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Wang H, Martinez Yus M, Brady T, Choi R, Nandakumar K, Smith L, Jang R, Wodu BP, Almodiel JD, Stoddart L, Kim DH, Steppan J, Santhanam L. Sex differences and role of lysyl oxidase-like 2 in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H642-H659. [PMID: 39028284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00110.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension, a disease with known sexual dimorphism, accelerates aging-associated arterial stiffening, partly because of the activation of matrix remodeling caused by increased biomechanical load. In this study, we tested the effect of biological sex and the role of the matrix remodeling enzyme lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) in hypertension-induced arterial stiffening. Hypertension was induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion via osmotic minipumps in 12- to 14-wk-old male and female mice. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured noninvasively. Wire myography and uniaxial tensile testing were used to test aortic vasoreactivity and mechanical properties. Aortic wall composition was examined by histology and Western blotting. Uniaxial stretch of cultured cells was used to evaluate the effect of biomechanical strain. LOXL2's catalytic function was examined using knockout and inhibition. ANG II infusion-induced hypertension in both genotypes and sexes. Wild-type (WT) males exhibited arterial stiffening in vivo and ex vivo. Aortic remodeling with increased wall thickness, intralamellar distance, higher LOXL2, and collagen I and IV content was noted in WT males. Female mice did not exhibit increased PWV despite the onset of hypertension. LOXL2 depletion improved vascular reactivity and mechanics in hypertensive males. LOXL2 depletion improved aortic mechanics but worsened hypercontractility in females. Hypertensive cyclic strain contributed to LOXL2 upregulation in the cell-derived matrix in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) but not endothelial cells. LOXL2's catalytic function facilitated VSMC alignment in response to biomechanical strain. In conclusion, in males, arterial stiffening in hypertension is driven both by VSMC response and matrix remodeling. Females are protected from PWV elevation in hypertension. LOXL2 depletion is protective in males with improved mechanical and functional aortic properties. VSMCs are the primary source of LOXL2 in the aorta, and hypertension increases LOXL2 processing and shifts to collagen I accumulation. Overall, LOXL2 depletion offers protection in young hypertensive males and females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the effect of sex on the evolution of angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension and the role of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), an enzyme that catalyzes matrix cross linking. While ANG II led to hypertension and worsening vascular reactivity in both sexes, aortic remodeling and stiffening occurred only in males. LOXL2 depletion improved outcomes in males but not females. Thus males and females exhibit a distinct etiology of hypertension and LOXL2 is an effective target in males.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Angiotensin II
- Male
- Female
- Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Vascular Stiffness
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Sex Factors
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Cells, Cultured
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Travis Brady
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rira Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Logan Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rosie Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Bulouere Princess Wodu
- Department of Biology, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jose Diego Almodiel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Laila Stoddart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Center for Microphysiological Systems, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Hayes ML, Garcia ET, Chun SO, Selke M. Crosslinking of base-modified RNAs by synthetic DYW-KP base editors implicates an enzymatic lysine as the nitrogen donor for U-to-C RNA editing. