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Burke Ó, Zeden MS, O'Gara JP. The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Virulence 2024; 15:2359483. [PMID: 38868991 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin and mucous membranes has long underpinned a casual disregard for the infection risk that these organisms pose to vulnerable patients in healthcare settings. Prior to the recognition of biofilm as an important virulence determinant in S. epidermidis, isolation of this microorganism in diagnostic specimens was often overlooked as clinically insignificant with potential delays in diagnosis and onset of appropriate treatment, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and increased morbidity or mortality. While impressive progress has been made in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms in this important opportunistic pathogen, research into other virulence determinants has lagged S. aureus. In this review, the broader virulence potential of S. epidermidis including biofilm, toxins, proteases, immune evasion strategies and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is surveyed, together with current and future approaches for improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Órla Burke
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Wang H, Fan Q, Wang Y, Yi L, Wang Y. Multi-omics analysis reveals genes and metabolites involved in Streptococcus suis biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:297. [PMID: 39127666 PMCID: PMC11316374 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen. Biofilm formation largely explains the difficulty in preventing and controlling S. suis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of S. suis biofilm formation. RESULTS In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of S. suis in biofilm and planktonic states were performed to identify key genes and metabolites involved in biofilm formation. A total of 789 differential genes and 365 differential metabolites were identified. By integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics, five main metabolic pathways were identified, including amino acid pathway, nucleotide metabolism pathway, carbon metabolism pathway, vitamin and cofactor metabolism pathway, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights for exploring the molecular mechanism of S. suis biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Qingying Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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Bogut A, Koper P, Marczak M, Całka P. The first genomic characterization of a stable, hemin-dependent small colony variant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from a prosthetic-joint infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289844. [PMID: 37928677 PMCID: PMC10620731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotype switching from a wild type (WT) to a slow-growing subpopulation, referred to as small colony variants (SCVs), supports an infectious lifestyle of Staphylococcus epidermidis, the leading cause of medical device-related infections. Specific mechanisms underlying formation of SCVs and involved in the shaping of their pathogenic potential are of particular interest for stable strains as they have been only rarely cultured from clinical specimens. As the SCV phenotype stability implies the existence of genetic changes, the whole genome sequence of a stable, hemin-dependent S. epidermidis SCV strain (named 49SCV) involved in a late prosthetic joint infection was analyzed. The strain was isolated in a monoculture without a corresponding WT clone, therefore, its genome was compared against five reference S. epidermidis strains (ATCC12228, ATCC14990, NBRC113846, O47, and RP62A), both at the level of the genome structure and coding sequences. According to the Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis, the 49SCV strain represented the sequence type 2 (ST2) regarded as the most prominent infection-causing lineage with a worldwide dissemination. Genomic features unique to 49SCV included the absence of the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome (SCC), ~12 kb deletion with the loss of genes involved in the arginine deiminase pathway, and frameshift-generating mutations within the poly(A) and poly(T) homopolymeric tracts. Indels were identified in loci associated with adherence, metabolism, stress response, virulence, and cell wall synthesis. Of note, deletion in the poly(A) of the hemA gene has been considered a possible trigger factor for the phenotype transition and hemin auxotrophy in the strain. To our knowledge, the study represents the first genomic characterization of a clinical, stable and hemin-dependent S. epidermidis SCV strain. We propose that previously unreported indels in the homopolymeric tracts can constitute a background of the SCV phenotype due to a resulting truncation of the corresponding proteins and their possible biological dysfunction. Streamline of genetic content evidenced by the loss of the SCC and a large genomic deletion can represent a possible strategy associated both with the SCV phenotype and its adaptation to chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bogut
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Marczak
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Całka
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Higuchi T, Ogawa E, Okumura T, Ito K, Yamamoto M, Muramatsu N. Blalock-Taussig Shunt Blockage Caused by Small Colony Variants of Enterococcus faecalis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e185-e186. [PMID: 36917025 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Higuchi
- Department of Geeral Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
| | - Eiki Ogawa
- Department of Geeral Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Okumura
- Department of Geeral Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of Geeral Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
| | - Mana Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
| | - Naoko Muramatsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
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Kara F, Aksoy EA, Aksoy S, Hasirci N. Coating of silver nanoparticles on polyurethane film surface by green chemistry approach and investigation of antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115221098056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial properties are included in biomaterials for the production of medical devices, which are used for diagnoses or treatment purposes. The aim of the current study was coating the polyurethane (PU) films with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their antibacterial efficacy. PU films were first modified by chitosan (CH), treated with AgNO3 to let CH chelate with silver ions, and then treated with vitamin-C (vit C) or glucose (Glu) to reduce the adsorbed ions to atomic silver to form AgNPs. The surfaces of the films were examined by ATR-FTIR, XPS, XRD, and SEM. Chemical bond formation between CH and Ag ions and AgNPs were determined by ATR-FTIR. Meanwhile, XPS and SEM analyses proved the presence of reduced metallic silver and nanoparticles on the film surfaces, respectively. According to the SEM analyses, a homogeneous distribution of AgNPs, with sizes 99–214 nm and 37–54 nm, on the film surfaces were obtained depending on Glu or vit C reduction, respectively. The films presented excellent antibacterial performance against Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. epidermidis). These results suggested that the mentioned green technology can be easily applied to obtain AgNP coated polymeric surfaces with very high antibacterial efficacy. Although there are some studies dealing with AgNP formation on PU sponges or fibers, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing AgNP formation on the CH conjugated PU films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Kara
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Ayse Aksoy
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Aksoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey
- Near East University, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterial Research Center, Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Díaz Calvo T, Tejera N, McNamara I, Langridge GC, Wain J, Poolman M, Singh D. Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling Approach to Understand the Metabolism of the Opportunistic Human Pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020136. [PMID: 35208211 PMCID: PMC8874387 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common commensal of collagen-rich regions of the body, such as the skin, but also represents a threat to patients with medical implants (joints and heart), and to preterm babies. Far less studied than Staphylococcus aureus, the mechanisms behind this increasingly recognised pathogenicity are yet to be fully understood. Improving our knowledge of the metabolic processes that allow S. epidermidis to colonise different body sites is key to defining its pathogenic potential. Thus, we have constructed a fully curated, genome-scale metabolic model for S. epidermidis RP62A, and investigated its metabolic properties with a focus on substrate auxotrophies and its utilisation for energy and biomass production. Our results show that, although glucose is available in the medium, only a small portion of it enters the glycolytic pathways, whils most is utilised for the production of biofilm, storage and the structural components of biomass. Amino acids, proline, valine, alanine, glutamate and arginine, are preferred sources of energy and biomass production. In contrast to previous studies, we have shown that this strain has no real substrate auxotrophies, although removal of proline from the media has the highest impact on the model and the experimental growth characteristics. Further study is needed to determine the significance of proline, an abundant amino acid in collagen, in S. epidermidis colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Díaz Calvo
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (N.T.); (G.C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Iain McNamara
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Gemma C. Langridge
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (N.T.); (G.C.L.); (J.W.)
| | - John Wain
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (N.T.); (G.C.L.); (J.W.)
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK;
| | - Mark Poolman
- Cell System Modelling Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 OBP, UK;
| | - Dipali Singh
- Microbes in the Food Chain, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (N.T.); (G.C.L.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
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