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Liu Y, Sun Y, Cheng S. Advances in the use of organoids in endometrial diseases. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 166:502-511. [PMID: 38391201 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes in response to hormones and there is a certain degree of heterogeneity among individuals. In vivo identification of the physiologic changes of the endometrium and the pathologic process of related diseases is challenging. There have been recent advances in the use of organoids that mimic the characteristics of the corresponding organs and the morphologic, functional, and personalized characteristics involved in different stages of diseases. In this paper, we discuss the process of creating endometrial organoids, cell sources, types of extracellular matrices, and their application in the study of physiologic endometrial states and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Liu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaolong Cheng
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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2
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Liu F, Lin Q, Shen S, Li Z, Xie X, Cheng Q, Wang L, Long Y, Wang J, Liu L. Secretion of WNT7A by UC-MSCs assist in promoting the endometrial epithelial regeneration. iScience 2024; 27:109888. [PMID: 38947517 PMCID: PMC11214297 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) has been widely used in clinical treatment. However, intravenous injection lacks sufficient targeting capabilities, while in situ injection poses challenges in ensuring the effective survival of stem cells. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the interaction between stem cells and endometrial cells in vivo remains poorly understood, and there is a lack of suitable in vitro models for studying these problems. Here, we designed an extracellular matrix (ECM)-adhesion mimic hydrogel for intrauterine administration, which was more effective than direct injection in treating IUAs. Additionally, we analyzed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and confirmed that the activation of endometrial epithelial stem cells is pivotal. Our findings demonstrated that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) secrete WNT7A to activate endometrial epithelial stem cells, thereby accelerating regeneration of the endometrial epithelium. Concurrently, under transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) stimulation secreted by the EMT epithelium, UC-MSCs upregulate E-cadherin while partially implanting into the endometrial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbo Liu
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qin Lin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shaolei Shen
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaorui Xie
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yin Long
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shanghai Drugability Biomass Product Evaluation Professional Public Service Platform, Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Abady MM, Saadeldin IM, Han A, Bang S, Kang H, Seok DW, Kwon HJ, Cho J, Jeong JS. Melatonin and resveratrol alleviate molecular and metabolic toxicity induced by Bisphenol A in endometrial organoids. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108628. [PMID: 38848930 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a widespread environmental contaminant, poses concerns due to its disruptive effects on physiological functions of the uterine endometrium. In contrast, melatonin (MT) and Resveratrol (RSV) are under scrutiny for their potential protective roles against BPA-induced damage. For the efficacy and ethical concerns in the animal test, endometrial organoids, three-dimensional models mimicking endometrium, serve as crucial tools for unraveling the impact of environmental factors on reproductive health. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the morphological, molecular and metabolic responses of porcine endometrial organoids to BPA and assess the potential protective effects of MT and RSV. Porcine uteri were prepared, digested with collagenase, mixed with Matrigel, and incubated at 38°C with 5 % CO2. Passaging involved dissociation through trypsin-EDTA treatment and subculturing. The culture medium was refreshed every 2-3 days. To investigate the environmental impact on reproductive health, endometrial organoids were treated with BPA (0.5 µM), MT (with/without BPA at 0.1 µM), and/or RSV (10 µM). Various molecular screening using gene expression, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and metabolites profiling were assessed the effects of BPA, MT, and RSV in terms of cell viability, morphology, reproductivity, and metabolism alteration in the endometrial organoids. As expected, BPA induced structural and molecular disruptions in organoids, affecting cytoskeletal proteins, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and epithelial/mesenchymal markers. It triggered oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways, altered miRNA expression, and disrupted the endocannabinoid system. The level of glucose, galactose, and essential amino acids were increased or decreased by approximately 1.5-3 times in BPA-treated groups compared to the control groups (p-value < 0.05), indicating metabolic changes. Moreover, MT and RSV treated groups exhibited protective effects, mitigating BPA-induced disruptions across multiple pathways. For the first time, our study models endometrial organoids, advancing understanding of environmental impacts on reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Abady
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Islam M Saadeldin
- Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayeong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggyu Bang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Seok
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kwon
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Seon Jeong
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Bouzid K, Bourdon M, Bartkowski R, Verbanck M, Chapron C, Marcellin L, Batteux F, Santulli P, Doridot L. Menstrual Blood Donation for Endometriosis Research: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Women's Willingness and Potential Barriers. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:1617-1625. [PMID: 38418666 PMCID: PMC11111534 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
An anonymous online survey in French was used to assess if endometriosis patients would be as ready as unaffected women to donate their menstrual blood for biological research on endometriosis and evaluate potential barriers to such donation. It was distributed in September 2022 by social media and two mailing lists, including a French patient organization. The questionnaire assessed participant age and brief medical history (hormonal contraception, endometriosis diagnosis, type of endometriosis), menstrual experience (menstrual blood abundance, dysmenorrhea), and whether participants would donate menstrual blood. Women who self-declared with an established endometriosis diagnosis versus no endometriosis were compared. Seven hundred seventy-eight women answered the survey. Among women with menstruation (n = 568), 78% are willing to donate menstrual blood for research. Importantly, this proportion was higher in women who declared having an established endometriosis diagnosis (83%, n = 299) compared to self-declared unaffected women (68%, n = 134, p < 0.001). The previous use of a menstrual cup and dysmenorrhea were significantly associated with the willingness to donate menstrual blood, while the use of hormonal contraception was significantly associated with an unwillingness to donate. Only the previous use of the menstrual cup had a predictive value for menstrual blood donation. No significant relationship was observed between menstrual blood donation and age, heavy menstrual bleeding and in endometriosis patients, endometriosis subtypes. In conclusion, women affected or not by endometriosis are largely willing to donate their menstrual blood for research on endometriosis, dysmenorrhea is not a barrier for donation, and women who use a menstrual cup are the more likely to donate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheira Bouzid
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bourdon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
- Département de Gynécologie, Obstétrique Et Médecine de La Reproduction, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Roxane Bartkowski
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marie Verbanck