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107454. [PMID: 38852885 PMCID: PMC11332814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Sequence-specific cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) and adenosine to inosine editing tools can alter RNA and DNA sequences and utilize a hydrolytic deamination mechanism requiring an active site zinc ion and a glutamate residue. In plant organelles, DYW-PG domain containing enzymes catalyze C-to-U edits through the canonical deamination mechanism. Proteins developed from consensus sequences of the related DYW-KP domain family catalyze what initially appeared to be uridine to cytidine (U-to-C) edits leading to this investigation into the U-to-C editing mechanism. The synthetic DYW-KP enzyme KP6 was found sufficient for C-to-U editing activity stimulated by the addition of carboxylic acids in vitro. Despite addition of putative amine/amide donors, U-to-C editing by KP6 could not be observed in vitro. C-to-U editing was found not to be concomitant with U-to-C editing, discounting a pyrimidine transaminase mechanism. RNAs containing base modifications were highly enriched in interphase fractions consistent with covalent crosslinks to KP6, KP2, and KP3 proteins. Mass spectrometry of purified KP2 and KP6 proteins revealed secondary peaks with mass shifts of 319 Da. A U-to-C crosslinking mechanism was projected to explain the link between crosslinking, RNA base changes, and the ∼319 Da mass. In this model, an enzymatic lysine attacks C4 of uridine to form a Schiff base RNA-protein conjugate. Sequenced RT-PCR products from the fern Ceratopteris richardii indicate U-to-C base edits do not preserve proteinaceous crosslinks in planta. Hydrolysis of a protonated Schiff base conjugate releasing cytidine is hypothesized to explain the completed pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Elvin T Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Skellie O Chun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthias Selke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Santhanam L, Wang H, Yus MM, Brady T, Choi R, Nandakumar K, Smith L, Jang R, Wodu BP, Almodiel JD, Stoddart L, Kim DH, Steppan J. Sex Differences and Role of Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.13.571541. [PMID: 38168163 PMCID: PMC10760075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.13.571541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension, a disease with known sexual dimorphism, accelerates aging associated arterial stiffening, in part due to the activation of matrix remodeling caused by increased biomechanical load. In this study, we tested the effect of biological sex and the role of the matrix remodeling enzyme lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) in hypertension induced arterial stiffening. METHODS Angiotensin II (Ang II) was delivered using osmotic pumps in Loxl2+/- and WT male and female mice. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured noninvasively to assess hypertension and aortic stiffness. Wire myography and uniaxial tensile testing were used to test aortic vasoreactivity and mechanical properties. Aortic wall composition was examined by histology and Western blotting. The effect of biomechanical strain on LOXL2 expression and secretion by vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) was evaluated by uniaxial cyclic stretching of cultured cells. The role of LOXL2 catalytic function on VSMC alignment in response to mechanical loading was determined with LOXL2 inhibition and knockout. RESULTS Ang II infusion induced hypertension in WT and Loxl2+/- mice of both sexes and increased PWV in WT males but not in Loxl2+/- males, WT females, or Loxl2+/- females. LOXL2 depletion protected males from Ang II mediated potentiation of vasoconstriction but worsened in females and improved aortic mechanical properties in both sexes. Histological analysis showed increased aortic wall thickness in hypertensive WT males but not females and increased intralamellar distance in both sexes, that was ameliorated in Loxl2+/- mice. Western blotting revealed increased collagen I, decreased collagen IV, and increased LOXL2 accumulation and processing in hypertensive mice. Hypertensive cyclic strain contributed to LOXL2 upregulation in the cell-derived matrix in VSMCs but not ECs. LOXL2 catalytic function facilitated VSMC alignment in response to biomechanical strain. CONCLUSIONS In males, arterial stiffening in hypertension is driven both by VSMC response and matrix remodeling. Females exhibit a delayed onset of Ang II-induced hypertension with minimal ECM remodeling but with VSMC dysfunction. LOXL2 depletion ameliorates arterial stiffening and preserves functional contractility and aortic structure in male hypertensive mice. LOXL2 depletion improves aortic mechanics but worsens aortic contractility in hypertensive females. VSMCs are the primary source of LOXL2 in the aorta and hypertension increases LOXL2 processing and shifts to collagen I accumulation. Overall, LOXL2 depletion offers protection in young hypertensive males and females.
