocatalysis. Molecular dynamics simulations show that our evolved radical photocyclases allow near-attack conformations to be easily accessed, enabling chemoselective radical cyclization. The development of stereoselective radical photocyclases provides unnatural C-C-bond-forming activities in natural photoenzyme families, which can be used to tame the stereochemistry of free-radical-mediated reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dian Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Alec Vallota-Eastman
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program for Marine Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David L Valentine
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jain S, Ospina F, Hammer SC. A New Age of Biocatalysis Enabled by Generic Activation Modes. JACS AU 2024; 4:2068-2080. [PMID: 38938808 PMCID: PMC11200230 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is currently undergoing a profound transformation. The field moves from relying on nature's chemical logic to a discipline that exploits generic activation modes, allowing for novel biocatalytic reactions and, in many instances, entirely new chemistry. Generic activation modes enable a wide range of reaction types and played a pivotal role in advancing the fields of organo- and photocatalysis. This perspective aims to summarize the principal activation modes harnessed in enzymes to develop new biocatalysts. Although extensively researched in the past, the highlighted activation modes, when applied within enzyme active sites, facilitate chemical transformations that have largely eluded efficient and selective catalysis. This advance is attributed to multiple tunable interactions in the substrate binding pocket that precisely control competing reaction pathways and transition states. We will highlight cases of new synthetic methodologies achieved by engineered enzymes and will provide insights into potential future developments in this rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Research Group for Organic Chemistry
and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang TC, Mai BK, Zhang Z, Bo Z, Li J, Liu P, Yang Y. Stereoselective amino acid synthesis by photobiocatalytic oxidative coupling. Nature 2024; 629:98-104. [PMID: 38693411 PMCID: PMC11299865 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photobiocatalysis-where light is used to expand the reactivity of an enzyme-has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to develop chemistries that are new to nature. These systems have shown potential in asymmetric radical reactions that have long eluded small-molecule catalysts1. So far, unnatural photobiocatalytic reactions are limited to overall reductive and redox-neutral processes2-9. Here we report photobiocatalytic asymmetric sp3-sp3 oxidative cross-coupling between organoboron reagents and amino acids. This reaction requires the cooperative use of engineered pyridoxal biocatalysts, photoredox catalysts and an oxidizing agent. We repurpose a family of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, threonine aldolases10-12, for the α-C-H functionalization of glycine and α-branched amino acid substrates by a radical mechanism, giving rise to a range of α-tri- and tetrasubstituted non-canonical amino acids 13-15 possessing up to two contiguous stereocentres. Directed evolution of pyridoxal radical enzymes allowed primary and secondary radical precursors, including benzyl, allyl and alkylboron reagents, to be coupled in an enantio- and diastereocontrolled fashion. Cooperative photoredox-pyridoxal biocatalysis provides a platform for sp3-sp3 oxidative coupling16, permitting the stereoselective, intermolecular free-radical transformations that are unknown to chemistry or biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jiedong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Kumar A, Lewis JC. Non-native Intramolecular Radical Cyclization Catalyzed by a B 12 -Dependent Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312893. [PMID: 37874184 PMCID: PMC11328698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the unique reactivity of vitamin B12 and its derivatives, B12 -dependent enzymes remain underutilized in biocatalysis. In this study, we repurposed the B12 -dependent transcription factor CarH to enable non-native radical cyclization reactions. An engineered variant of this enzyme, CarH*, catalyzes the formation γ- and δ-lactams through either redox-neutral or reductive ring closure with marked enhancement of reactivity and selectivity relative to the free B12 cofactor. CarH* also catalyzes an unusual spirocyclization by dearomatization of pendant arenes to produce bicyclic 1,3-diene products instead of 1,4-dienes provided by existing methods. These results and associated mechanistic studies highlight the importance of protein scaffolds for controlling the reactivity of B12 and expanding the synthetic utility of B12 -dependent enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Amardeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buller R, Lutz S, Kazlauskas RJ, Snajdrova R, Moore JC, Bornscheuer UT. From nature to industry: Harnessing enzymes for biocatalysis. Science 2023; 382:eadh8615. [PMID: 37995253 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis harnesses enzymes to make valuable products. This green technology is used in countless applications from bench scale to industrial production and allows practitioners to access complex organic molecules, often with fewer synthetic steps and reduced waste. The last decade has seen an explosion in the development of experimental and computational tools to tailor enzymatic properties, equipping enzyme engineers with the ability to create biocatalysts that perform reactions not present in nature. By using (chemo)-enzymatic synthesis routes or orchestrating intricate enzyme cascades, scientists can synthesize elaborate targets ranging from DNA and complex pharmaceuticals to starch made in vitro from CO2-derived methanol. In addition, new chemistries have emerged through the combination of biocatalysis with transition metal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. This review highlights recent key developments, identifies current limitations, and provides a future prospect for this rapidly developing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Buller
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - S Lutz
- Codexis Incorporated, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - R J Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - R Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J C Moore
- MRL, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - U T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen H, Fu W, Yang Y. P450-catalyzed atom transfer radical cyclization. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:31-49. [PMID: 37977735 PMCID: PMC11289761 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 have been extensively studied for both fundamental enzymology and biotechnological applications. Over the past decade, by taking inspiration from synthetic organic chemistry, new classes of P450-catalyzed reactions that were not previously encountered in the biological world have been developed to address challenging problems in organic chemistry and asymmetric catalysis. In particular, by repurposing and evolving P450 enzymes, stereoselective biocatalytic atom transfer radical cyclization (ATRC) was developed as a new means to impose stereocontrol over transient free radical intermediates. In this chapter, we describe the detailed experimental protocol for the directed evolution of P450 atom transfer radical cyclases. We also delineate protocols for analytical and preparative scale biocatalytic atom transfer radical cyclization processes. These methods will find application in the development of new P450-catalyzed radical reactions, as well as other synthetically useful processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Wenzhen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|