- UR 7537 - BioSTM Biostatistique, Traitement et Modélisation des données Biologiques, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, F-75270, Paris, France
| | - Charles Chapron
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
- Département de Gynécologie, Obstétrique Et Médecine de La Reproduction, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Louis Marcellin
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
- Département de Gynécologie, Obstétrique Et Médecine de La Reproduction, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Batteux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pietro Santulli
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
- Département de Gynécologie, Obstétrique Et Médecine de La Reproduction, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Doridot
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
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Saadeldin IM, Ehab S, Noreldin AE, Swelum AAA, Bang S, Kim H, Yoon KY, Lee S, Cho J. Current strategies using 3D organoids to establish in vitro maternal-embryonic interaction. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e40. [PMID: 38834510 PMCID: PMC11156602 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The creation of robust maternal-embryonic interactions and implantation models is important for comprehending the early stages of embryonic development and reproductive disorders. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems often fail to accurately mimic the highly complex in vivo conditions. The employment of three-dimensional (3D) organoids has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations in recent years. The advancements in the field of organoid technology have opened new avenues for studying the physiology and diseases affecting female reproductive tract. OBSERVATIONS This review summarizes the current strategies and advancements in the field of 3D organoids to establish maternal-embryonic interaction and implantation models for use in research and personalized medicine in assisted reproductive technology. The concepts of endometrial organoids, menstrual blood flow organoids, placental trophoblast organoids, stem cell-derived blastoids, and in vitro-generated embryo models are discussed in detail. We show the incorportaion of organoid systems and microfluidic technology to enhance tissue performance and precise management of the cellular surroundings. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This review provides insights into the future direction of modeling maternal-embryonic interaction research and its combination with other powerful technologies to interfere with this dialogue either by promoting or hindering it for improving fertility or methods for contraception, respectively. The merging of organoid systems with microfluidics facilitates the creation of sophisticated and functional organoid models, enhancing insights into organ development, disease mechanisms, and personalized medical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mohamed Saadeldin
- Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seif Ehab
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 11341, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsayed Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, the Scientific Campus, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abdel-Aziz Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Seonggyu Bang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Division in Biomedical Art, Department of Fine Art, Incheon Catholic University Graduate School, Incheon 21986, Korea
| | - Ki Young Yoon
- Department of Companion Animal, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jongki Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Gerli MFM, Calà G, Beesley MA, Sina B, Tullie L, Sun KY, Panariello F, Michielin F, Davidson JR, Russo FM, Jones BC, Lee DDH, Savvidis S, Xenakis T, Simcock IC, Straatman-Iwanowska AA, Hirst RA, David AL, O'Callaghan C, Olivo A, Eaton S, Loukogeorgakis SP, Cacchiarelli D, Deprest J, Li VSW, Giobbe GG, De Coppi P. Single-cell guided prenatal derivation of primary fetal epithelial organoids from human amniotic and tracheal fluids. Nat Med 2024; 30:875-887. [PMID: 38438734 PMCID: PMC10957479 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Isolation of tissue-specific fetal stem cells and derivation of primary organoids is limited to samples obtained from termination of pregnancies, hampering prenatal investigation of fetal development and congenital diseases. Therefore, new patient-specific in vitro models are needed. To this aim, isolation and expansion of fetal stem cells during pregnancy, without the need for tissue samples or reprogramming, would be advantageous. Amniotic fluid (AF) is a source of cells from multiple developing organs. Using single-cell analysis, we characterized the cellular identities present in human AF. We identified and isolated viable epithelial stem/progenitor cells of fetal gastrointestinal, renal and pulmonary origin. Upon culture, these cells formed clonal epithelial organoids, manifesting small intestine, kidney tubule and lung identity. AF organoids exhibit transcriptomic, protein expression and functional features of their tissue of origin. With relevance for prenatal disease modeling, we derived lung organoids from AF and tracheal fluid cells of congenital diaphragmatic hernia fetuses, recapitulating some features of the disease. AF organoids are derived in a timeline compatible with prenatal intervention, potentially allowing investigation of therapeutic tools and regenerative medicine strategies personalized to the fetus at clinically relevant developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Francesco Maria Gerli
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Giuseppe Calà
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Max Arran Beesley
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Sina
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucinda Tullie
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kylin Yunyan Sun
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Panariello
- Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Federica Michielin
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph R Davidson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Maria Russo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brendan C Jones
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dani Do Hyang Lee
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Savvas Savvidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theodoros Xenakis
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian C Simcock
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Robert A Hirst
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anna L David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Eaton
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stavros P Loukogeorgakis
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
| | - Jan Deprest
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Paolo De Coppi
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Woman and Child and UZ Leuven Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Medical and Surgical Department of the Fetus, Newborn and Infant, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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Tian J, Yang J, Chen T, Yin Y, Li N, Li Y, Luo X, Dong E, Tan H, Ma Y, Li T. Generation of Human Endometrial Assembloids with a Luminal Epithelium using Air-Liquid Interface Culture Methods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301868. [PMID: 37635169 PMCID: PMC10602567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The endometrial lining of the uterus is essential for women's reproductive health and consists of several different types of epithelial and stromal cells. Although models such as gland-like structures (GLSs) and endometrial assembloids (EnAos) are successfully established, they lack an intact luminal epithelium, which makes it difficult to recapitulate endometrial receptivity. Here, a novel EnAo model (ALI-EnAo) is developed by combining endometrial epithelial cells (EnECs) and stromal cells (EnSCs) and using an improved matrix and air-liquid interface (ALI) culture method. ALI-EnAos exhibit intact EnSCs and glandular and luminal epithelia, which recapitulates human endometrium anatomy, cell composition, hormone-induced menstrual cycle changes, gene expression profiles, and dynamic ciliogenesis. The model suggests that EnSCs, together with the extracellular matrix and ALI culture conditions, contribute to EnAo phenotypes and characteristics reflective of the endometrial menstrual cycle. This enables to transcriptionally define endometrial cell subpopulations. It anticipates that ALI-EnAos will facilitate studies on embryo implantation, and endometrial growth, differentiation, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Department of Reproductive MedicineThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingYunnan650021China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
| | - Tingwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
| | - Yu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
| | - Yunxiu Li
- Department of Reproductive MedicineThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingYunnan650021China
| | - Xingyu Luo
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Department of Reproductive MedicineThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingYunnan650021China
| | - E Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
| | - Haoyang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Department of Reproductive MedicineThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingYunnan650021China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Department of Reproductive MedicineThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunmingYunnan650021China
| | - Tianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingYunnan650032China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical ResearchKunmingYunnan650500China
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8
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Hewitt SC, Dickson MJ, Edwards N, Hampton K, Garantziotis S, DeMayo FJ. From cup to dish: how to make and use endometrial organoid and stromal cultures derived from menstrual fluid. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1220622. [PMID: 37810883 PMCID: PMC10552259 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1220622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases impacting the female reproductive tract pose a critical health concern. The establishment of in vitro models to study primary endometrial cells is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that contribute to normal endometrial function and the origins of diseases. Established protocols for endometrial stromal cell culture have been in use for decades but recent advances in endometrial organoid culture have paved the way to allowing study of the roles of both epithelial and stromal endometrial cells in vitro. Due to inter-individual variability, primary cell cultures must be established from numerous persons. Generally, endometrial epithelial and stromal cells can be isolated from an endometrial biopsy, however, this is collected in a clinical setting by an invasive transcervical procedure. Our goal was to develop a non-invasive method for the isolation of paired endometrial epithelial organoids and stromal cells from menstrual fluid collected from individual women, based on recent reports describing the isolation of endometrial epithelial organoids or endometrial stromal cells from menstrual fluid. Participants recruited by the NIEHS Clinical Research Unit were provided with a menstrual cup and instructed to collect on the heaviest day of their menstrual period. Endometrial tissue fragments in the menstrual fluid samples were washed to remove blood, minced, and digested with proteinases. Following digestion, the solution was strained to separate epithelial fragments from stromal cells. Epithelial fragments were washed, resuspended in Matrigel, and plated for organoid formation. Stromal cells were separated from residual red blood cells using a Ficoll gradient and then plated in a flask. Once established, estrogen responsiveness of endometrial epithelial organoids was assessed and the decidual response of stromal cells was evaluated. Following treatments, qPCR was performed on organoids for genes induced by estradiol and on stromal cells for genes induced by decidualization. In this manner, the relative responsiveness of paired organoid and stroma cell cultures isolated from each woman could be assessed. In conclusion, we can isolate both epithelial and stromal cells from a single menstrual fluid sample, allowing us to establish organoids and cells in a paired manner. This protocol can greatly enhance our knowledge of the role of epithelial and stromal cells alone and in coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C. Hewitt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mackenzie J. Dickson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicole Edwards
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen Hampton
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
| | - Francesco J. DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Guo J, Zhou W, Sacco M, Downing P, Dimitriadis E, Zhao F. Using organoids to investigate human endometrial receptivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1158515. [PMID: 37693361 PMCID: PMC10484744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is only receptive to an implanting blastocyst in the mid-secretory phase of each menstrual cycle. Such time-dependent alterations in function require intricate interplay of various factors, largely coordinated by estrogen and progesterone. Abnormal endometrial receptivity is thought to contribute to two-thirds of the implantation failure in humans and therefore significantly hindering IVF success. Despite the incontrovertible importance of endometrial receptivity in implantation, the precise mechanisms involved in the regulation of endometrial receptivity remain poorly defined. This is mainly due to a lack of proper in vitro models that recapitulate the in vivo environment of the receptive human endometrium. Organoids were recently established from human endometrium with promising features to better mimic the receptive phase. Endometrial organoids show long-term expandability and the capability to preserve the structural and functional characteristics of the endometrial tissue of origin. This three-dimensional model maintains a good responsiveness to steroid hormones in vitro and replicates key morphological features of the receptive endometrium in vivo, including pinopodes and pseudostratified epithelium. Here, we review the current findings of endometrial organoid studies that have been focused on investigating endometrial receptivity and place an emphasis on methods to further refine and improve this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michaela Sacco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Poppy Downing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Feifei Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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De Vriendt S, Casares CM, Rocha S, Vankelecom H. Matrix scaffolds for endometrium-derived organoid models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1240064. [PMID: 37635971 PMCID: PMC10450215 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1240064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The uterus-lining endometrium is essential to mammalian reproduction, receiving and accommodating the embryo for proper development. Despite its key role, mechanisms underlying endometrial biology (menstrual cycling, embryo interaction) and disease are not well understood. Its hidden location in the womb, and thereby-associated lack of suitable research models, contribute to this knowledge gap. Recently, 3D organoid models have been developed from both healthy and diseased endometrium. These organoids closely recapitulate the tissue's epithelium phenotype and (patho)biology, including in vitro reproduction of the menstrual cycle. Typically, organoids are grown in a scaffold made of surrogate tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), with mouse tumor basement membrane extracts being the most commonly used. However, important limitations apply including their lack of standardization and xeno-derivation which strongly hinder clinical translation. Therefore, researchers are actively seeking better alternatives including fully defined matrices for faithful and efficient growth of organoids. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art regarding matrix scaffolds to grow endometrium-derived organoids as well as more advanced organoid-based 3D models. We discuss remaining shortcomings and challenges to advance endometrial organoids toward defined and standardized tools for applications in basic research and translational/clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke De Vriendt
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Celia Mesias Casares
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susana Rocha
