1
|
Azuaje-Hualde E, Alonso-Cabrera JA, de Pancorbo MM, Benito-Lopez F, Basabe-Desmonts L. Integration of secreted signaling molecule sensing on cell monitoring platforms: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05435-1. [PMID: 39048740 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring cell secretion in complex microenvironments is crucial for understanding cellular behavior and advancing physiological and pathological research. While traditional cell culture methods, including organoids and spheroids, provide valuable models, real-time monitoring of cell secretion of signaling molecules remains challenging. Integrating advanced monitoring technologies into these systems often disrupts the delicate balance of the microenvironment, making it difficult to achieve sensitivity and specificity. This review explored recent strategies for integrating the monitoring of cell secretion of signaling molecules, crucial for understanding and replicating cell microenvironments, within cell culture platforms, addressing challenges such as non-adherent cell models and the focus on single-cell methodologies. We highlight advancements in biosensors, microfluidics, and three-dimensional culture methods, and discuss their potential to enhance real-time, multiplexed cell monitoring. By examining the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of these technologies, we aim to contribute to the development of integrated systems that facilitate comprehensive cell monitoring, ultimately advancing biological research and pharmaceutical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Azuaje-Hualde
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juncal A Alonso-Cabrera
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cibelli A, Ballesteros-Gomez D, McCutcheon S, Yang GL, Bispo A, Krawchuk M, Piedra G, Spray DC. Astrocytes sense glymphatic-level shear stress through the interaction of sphingosine-1-phosphate with Piezo1. iScience 2024; 27:110069. [PMID: 38868201 PMCID: PMC11167526 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap brain vasculature, forming a boundary for perivascular glymphatic flow of fluid and solutes along and across the astrocyte endfeet into the brain parenchyma. We evaluated astrocyte sensitivity to shear stress generated by such flow, finding a set point for downstream calcium signaling that is below about 0.1 dyn/cm2. This set point is modulated by albumin levels encountered in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under normal conditions and following a blood-brain barrier breach or immune response. The astrocyte mechanosome responsible for the detection of shear stress includes sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated sensitization of the mechanosensor Piezo1. Fluid flow through perivascular channels delimited by vessel wall and astrocyte endfeet thus generates sufficient shear stress to activate astrocytes, thereby potentially controlling vasomotion and parenchymal perfusion. Moreover, S1P receptor signaling establishes a set point for Piezo1 activation that is finely tuned to coincide with CSF albumin levels and to the low shear forces resulting from glymphatic flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Sean McCutcheon
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Greta L. Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ashley Bispo
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael Krawchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Giselle Piedra
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David C. Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, O'Mahony A, He Y, Barber T. Hydrodynamic shear stress' impact on mammalian cell properties and its applications in 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2024; 16:022003. [PMID: 38277669 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad22ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
As an effective cell assembly method, three-dimensional bioprinting has been widely used in building organ models and tissue repair over the past decade. However, different shear stresses induced throughout the entire printing process can cause complex impacts on cell integrity, including reducing cell viability, provoking morphological changes and altering cellular functionalities. The potential effects that may occur and the conditions under which these effects manifest are not clearly understood. Here, we review systematically how different mammalian cells respond under shear stress. We enumerate available experimental apparatus, and we categorise properties that can be affected under disparate stress patterns. We also summarise cell damaging mathematical models as a predicting reference for the design of bioprinting systems. We concluded that it is essential to quantify specific cell resistance to shear stress for the optimisation of bioprinting systems. Besides, as substantial positive impacts, including inducing cell alignment and promoting cell motility, can be generated by shear stress, we suggest that we find the proper range of shear stress and actively utilise its positive influences in the development of future systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Aidan O'Mahony
- Inventia Life Science Pty Ltd, Alexandria, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tracie Barber