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2600. [PMID: 38473850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Free radicals (FRs) are unstable molecules that cause reactive stress (RS), an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the body and its ability to neutralize them. These species are generated by both internal and external factors and can damage cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA. Antioxidants prevent or slow down the oxidation process by interrupting the transfer of electrons between substances and reactive agents. This is particularly important at the cellular level because oxidation reactions lead to the formation of FR and contribute to various diseases. As we age, RS accumulates and leads to organ dysfunction and age-related disorders. Polyphenols; vitamins A, C, and E; and selenoproteins possess antioxidant properties and may have a role in preventing and treating certain human diseases associated with RS. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the potential benefits of dietary supplementation and investigate the intricate connection between SIRT1, a crucial regulator of aging and longevity; the transcription factor NRF2; and polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium. Finally, we discuss the positive effects of antioxidant molecules, such as reducing RS, and their potential in slowing down several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Löser R, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kopka K, Santhanam L, Pietzsch J. Lysyl Oxidases as Targets for Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300331. [PMID: 37565736 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to cancer progression and metastasis, in particular the interplay between tumour cells, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix has grown tremendously over the last years. Lysyl oxidases are increasingly recognised as key players in this context, in addition to their function as drivers of fibrotic diseases. These insights have considerably stimulated drug discovery efforts towards lysyl oxidases as targets over the last decade. This review article summarises the biochemical and structural properties of theses enzymes. Their involvement in tumour progression and metastasis is highlighted from a biochemical point of view, taking into consideration both the extracellular and intracellular action of lysyl oxidases. More recently reported inhibitor compounds are discussed with an emphasis on their discovery, structure-activity relationships and the results of their biological characterisation. Molecular probes developed for imaging of lysyl oxidase activity are reviewed from the perspective of their detection principles, performance and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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NikhalaShree S, George RJ, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Sulochana KN, Coral K. Copper, Lysyl Oxidase Activity, and Collagen in Aqueous Humour of Primary Glaucoma: An Association with Clinical Parameters. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:949-957. [PMID: 37253350 DOI: 10.1159/000531247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To measure copper (Cu), lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity, and collagen levels in aqueous humour (AH) of primary glaucoma patients and correlate with clinical parameters. METHODS 120 patients with 40 each of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and cataract controls were recruited in this case-control study. AH samples were collected during the trabeculectomy and cataract surgeries. Cu levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. LOX unit activity was determined by Amplex Red assay and collagen concentration by Sirius red assay. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of Cu expressed as median (IQR) µmol/L were observed in POAG (p = 0.008) and PACG (p = 0.005) compared to controls. The LOX activity was increased in POAG and PACG (p = 0.04) compared to controls represented as median (IQR) µmol/min. The collagen levels given as median (IQR) mg/ml showed an insignificant increase in POAG and PACG compared to controls (p = 0.78). The LOX unit activity was correlated with visual field index (VFI), which showed a significant increase with the progression of the diseases (p < 0.05), whereas Cu levels were negatively correlated with LOX activity in AH. Cu and LOX activity showed weak correlation with YAG peripheral iridotomy (YAGPI), duration of anti-glaucoma medications, and highest preoperative intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION Elevated Cu and LOX activity was observed in both POAG and PACG groups compared to controls. LOX activity showed notable increase with VFI as the severity of the disease. Although Cu levels are increased in glaucoma, it's insufficient to significantly increase the activity of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath NikhalaShree
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ronnie Jacob George
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Balekudaru Shantha
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Wang H, Poe A, Martinez Yus M, Pak L, Nandakumar K, Santhanam L. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 processing by factor Xa modulates its activity and substrate preference. Commun Biol 2023; 6:375. [PMID: 37029269 PMCID: PMC10082071 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has been identified as an essential mediator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in several disease processes including cardiovascular disease. Thus, there is growing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which LOXL2 is regulated in cells and tissue. While LOXL2 occurs both in full length and processed forms in cells and tissue, the precise identity of the proteases that process LOXL2 and the consequences of processing on LOXL2's function remain incompletely understood. Here we show that Factor Xa (FXa) is a protease that processes LOXL2 at Arg-338. Processing by FXa does not affect the enzymatic activity of soluble LOXL2. However, in situ in vascular smooth muscle cells, LOXL2 processing by FXa results in decreased cross-linking activity in the ECM and shifts substrate preference of LOXL2 from type IV collagen to type I collagen. Additionally, processing by FXa increases the interactions between LOXL2 and prototypical LOX, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism to preserve total LOXs activity in the vascular ECM. FXa expression is prevalent in various organ systems and shares similar roles in fibrotic disease progression as LOXL2. Thus, LOXL2 processing by FXa could have significant implications in pathologies where LOXL2 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Lydia Pak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore MD, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore MD, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Steppan J, Nandakumar K, Wang H, Jang R, Smith L, Kang S, Savage W, Bauer M, Choi R, Brady T, Wodu BP, Scafidi S, Scafidi J, Santhanam L. Neonatal exposure to hypoxia induces early arterial stiffening via activation of lysyl oxidases. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15656. [PMID: 37038896 PMCID: PMC10086679 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in the neonatal period is associated with early manifestations of adverse cardiovascular health in adulthood including higher risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that this occurs due to activation of lysyl oxidases (LOXs) and the remodeling of the large conduit vessels, leading to early arterial stiffening. Newborn C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to hypoxia (FiO2 = 11.5%) from postnatal day 1 (P1) to postnatal day 11 (P11), followed by resumption of normoxia. Controls were maintained in normoxia. Using in vivo (pulse wave velocity; PWV) and ex vivo (tensile testing) arterial stiffness indexes, we determined that mice exposed to neonatal hypoxia had significantly higher arterial stiffness compared with normoxia controls by young adulthood (P60), and it increased further by P120. Echocardiography performed at P60 showed that mice exposed to hypoxia displayed a compensated dilated cardiomyopathy. Western blotting revelated that neonatal hypoxia accelerated age-related increase in LOXL2 protein expression in the aorta and elevated LOXL2 expression in the PA at P11 with a delayed decay toward normoxic controls. In the heart and lung, gene and protein expression of LOX/LOXL2 were upregulated at P11, with a delayed decay when compared to normoxic controls. Neonatal hypoxia results in a significant increase in arterial stiffness in early adulthood due to aberrant LOX/LOXL2 expression. This suggests an acceleration in the mechanical decline of the cardiovascular system, that contributes to increased risk of hypertension in young adults exposed to neonatal hypoxia that may increase susceptibility to further insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rosie Jang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Logan Smith
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sara Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - William Savage
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maria Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rira Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Travis Brady
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bulouere Princess Wodu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Michael V. Johnston Center for Developmental NeuroscienceKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Brashear SE, Wohlgemuth RP, Hu LY, Jbeily EH, Christiansen BA, Smith LR. Collagen cross-links scale with passive stiffness in dystrophic mouse muscles, but are not altered with administration of a lysyl oxidase inhibitor. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271776. [PMID: 36302059 PMCID: PMC9612445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a lack of functional dystrophin leads to myofiber instability and progressive muscle damage that results in fibrosis. While fibrosis is primarily characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, there are changes in ECM architecture during fibrosis that relate more closely to functional muscle stiffness. One of these architectural changes in dystrophic muscle is collagen cross-linking, which has been shown to increase the passive muscle stiffness in models of fibrosis including the mdx mouse, a model of DMD. We tested whether the intraperitoneal injections of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of the cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase, would reduce collagen cross-linking and passive stiffness in young and adult mdx mice compared to saline-injected controls. We found no significant differences between BAPN treated and saline treated mice in collagen cross-linking and stiffness parameters. However, we observed that while collagen cross-linking and passive stiffness scaled positively in dystrophic muscles, collagen fiber alignment scaled with passive stiffness distinctly between muscles. We also observed that the dystrophic diaphragm showed the most dramatic fibrosis in terms of collagen content, cross-linking, and stiffness. Overall, we show that while BAPN was not effective at reducing collagen cross-linking, the positive association between collagen cross-linking and stiffness in dystrophic muscles still show cross-linking as a viable target for reducing passive muscle stiffness in DMD or other fibrotic muscle conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Brashear
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ross P. Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lin-Ya Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elias H. Jbeily
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Blaine A. Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Lucas R. Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez-Pascual F, Rosell-Garcia T. The challenge of determining lysyl oxidase activity: Old methods and novel approaches. Anal Biochem 2021; 639:114508. [PMID: 34871563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and elastin in the initiation step of the formation of covalent cross-linkages, an essential process for extracellular matrix (ECM) maturation. Elevated LOX expression levels leading to increased LOX activity is associated with diverse pathologies including fibrosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Different protocols have been so far established to detect and quantify LOX activity from tissue samples and cultured cells, all of them showing advantages and drawbacks. This review article presents a critical overview of the main features of currently available methods as well as introduces some recent technologies called to revolutionize our approach to LOX catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tamara Rosell-Garcia
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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