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Tindal K, Filby CE, Gargett CE, Cousins F, Palmer KR, Vollenhoven B, Davies-Tuck M. Endometrial Origins of Stillbirth (EOS), a case-control study of menstrual fluid to understand and prevent preterm stillbirth and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes: study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068919. [PMID: 37433731 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current research aimed at understanding and preventing stillbirth focuses almost exclusively on the role of the placenta. The underlying origins of poor placental function leading to stillbirth, however, remain poorly understood. There is evidence demonstrating that the endometrial environment in which the embryo implants impacts not only the establishment of pregnancy but also the development of some pregnancy outcomes. Menstrual fluid has recently been applied to the study of menstrual disorders such as heavy menstrual bleeding or endometriosis, however, it has great potential in the study of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to identify differences in menstrual fluid and menstrual cycle characteristics of women who have experienced preterm stillbirth and other associated adverse pregnancy outcomes, compared with those who have not. The association between menstrual fluid composition and menstrual cycle characteristics will also be determined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a case-control study of women who have experienced a late miscarriage, spontaneous preterm birth or preterm stillbirth or a pregnancy complicated by placental insufficiency (fetal growth restriction or pre-eclampsia), compared with those who have had a healthy term birth. Cases will be matched for maternal age, body mass index and gravidity. Participants will not currently be on hormonal therapy. Women will be provided with a menstrual cup and will collect their sample on day 2 of menstruation. Primary exposure measures include morphological and functional differences in decidualisation of the endometrium (cell types, immune cell subpopulations and protein composition secreted from the decidualised endometrium). Women will complete a menstrual history survey to capture menstrual cycle length, regularity, level of pain and heaviness of flow. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (27900) on 14/07/2021 and will be conducted in accordance with these conditions. Findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Tindal
- The Ritchie Centre at Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caitlin E Filby
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline E Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre at Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre at Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten Rebecca Palmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University Women's Health Research Program, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beverley Vollenhoven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University Women's Health Research Program, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre at Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Haider S, Beristain AG. Human organoid systems in modeling reproductive tissue development, function, and disease. Hum Reprod 2023:7147082. [PMID: 37119533 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research focused on human reproductive biology has primarily relied upon clinical samples affording mainly descriptive studies with limited implementation of functional or mechanistic understanding. More importantly, restricted access to human embryonic material has necessitated the use of animals, primarily rats and mice, and short-term primary cell cultures derived from human patient material. While reproductive developmental processes are generally conserved across mammals, specific features unique to human reproduction have resulted in the development of human-based in vitro systems designed to retain or recapitulate key molecular and cellular processes important in humans. Of note, major advances in 3D epithelial stem cell-based systems modeling human reproductive organ development have been made. These cultures, broadly referred to as organoids, enable research aimed at understanding cellular hierarchies and processes controlling cellular differentiation and function. Moreover, organoids allow the pre-clinical testing of pharmacological substances, both from safety and efficacy standpoints, and hold large potential in driving aspects of personalized medicine that were previously not possible with traditional models. In this mini-review, we focus on summarizing the current state of regenerative organoid culture systems of the female and male reproductive tracts that model organ development, maintenance, and function. Specifically, we will introduce stem cell-based organoid models of the ovary/fallopian tube, endometrium, cervix, prostate gland, and testes. We will also describe organoid systems of the pre-implanting blastocyst and trophoblast, as the blastocyst and its extraembryonic trophectoderm are central to fetal, maternal, and overall pregnancy health. We describe the foundational studies leading to their development and outline the utility as well as specific limitations that are unique and common to many of these in vitro platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander G Beristain
- The British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. The human placenta: new perspectives on its formation and function during early pregnancy. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230191. [PMID: 37072047 PMCID: PMC10113033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta has evolved to support the development of the embryo and fetus during the different intrauterine periods of life. By necessity, its development must precede that of the embryo. There is now evidence that during embryogenesis and organogenesis, the development of the human placenta is supported by histotrophic nutrition secreted from endometrial glands rather than maternal blood. These secretions provide a plentiful supply of glucose, lipids, glycoproteins and growth factors that stimulate rapid proliferation and differentiation of the villous trophoblast. Furthermore, evidence from endometrial gland organoids indicates that expression and secretion of these products are upregulated following sequential exposure to oestrogen, progesterone and trophoblastic and decidual hormones, in particular prolactin. Hence, a feed-forward signalling dialogue is proposed among the trophoblast, decidua and glands that enables the placenta to stimulate its own development, independent of that of the embryo. Many common complications of pregnancy represent a spectrum of disorders associated with deficient trophoblast proliferation. Increasing evidence suggests that this spectrum is mirrored by one of impaired decidualization, potentially compromising histotroph secretion through diminished prolactin secretion and reduced gland function. Optimizing endometrial wellbeing prior to conception may therefore help to prevent common pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, growth restriction and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Jauniaux
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Cousins FL, McKinnon BD, Mortlock S, Fitzgerald HC, Zhang C, Montgomery GW, Gargett CE. New concepts on the etiology of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:1090-1105. [PMID: 36746607 PMCID: PMC10946875 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a serious, chronic disorder where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing severe pelvic pain and infertility. It affects 11% of women. Endometriosis is a multifactorial disorder of unclear etiology, although retrograde menstruation plays a major role. It has a genetic component with over 40 genetic risk factors mapped, although their mechanism of action is still emerging. New evidence suggests a role for retrograde menstruation of endometrial stem/progenitor cells, now that identifying markers of these cells are available. Recent lineage tracing and tissue clearing microscopy and 3D reconstruction has provided new understanding of endometrial glandular structure, particularly the horizontal orientation and interconnection of basalis glands. New sequencing technologies, particularly whole genome DNA sequencing are revealing somatic mutations, including in cancer driver genes, in normal and eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis, as well as ectopic endometriotic lesions. Methylome sequencing is offering insight into the regulation of genes and the role of the environmental factors. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals the transcriptome of individual endometrial cells, shedding new light on the diversity and range of cellular subpopulations of the major cell types present in the endometrium and in endometriotic lesions. New endometrial epithelial organoid cultures replicating glandular epithelium are providing tractable models for studying endometriosis. Organoids derived from menstrual fluid offer a non-invasive source of endometrial tissue and a new avenue for testing drugs and developing personalized medicine for treating endometriosis. These new approaches are rapidly advancing our understanding of endometriosis etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Cousins