- School of Mechanical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballesteros-Gomez D, McCutcheon S, Yang GL, Cibelli A, Bispo A, Krawchuk M, Piedra G, Spray DC. Astrocyte sensitivity to glymphatic shear stress is amplified by albumin and mediated by the interaction of sphingosine 1 phosphate with Piezo1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565884. [PMID: 37986983 PMCID: PMC10659372 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap brain vasculature, forming a boundary for perivascular glymphatic flow of fluid and solutes along and across the astrocyte endfeet into the brain parenchyma. To determine whether astrocytes may sense and respond to the shear forces generated by glymphatic flow, we examined intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) changes evoked in astrocytes to brief fluid flow applied in calibrated microfluidic chambers. Shear stresses < 20 dyn/cm 2 failed to evoke Ca 2+ responses in the absence of albumin, but cells responded to shear stress below 1 dyn/cm 2 when as little as 5 μM albumin was present in flow medium. A role for extracellular matrix in mechanotransduction was indicated by reduced sensitivity after degradation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) amplified shear responses in the absence of albumin, whereas mechanosensitivity was attenuated by the S1P receptor blocker fingolimod. Piezo1 participated in the transduction as revealed by blockade by the spider toxin GsMTX and amplification by the chemical modulator Yoda1, even in absence of albumin or S1P. Our findings that astrocytes are exquisitely sensitive to shear stress and that sensitivity is greatly amplified by albumin concentrations encountered in normal and pathological CSF predict that perivascular astrocytes are responsive to glymphatic shear stress and that responsiveness is augmented by elevated CSF protein. S1P receptor signaling thus establishes a setpoint for Piezo1 activation that is finely tuned to coincide with albumin level in CSF and to the low shear forces resulting from glymphatic flow. Graphical abstract Astrocyte endfoot responds to glymphatic shear stress when albumin is present. Mechanism involves sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to its receptor (S1PR), activating phospholipase C (PLC) and thereby sensitizing the response of Piezo1 to flow. Ca 2+ influx triggers Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores and further downstream signaling, thereby modulating parenchymal perfusion. Illustration created using BioRender.com.
Collapse
|
5
|
Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guebel DV. Human hippocampal astrocytes: Computational dissection of their transcriptome, sexual differences and exosomes across ageing and mild-cognitive impairment. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:2677-2707. [PMID: 37427765 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease is often disregarded. Hence, characterization of astrocytes along their early evolution toward Alzheimer would be greatly beneficial. However, due to their exquisite responsiveness, in vivo studies are difficult. So public microarray data of hippocampal homogenates from (healthy) young, (healthy) elder and elder with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were subjected to re-analysis by a multi-step computational pipeline. Ontologies and pathway analyses were compared after determining the differential genes that, belonging to astrocytes, have splice forms. Likewise, the subset of molecules exportable to exosomes was also determined. The results showed that astrocyte's phenotypes changed significantly. While already 'activated' astrocytes were found in the younger group, major changes occurred during ageing (increased vascular remodelling and response to mechanical stimulus, diminished long-term potentiation and increased long-term depression). MCI's astrocytes showed some 'rejuvenated' features, but their sensitivity to shear stress was markedly lost. Importantly, most of the changes showed to be sex biassed. Men's astrocytes are enriched in a type 'endfeet-astrocytome', whereas women's astrocytes appear close to the 'scar-forming' type (prone to endothelial dysfunction, hypercholesterolemia, loss of glutamatergic synapses, Ca+2 dysregulation, hypoxia, oxidative stress and 'pro-coagulant' phenotype). In conclusion, the computational dissection of the networks based on the hippocampal gene isoforms provides a relevant proxy to in vivo astrocytes, also revealing the occurrence of sexual differences. Analyses of the astrocytic exosomes did not provide an acceptable approximation to the overall functioning of astrocytes in the hippocampus, probably due to the selective cellular mechanisms which charge the cargo molecules.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mansour J, Berwanger C, Jung M, Eichinger L, Fabry B, Clemen CS. Clinorotation inhibits myotube formation by fluid motion, not by simulated microgravity. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151330. [PMID: 37290222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To study processes related to weightlessness in ground-based cell biological research, a theoretically assumed microgravity environment is typically simulated using a clinostat - a small laboratory device that rotates cell culture vessels with the aim of averaging out the vector of gravitational forces. Here, we report that the rotational movement during fast clinorotation induces complex fluid motions in the cell culture vessel, which can trigger unintended cellular responses. Specifically, we demonstrate that suppression of myotube formation by 2D-clinorotation at 60 rpm is not an effect of the assumed microgravity but instead is a consequence of fluid motion. Therefore, cell biological results from fast clinorotation cannot be attributed to microgravity unless alternative explanations have been rigorously tested and ruled out. We consider two control experiments mandatory, i) a static, non-rotating control, and ii) a control for fluid motion. These control experiments are also highly recommended for other rotation speed settings and experimental conditions. Finally, we discuss strategies to minimize fluid motion in clinorotation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Mansour
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Berwanger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Jung
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph S Clemen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castañeyra-Ruiz L, Lee S, Chan AY, Shah V, Romero B, Ledbetter J, Muhonen M. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Catheters Decrease Astrocyte Adhesion and Improve Flow/Pressure Performance in an Invitro Model of Hydrocephalus. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010018. [PMID: 36670569 PMCID: PMC9856269 DOI: 10.3390/children10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of ventricular shunt failure in pediatric patients is proximal catheter occlusion. Here, we evaluate various types of shunt catheters to assess in vitro cellular adhesion and obstruction. The following four types of catheters were tested: (1) antibiotic- and barium-impregnated, (2) polyvinylpyrrolidone, (3) barium stripe, and (4) barium impregnated. Catheters were either seeded superficially with astrocyte cells to test cellular adhesion or inoculated with cultured astrocytes into the catheters to test catheter performance under obstruction conditions. Ventricular catheters were placed into a three-dimensional printed phantom ventricular replicating system through which artificial CSF was pumped. Differential pressure sensors were used to measure catheter performance. Polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters had the lowest median cell attachment compared to antibiotic-impregnated (18 cells), barium stripe (17 cells), and barium-impregnated (21.5 cells) catheters after culture (p < 0.01). In addition, polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters had significantly higher flow in the phantom ventricular system (0.12 mL/min) compared to the antibiotic coated (0.10 mL/min), barium stripe (0.02 mL/min) and barium-impregnated (0.08 mL/min; p < 0.01) catheters. Polyvinylpyrrolidone catheters showed less cellular adhesion and were least likely to be occluded by astrocyte cells. Our findings can help suggest patient-appropriate proximal ventricular catheters for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Castañeyra-Ruiz
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Alvin Y. Chan
- Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Shah
- Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Bianca Romero
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Jenna Ledbetter
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, and CHOC Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Michael Muhonen
- Neurosurgery Department, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Menkara A, Faryami A, Viar D, Harris C. Applications of a novel reciprocating positive displacement pump in the simulation of pulsatile arterial blood flow. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270780. [PMID: 36512622 PMCID: PMC9746965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile arterial blood flow plays an important role in vascular system mechanobiology, especially in the study of mechanisms of pathology. Limitations in cost, time, sample size, and control across current in-vitro and in-vivo methods limit future exploration of novel treatments. Presented is the verification of a novel reciprocating positive displacement pump aimed at resolving these issues through the simulation of human ocular, human fingertip and skin surface, human cerebral, and rodent spleen organ systems. A range of pulsatile amplitudes, frequencies, and flow rates were simulated using pumps made of 3D printed parts incorporating a tubing system, check valve and proprietary software. Volumetric analysis of 430 total readings across a flow range of 0.025ml/min to 16ml/min determined that the pump had a mean absolute error and mean relative error of 0.041 ml/min and 1.385%, respectively. Linear regression analysis compared to expected flow rate across the full flow range yielded an R2 of 0.9996. Waveform analysis indicated that the pump could recreate accurate beat frequency for flow ranges above 0.06ml/min at 70BPM. The verification of accurate pump output opens avenues for the development of novel long-term in-vitro benchtop models capable of looking at fluid flow scenarios previously unfeasible, including low volume-high shear rate pulsatile flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Menkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ahmad Faryami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel Viar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Fan Z, Qiao L, Liu B. Advances in microfluidic strategies for single-cell research. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Khodadadei F, Arshad R, Morales DM, Gluski J, Marupudi NI, McAllister JP, Limbrick DD, Harris CA. The effect of A1 and A2 reactive astrocyte expression on hydrocephalus shunt failure. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:78. [PMID: 36171630 PMCID: PMC9516791 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The composition of tissue obstructing neuroprosthetic devices is largely composed of inflammatory cells with a significant astrocyte component. In a first-of-its-kind study, we profile the astrocyte phenotypes present on hydrocephalus shunts. Methods qPCR and RNA in-situ hybridization were used to quantify pro-inflammatory (A1) and anti-inflammatory (A2) reactive astrocyte phenotypes by analyzing C3 and EMP1 genes, respectively. Additionally, CSF cytokine levels were quantified using ELISA. In an in vitro model of astrocyte growth on shunts, different cytokines were used to prevent the activation of resting astrocytes into the A1 and A2 phenotypes. Obstructed and non-obstructed shunts were characterized based on the degree of actual tissue blockage on the shunt surface instead of clinical diagnosis. Results The results showed a heterogeneous population of A1 and A2 reactive astrocytes on the shunts with obstructed shunts having a significantly higher proportion of A2 astrocytes compared to non-obstructed shunts. In addition, the pro-A2 cytokine IL-6 inducing proliferation of astrocytes was found at higher concentrations among CSF from obstructed samples. Consequently, in the in vitro model of astrocyte growth on shunts, cytokine neutralizing antibodies were used to prevent activation of resting astrocytes into the A1 and A2 phenotypes which resulted in a significant reduction in both A1 and A2 growth. Conclusions Therefore, targeting cytokines involved with astrocyte A1 and A2 activation is a promising intervention aimed to prevent shunt obstruction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00367-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadei
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Rooshan Arshad
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Diego M Morales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacob Gluski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Neena I Marupudi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carolyn A Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee S, Vinzani M, Romero B, Chan AY, Castañeyra-Ruiz L, Muhonen M. Partial Obstruction of Ventricular Catheters Affects Performance in a New Catheter Obstruction Model of Hydrocephalus. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1453. [PMID: 36291388 PMCID: PMC9601154 DOI: 10.3390/children9101453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the major causes of cerebral ventricular shunt failure is proximal catheter occlusion. We describe a novel ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow replicating system that assesses pressure and flow responses to varying degrees of catheter occlusion. METHODS Ventricular catheter performance was assessed during conditions of partial and complete occlusion. The catheters were placed into a three-dimensionally-printed phantom ventricular replicating system. Artificial CSF was pumped through the ventricular system at a constant rate of 1 mL/min to mimic CSF flow, with the proximal end of the catheter in the phantom ventricle. Pressure transducer and flow rate sensors were used to measure intra-phantom pressure, outflow pressure, and CSF flow rates. The catheters were also inserted into silicone tubing and pressure was measured in the same manner for comparison with the phantom. RESULTS Pressure measured in the ventricle phantom did not change when the outflow of the ventricular catheter was partially occluded. However, the intraventricular phantom pressure significantly increased when the outflow catheter was 100% occluded. The flow through the catheter showed no significant difference in rate with any degree of partial occlusion of the catheter. At the distal end of the partially occluded catheters, there was less pressure compared with the nonoccluded catheters. This difference in pressure in partially occluded catheters correlated with the percentage of catheter hole occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Our model mimics the physiological dynamics of the CSF flow in partially and completely obstructed ventricular catheters. We found that partial occlusion of the catheter had no effect on the CSF flow rate, but did reduce outflow pressure from the catheter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- CHOC Children’s Research Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Michael Vinzani
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bianca Romero
- CHOC Children’s Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Alvin Y. Chan
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | | | - Michael Muhonen
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, CHOC Children’s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA
| |
Collapse
|