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Brett D. McKinnon
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Sally Mortlock
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Harriet C. Fitzgerald
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie CentreHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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15
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Fonseca MAS, Haro M, Wright KN, Lin X, Abbasi F, Sun J, Hernandez L, Orr NL, Hong J, Choi-Kuaea Y, Maluf HM, Balzer BL, Fishburn A, Hickey R, Cass I, Goodridge HS, Truong M, Wang Y, Pisarska MD, Dinh HQ, El-Naggar A, Huntsman DG, Anglesio MS, Goodman MT, Medeiros F, Siedhoff M, Lawrenson K. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of endometriosis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:255-267. [PMID: 36624343 PMCID: PMC10950360 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common condition in women that causes chronic pain and infertility and is associated with an elevated risk of ovarian cancer. We profiled transcriptomes of >370,000 individual cells from endometriomas (n = 8), endometriosis (n = 28), eutopic endometrium (n = 10), unaffected ovary (n = 4) and endometriosis-free peritoneum (n = 4), generating a cellular atlas of endometrial-type epithelial cells, stromal cells and microenvironmental cell populations across tissue sites. Cellular and molecular signatures of endometrial-type epithelium and stroma differed across tissue types, suggesting a role for cellular restructuring and transcriptional reprogramming in the disease. Epithelium, stroma and proximal mesothelial cells of endometriomas showed dysregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways and upregulation of complement proteins. Somatic ARID1A mutation in epithelial cells was associated with upregulation of pro-angiogenic and pro-lymphangiogenic factors and remodeling of the endothelial cell compartment, with enrichment of lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, signatures of ciliated epithelial cells were enriched in ovarian cancers, reinforcing epidemiologic associations between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A S Fonseca
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcela Haro
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly N Wright
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianzhi Lin
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Forough Abbasi
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Sun
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lourdes Hernandez
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha L Orr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jooyoon Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yunhee Choi-Kuaea
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Horacio M Maluf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie L Balzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Fishburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Hickey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilana Cass
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mireille Truong
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yemin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Margareta D Pisarska
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huy Q Dinh
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amal El-Naggar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, and Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Anglesio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia's Gynecological Cancer Research (OVCARE) Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, and BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabiola Medeiros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Siedhoff
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Women's Cancer Research Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Calà G, Sina B, De Coppi P, Giobbe GG, Gerli MFM. Primary human organoids models: Current progress and key milestones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1058970. [PMID: 36959902 PMCID: PMC10029057 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1058970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 10 years the world has experienced enormous progress in the organoids field. Human organoids have shown huge potential to study organ development, homeostasis and to model diseases in vitro. The organoid technology has been widely and increasingly applied to generate patient-specific in vitro 3D cultures, starting from both primary and reprogrammed stem/progenitor cells. This has consequently fostered the development of innovative disease models and new regenerative therapies. Human primary, or adult stem/progenitor cell-derived, organoids can be derived from both healthy and pathological primary tissue samples spanning from fetal to adult age. The resulting 3D culture can be maintained for several months and even years, while retaining and resembling its original tissue's properties. As the potential of this technology expands, new approaches are emerging to further improve organoid applications in biology and medicine. This review discusses the main organs and tissues which, as of today, have been modelled in vitro using primary organoid culture systems. Moreover, we also discuss the advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of primary human organoids in the fields of developmental biology, disease modelling, drug testing and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calà
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice Sina
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe, ; Mattia Francesco Maria Gerli,
| | - Mattia Francesco Maria Gerli
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe, ; Mattia Francesco Maria Gerli,
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17
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Abstract
Each month during a woman's reproductive years, the endometrium undergoes vast changes to prepare for a potential pregnancy. Diseases of the endometrium arise for numerous reasons, many of which remain unknown. These endometrial diseases, including endometriosis, adenomyosis, endometrial cancer and Asherman syndrome, affect many women, with an overall lack of efficient or permanent treatment solutions. The challenge lies in understanding the complexity of the endometrium and the extensive changes, orchestrated by ovarian hormones, that occur in multiple cell types over the period of the menstrual cycle. Appropriate model systems that closely mimic the architecture and function of the endometrium and its diseases are needed. The emergence of organoid technology using human cells is enabling a revolution in modelling the endometrium in vitro. The goal of this Review is to provide a focused reference for new models to study the diseases of the endometrium. We provide perspectives on the power of new and emerging models, from organoids to microfluidics, which have opened up a new frontier for studying endometrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina R Murphy
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hannes Campo
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Tsolova AO, Aguilar RM, Maybin JA, Critchley HOD. Pre-clinical models to study abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104238. [PMID: 36081283 PMCID: PMC9465267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a common debilitating condition that significantly reduces quality of life of women across the reproductive age span. AUB creates significant morbidity, medical, social, and economic problems for women, their families, workplace, and health services. Despite the profoundly negative effects of AUB on public health, advancement in understanding the pathophysiology of AUB and the discovery of novel effective therapies is slow due to lack of reliable pre-clinical models. This review discusses currently available laboratory-based pre-clinical scientific models and how they are used to study AUB. Human and animal in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models will be described along with advantages and limitations of each method.
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19
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Marron K, Harrity C. Potential utility of a non-invasive menstrual blood immunophenotype analysis in reproductive medicine. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:RAF-22-0047. [PMID: 36173705 PMCID: PMC9641796 DOI: 10.1530/raf-22-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Can a comprehensive flow cytometry panel be used to assess immunophenotype profiles in menstrual blood of patients experiencing reproductive failure and age matched controls of proven fertility? Methods 58 recurrent pregnancy loss and repeated implantation failure patients, along with 15 age matched controls of proven fertility, had menstrual blood samples obtained within the first 24 hours of the onset of menstruation to non-invasively assess the local immunophenotype. Using a comprehensive multi-parameter flow panel the lymphocyte sub-populations were described and compared. Results Relative to well established peripheral blood immunophenotyping values, distinct lymphocyte population differences were noted between the subgroups. The ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were inverted relative to peripheral blood and uterine NK cells represented by CD56bright were distinctly visualised, emphasising the distinction of menstrual and peripheral blood. Relative to controls there were marked increases in CD3+ve T-cells (p=0.009), CD4:CD8 ratio (p=0.004), CD19 B-cells (p=0.026) and CD56dim NK's (p=0.002) in the reproductive failure cases. Conclusions Flow cytometric evaluation can provide a rapid and objective analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in many forms of tissue and fluid. The findings show significant variations in cellular composition of immune cells indicating a distinct compartment, with differences between cases and controls. Immunological assessment of the menstrual blood immunophenotype, in clinically appropriate patients, may provide insight into the aetiology of adverse reproductive outcome, without the risks and inconveniences associated with a more invasive endometrial biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor Harrity
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Tan Y, Flynn WF, Sivajothi S, Luo D, Bozal SB, Davé M, Luciano AA, Robson P, Luciano DE, Courtois ET. Single-cell analysis of endometriosis reveals a coordinated transcriptional programme driving immunotolerance and angiogenesis across eutopic and ectopic tissues. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1306-1318. [PMID: 35864314 PMCID: PMC9901845 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. It affects many women during their reproductive age, causing years of pelvic pain and potential infertility. Its pathophysiology remains largely unknown, which limits early diagnosis and treatment. We characterized peritoneal and ovarian lesions at single-cell transcriptome resolution and compared them to matched eutopic endometrium, unaffected endometrium and organoids derived from these tissues, generating data on over 122,000 cells across 14 individuals. We spatially localized many of the cell types using imaging mass cytometry. We identify a perivascular mural cell specific to the peritoneal lesions, with dual roles in angiogenesis promotion and immune cell trafficking. We define an immunotolerant peritoneal niche, fundamental differences in eutopic endometrium and between lesion microenvironments and an unreported progenitor-like epithelial cell subpopulation. Altogether, this study provides a holistic view of the endometriosis microenvironment that represents a comprehensive cell atlas of the disease in individuals undergoing hormonal treatment, providing essential information for future therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Tan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | - William F. Flynn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | | | - Diane Luo
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | - Suleyman B. Bozal
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | - Monica Davé
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | - Anthony A. Luciano
- Obstetrics and Gynecology at University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA 06032
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Corresponding authors
| | - Danielle E. Luciano
- Obstetrics and Gynecology at University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Corresponding authors
| | - Elise T. Courtois
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA 06032,Corresponding authors
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21
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Modeling Endometrium Biology and Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071048. [PMID: 35887546 PMCID: PMC9316888 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endometrium, lining the uterine lumen, is highly essential for human reproduction. Its exceptional remodeling plasticity, including the transformation process to welcome and nest the embryo, is not well understood. Lack of representative and reliable study models allowing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying endometrium development and biology to be deciphered is an important hurdle to progress in the field. Recently, powerful organoid models have been developed that not only recapitulate endometrial biology such as the menstrual cycle, but also faithfully reproduce diseases of the endometrium such as endometriosis. Moreover, single-cell profiling endeavors of the endometrium in health and disease, and of derived organoids, start to provide deeper insight into cellular complexity and expression specificities, and in resulting tissue processes. This granular portrayal will not only help in understanding endometrium biology and disease, but also in pinning down the tissue’s stem cells, at present not yet conclusively defined. Here, we provide a general overview of endometrium development and biology, and the efforts of modeling both the healthy tissue, as well as its key diseased form of endometriosis. The future of modeling and deciphering this key tissue, hidden inside the womb, looks bright.
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22
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Marečková M, Massalha H, Lorenzi V, Vento-Tormo R. Mapping Human Reproduction with Single-Cell Genomics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:523-547. [PMID: 35567278 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120121-114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The trillions of cells in the human body develop as a result of the fusion of two extremely specialized cells: an oocyte and a sperm. This process is essential for the continuation of our species, as it ensures that parental genetic information is mixed and passed on from generation to generation. In addition to producing oocytes, the female reproductive system must provide the environment for the appropriate development of the fetus until birth. New genomic and computational tools offer unique opportunities to study the tight spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms that are required for the cycle of human reproduction. This review explores how single-cell technologies have been used to build cellular atlases of the human reproductive system across the life span and how these maps have proven useful to better understand reproductive pathologies and dissect the heterogeneity of in vitro model systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Marečková
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; .,Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
| | - Hassan Massalha
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom; .,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Thompson RE, Bouma GJ, Hollinshead FK. The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles and Organoid Models in Female Reproductive Physiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063186. [PMID: 35328607 PMCID: PMC8954697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture model systems that can recapitulate the anatomy and physiology of reproductive organs, such as three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture systems, limit the cost and welfare concerns associated with a research animal colony and provide alternative approaches to study specific processes in humans and animals. These 3D models facilitate a greater understanding of the physiological role of individual cell types and their interactions than can be accomplished with traditional monolayer culture systems. Furthermore, 3D culture systems allow for the examination of specific cellular, molecular, or hormonal interactions, without confounding factors that occur with in vivo models, and provide a powerful approach to study physiological and pathological reproductive conditions. The goal of this paper is to review and compare organoid culture systems to other in vitro cell culture models, currently used to study female reproductive physiology, with an emphasis on the role of extracellular vesicle interactions. The critical role of extracellular vesicles for intercellular communication in physiological processes, including reproduction, has been well documented, and an overview of the roles of extracellular vesicles in organoid systems will be provided. Finally, we will propose future directions for understanding the role of extracellular vesicles in normal and pathological conditions of reproductive organs, utilizing 3D organoid culture systems.
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24
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Lou L, Kong S, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Wang H. Human Endometrial Organoids: Recent Research Progress and Potential Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:844623. [PMID: 35242764 PMCID: PMC8885623 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.844623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture cannot meet the demand of simulating physiological conditions in vivo, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been developed. To date, most of these systems have been applied for the culture of gastrointestinal and neural tissue. As for the female reproductive system, the culture of endometrial and oviductal tissues in Matrigel has also been performed, but there are still some problems that remain unsolved. This review highlights recent progress regarding endometrial organoids, focusing on the signal for organoid derivation and maintenance, the coculture of the epithelium and stroma, the drug screening using organoids from cancer patients, and provides a potential guideline for genome editing in endometrial organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Lou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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25
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Cousins FL, Filby CE, Gargett CE. Endometrial Stem/Progenitor Cells–Their Role in Endometrial Repair and Regeneration. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 3:811537. [PMID: 36304009 PMCID: PMC9580754 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.811537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a remarkable tissue, undergoing ~450 cycles of proliferation, differentiation, shedding (menstruation), repair, and regeneration over a woman's reproductive lifespan. Post-menstrual repair is an extremely rapid and scar-free process, with re-epithelialization of the luminal epithelium completed within 48 h of initiation of shedding. Following menstruation, the functionalis grows from the residual basalis layer during the proliferative phase under the influence of rising circulating estrogen levels. The regenerative capacity of the endometrium is attributed to stem/progenitor cells which reside in both the epithelial and stromal cell compartments of the basalis layer. Finding a definitive marker for endometrial epithelial progenitors (eEPCs) has proven difficult. A number of different markers have been suggested as putative progenitor markers including, N-cadherin, SSEA-1, AXIN2, SOX-9 and ALDH1A1, some of which show functional stem cell activity in in vitro assays. Each marker has a unique location(s) in the glandular epithelium, which has led to the suggestion that a differentiation hierarchy exists, from the base of epithelial glands in the basalis to the luminal epithelium lining the functionalis, where epithelial cells express different combinations of markers as they differentiate and move up the gland into the functionalis away from the basalis niche. Perivascular endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) can be identified by co-expression of PDGFRβ and CD146 or by a single marker, SUSD2. This review will detail the known endometrial stem/progenitor markers; their identity, location and known interactions and hierarchy across the menstrual cycle, in particular post-menstrual repair and estrogen-driven regeneration, as well as their possible contributions to menstruation-related disorders such as endometriosis and regeneration-related disorder Asherman's syndrome. We will also highlight new techniques that allow for a greater understanding of stem/progenitor cells' role in repair and regeneration, including 3D organoids, 3D slice cultures and gene sequencing at the single cell level. Since mouse models are commonly used to study menstruation, repair and regeneration we will also detail the mouse stem/progenitor markers that have been investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Fiona L. Cousins
| | - Caitlin E. Filby
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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26
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Emerging in vitro platforms and omics technologies for studying the endometrium and early embryo-maternal interface in humans. Placenta 2022; 125:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Francés-Herrero E, Lopez R, Hellström M, de Miguel-Gómez L, Herraiz S, Brännström M, Pellicer A, Cervelló I. OUP accepted manuscript. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:798-837. [PMID: 35652272 PMCID: PMC9629485 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide the optimal milieu for implantation and fetal development, the female reproductive system must orchestrate uterine dynamics with the appropriate hormones produced by the ovaries. Mature oocytes may be fertilized in the fallopian tubes, and the resulting zygote is transported toward the uterus, where it can implant and continue developing. The cervix acts as a physical barrier to protect the fetus throughout pregnancy, and the vagina acts as a birth canal (involving uterine and cervix mechanisms) and facilitates copulation. Fertility can be compromised by pathologies that affect any of these organs or processes, and therefore, being able to accurately model them or restore their function is of paramount importance in applied and translational research. However, innate differences in human and animal model reproductive tracts, and the static nature of 2D cell/tissue culture techniques, necessitate continued research and development of dynamic and more complex in vitro platforms, ex vivo approaches and in vivo therapies to study and support reproductive biology. To meet this need, bioengineering is propelling the research on female reproduction into a new dimension through a wide range of potential applications and preclinical models, and the burgeoning number and variety of studies makes for a rapidly changing state of the field. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence on bioengineering strategies, platforms and therapies currently available and under development in the context of female reproductive medicine, in order to further understand female reproductive biology and provide new options for fertility restoration. Specifically, techniques used in, or for, the uterus (endometrium and myometrium), ovary, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina will be discussed. SEARCH METHODS A systematic search of full-text articles available in PubMed and Embase databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published between January 2000 and September 2021. The search terms included: bioengineering, reproduction, artificial, biomaterial, microfluidic, bioprinting, organoid, hydrogel, scaffold, uterus, endometrium, ovary, fallopian tubes, oviduct, cervix, vagina, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, chlamydia, Asherman’s syndrome, intrauterine adhesions, uterine polyps, polycystic ovary syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency. Additional studies were identified by manually searching the references of the selected articles and of complementary reviews. Eligibility criteria included original, rigorous and accessible peer-reviewed work, published in English, on female reproductive bioengineering techniques in preclinical (in vitro/in vivo/ex vivo) and/or clinical testing phases. OUTCOMES Out of the 10 390 records identified, 312 studies were included for systematic review. Owing to inconsistencies in the study measurements and designs, the findings were assessed qualitatively rather than by meta-analysis. Hydrogels and scaffolds were commonly applied in various bioengineering-related studies of the female reproductive tract. Emerging technologies, such as organoids and bioprinting, offered personalized diagnoses and alternative treatment options, respectively. Promising microfluidic systems combining various bioengineering approaches have also shown translational value. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The complexity of the molecular, endocrine and tissue-level interactions regulating female reproduction present challenges for bioengineering approaches to replace female reproductive organs. However, interdisciplinary work is providing valuable insight into the physicochemical properties necessary for reproductive biological processes to occur. Defining the landscape of reproductive bioengineering technologies currently available and under development for women can provide alternative models for toxicology/drug testing, ex vivo fertility options, clinical therapies and a basis for future organ regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mats Hellström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lucía de Miguel-Gómez
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación IVI, IVI-RMA Global, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Herraiz
- Fundación IVI, IVI-RMA Global, Valencia, Spain
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mats Brännström
- Laboratory for Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Stockholm IVF-EUGIN, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVI Roma Parioli, IVI-RMA Global, Rome, Italy
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28
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Burton GJ, Turco MY. Joan Hunt Senior award lecture: New tools to shed light on the 'black box' of pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 125:54-60. [PMID: 34952691 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Correct establishment of the placenta is critical to the success of a pregnancy, but many of the key events take place during or shortly after implantation and are inaccessible for study. This inaccessibility, coupled with the lack of a suitable preclinical animal model, means that knowledge of human early placental development and function is extremely limited. Hence, the first trimester is often referred to as the 'black box' of pregnancy. However, recent advances in the derivation of trophoblast stem cells and organoid cultures of the trophoblast and endometrium are opening new opportunities for basic and translational research, providing for the first time cells that faithfully replicate their tissue of origin and proliferate and differentiate in culture in a stable and reproducible manner. These cells are valuable new tools for investigating cell-lineage differentiation and maternal-fetal interactions, but become even more powerful when combined with advances in bioengineering, microfabrication and microfluidic technologies. Assembloids of the endometrium comprising various cell types as model systems to investigate events at implantation, and placentas-on-a-chip for the study of nutrient transfer or drug screening are just two examples. This is a rapidly advancing field that may usher in more personalised approaches to infertility and pregnancy complications. Many of the developments are still at the proof-of-principle phase, but with continued refinement they are likely to shed important light on events that are fundamental to our reproduction as individuals and as a species, yet for ethical reasons are hidden from view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Margherita Y Turco
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Comparison of Organoids from Menstrual Fluid and Hormone-Treated Endometrium: Novel Tools for Gynecological Research. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121314. [PMID: 34945786 PMCID: PMC8707872 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial organoids (EMO) are an important tool for gynecological research but have been limited by generation from (1) invasively acquired tissues and thus advanced disease states and (2) from women who are not taking hormones, thus excluding 50% of the female reproductive-aged population. We sought to overcome these limitations by generating organoids from (1) menstrual fluid (MF; MFO) using a method that enables the concurrent isolation of menstrual fluid supernatant, stromal cells, and leukocytes and (2) from biopsies and hysterectomy samples from women taking hormonal medication (EMO-H). MF was collected in a menstrual cup for 4–6 h on day 2 of menstruation. Biopsies and hysterectomies were obtained during laparoscopic surgery. Organoids were generated from all sample types, with MFO and EMO-H showing similar cell proliferation rates, proportion and localization of the endometrial basalis epithelial marker, Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1), and gene expression profiles. Organoids from different disease states showed the moderate clustering of epithelial secretory and androgen receptor signaling genes. Thus, MFO and EMO-H are novel organoids that share similar features to EMO but with the advantage of (1) MFO being obtained non-invasively and (2) EMO-H being obtained from 50% of the women who are not currently being studied through standard methods. Thus, MFO and EMO-H are likely to prove to be invaluable tools for gynecological research, enabling the population-wide assessment of endometrial health and personalized medicine.
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30
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Abstract
Uniquely among adult tissues, the human endometrium undergoes cyclical shedding, scar-free repair and regeneration during a woman's reproductive life. Therefore, it presents an outstanding model for study of such processes. This Review examines what is known of endometrial repair and regeneration following menstruation and parturition, including comparisons with wound repair and the influence of menstrual fluid components. We also discuss the contribution of endometrial stem/progenitor cells to endometrial regeneration, including the importance of the stem cell niche and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Finally, we comment on the value of endometrial epithelial organoids to extend our understanding of endometrial development and regeneration, as well as therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Hutchison
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Caroline E Gargett
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 25-31 Wright St, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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31
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Sartini S, Soragni A. Cervical organoids go viral. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1337-1338. [PMID: 34358436 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Lõhmussaar et al. (2021) describe a versatile platform for generating long-term patient-derived organoids from hysterectomies and Pap brush cells. They establish malignant and benign cervix tissue organoids from both endo- and ectocervix that have applications ranging from precision medicine to infection modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sartini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice Soragni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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32
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Garcia-Alonso L, Handfield LF, Roberts K, Nikolakopoulou K, Fernando RC, Gardner L, Woodhams B, Arutyunyan A, Polanski K, Hoo R, Sancho-Serra C, Li T, Kwakwa K, Tuck E, Lorenzi V, Massalha H, Prete M, Kleshchevnikov V, Tarkowska A, Porter T, Mazzeo CI, van Dongen S, Dabrowska M, Vaskivskyi V, Mahbubani KT, Park JE, Jimenez-Linan M, Campos L, Kiselev VY, Lindskog C, Ayuk P, Prigmore E, Stratton MR, Saeb-Parsy K, Moffett A, Moore L, Bayraktar OA, Teichmann SA, Turco MY, Vento-Tormo R. Mapping the temporal and spatial dynamics of the human endometrium in vivo and in vitro. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1698-1711. [PMID: 34857954 PMCID: PMC8648563 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The endometrium, the mucosal lining of the uterus, undergoes dynamic changes throughout the menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones. We have generated dense single-cell and spatial reference maps of the human uterus and three-dimensional endometrial organoid cultures. We dissect the signaling pathways that determine cell fate of the epithelial lineages in the lumenal and glandular microenvironments. Our benchmark of the endometrial organoids reveals the pathways and cell states regulating differentiation of the secretory and ciliated lineages both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro downregulation of WNT or NOTCH pathways increases the differentiation efficiency along the secretory and ciliated lineages, respectively. We utilize our cellular maps to deconvolute bulk data from endometrial cancers and endometriotic lesions, illuminating the cell types dominating in each of these disorders. These mechanistic insights provide a platform for future development of treatments for common conditions including endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Garcia-Alonso
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kenny Roberts
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantina Nikolakopoulou
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.482245.d0000 0001 2110 3787Present Address: Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ridma C. Fernando
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.482245.d0000 0001 2110 3787Present Address: Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Gardner
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin Woodhams
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Anna Arutyunyan
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Regina Hoo
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tong Li
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Tuck
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hassan Massalha
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Prete
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Tarryn Porter
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stijn van Dongen
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Monika Dabrowska
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vasyl Vaskivskyi
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krishnaa T. Mahbubani
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.454369.9Cambridge Biorepository for Translational Medicine (CBTM), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jong-eun Park
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mercedes Jimenez-Linan
- grid.24029.3d0000 0004 0383 8386Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lia Campos
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Lindskog
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Ayuk
- grid.420004.20000 0004 0444 2244Department of Women’s Services, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Prigmore
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- grid.454369.9Cambridge Biorepository for Translational Medicine (CBTM), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luiza Moore
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.24029.3d0000 0004 0383 8386Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Omer A. Bayraktar
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margherita Y. Turco
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.482245.d0000 0001 2110 3787Present Address: Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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