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Dong W, Wang H, Li M, Li P, Ji S. Virus-induced host genomic remodeling dysregulates gene expression, triggering tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1359766. [PMID: 38572321 PMCID: PMC10987825 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1359766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced genomic remodeling and altered gene expression contribute significantly to cancer development. Some oncogenic viruses such as Human papillomavirus (HPV) specifically trigger certain cancers by integrating into the host's DNA, disrupting gene regulation linked to cell growth and migration. The effect can be through direct integration of viral genomes into the host genome or through indirect modulation of host cell pathways/proteins by viral proteins. Viral proteins also disrupt key cellular processes like apoptosis and DNA repair by interacting with host molecules, affecting signaling pathways. These disruptions lead to mutation accumulation and tumorigenesis. This review focuses on recent studies exploring virus-mediated genomic structure, altered gene expression, and epigenetic modifications in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Dong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Menghui Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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2
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Martin EW, Iserman C, Olety B, Mitrea DM, Klein IA. Biomolecular Condensates as Novel Antiviral Targets. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168380. [PMID: 38061626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose a significant health risk worldwide. There is a pressing need for more effective antiviral drugs to combat emerging novel viruses and the reemergence of previously controlled viruses. Biomolecular condensates are crucial for viral replication and are promising targets for novel antiviral therapies. Herein, we review the role of biomolecular condensates in the viral replication cycle and discuss novel strategies to leverage condensate biology for antiviral drug discovery. Biomolecular condensates may also provide an opportunity to develop antivirals that are broad-spectrum or less prone to acquired drug resistance.
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3
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Zhang J, Sommermann T, Li X, Gieselmann L, de la Rosa K, Stecklum M, Klein F, Kocks C, Rajewsky K. LMP1 and EBNA2 constitute a minimal set of EBV genes for transformation of human B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1331730. [PMID: 38169736 PMCID: PMC10758421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans is associated with a wide range of diseases including malignancies of different origins, most prominently B cells. Several EBV latent genes are thought to act together in B cell immortalization, but a minimal set of EBV genes sufficient for transformation remains to be identified. Methods Here, we addressed this question by transducing human peripheral B cells from EBV-negative donors with retrovirus expressing the latent EBV genes encoding Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) 1 and 2A and Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) 2. Results LMP1 together with EBNA2, but not LMP1 alone or in combination with LMP2A was able to transform human primary B cells. LMP1/EBNA2-immortalized cell lines shared surface markers with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). They showed sustained growth for more than 60 days, albeit at a lower growth rate than EBV-transformed LCLs. LMP1/EBNA2-immortalized cell lines generated tumors when transplanted subcutaneously into severely immunodeficient NOG mice. Conclusion Our results identify a minimal set of EBV proteins sufficient for B cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xun Li
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin de la Rosa
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Mechanisms and Human Antibodies, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Center of Biological Design, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Stecklum
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology (EPO) Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Kocks
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Guo Z, Zhu Y, Xiao H, Dai R, Yang W, Xue W, Zhang X, Hao B, Liao S. Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq identifies MX1-mediated AP-1 transcriptional regulation as a therapeutic target for Down syndrome. Biol Res 2023; 56:67. [PMID: 38066591 PMCID: PMC10709892 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence has suggested that Type I Interferon (I-IFN) plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome (DS). This work investigates the underlying function of MX1, an effector gene of I-IFN, in DS-associated transcriptional regulation and phenotypic modulation. METHODS We performed assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughout sequencing (ATAC-seq) to explore the difference of chromatin accessibility between DS derived amniocytes (DSACs) and controls. We then combined the annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched transcriptional factors (TFs) targeting the promoter region from ATAC-seq results with the DEGs in RNA-seq, to identify key genes and pathways involved in alterations of biological processes and pathways in DS. RESULTS Binding motif analysis showed a significant increase in chromatin accessibility of genes related to neural cell function, among others, in DSACs, which is primarily regulated by members of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional factor family. Further studies indicated that MX Dynamin Like GTPase 1 (MX1), defined as one of the key effector genes of I-IFN, is a critical upstream regulator. Its overexpression induced expression of AP-1 TFs and mediated inflammatory response, thus leading to decreased cellular viability of DS cells. Moreover, treatment with specific AP-1 inhibitor T-5224 improved DS-associated phenotypes in DSACs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that MX1-mediated AP-1 activation is partially responsible for cellular dysfunction of DS. T-5224 effectively ameliorated DS-associated phenotypes in DSACs, suggesting it as a potential treatment option for DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproduction Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Medicine, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Zhu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproduction Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Medicine, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproduction Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Medicine, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproduction Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- School of Medicine, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, Medical Genetic Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Henan Institute of Reproduction Health Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
- School of Medicine, People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.
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5
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Moyano A, Ferressini Gerpe N, Amarillo ME, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Caldirola MS, Chabay P. EBV Impact in Peripheral Macrophages' Polarization Cytokines in Pediatric Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:2105. [PMID: 37896882 PMCID: PMC10612087 DOI: 10.3390/v15102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are exceptionally flexible cells. The presence of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α results in an M1 (CD68) activation, while cytokines such as IL-10 or TGF-β induce the M2 (CD163) activation. Our aim was to study the behavior of peripheral cytokines involved in macrophage polarization and relate them with tissue findings to further comprehend the role of macrophages in EBV pediatric infection. We studied cytokine expression in tonsils and peripheral blood samples of children in different stages of infection. Peripheral cytokines were compared with macrophage polarization markers and viral protein expression in tonsils. Only IL-10 showed a negative correlation between compartments, exclusively in patients undergoing viral reactivation (R). Higher expressions of peripheral IL-1β, IL-23, and IL-12p40 in R children were observed. Lower expressions of local and peripheral TNF-α in patients with broader expressions of latent and lytic viral proteins were demonstrated. In healthy carrier (HC) patients, IL-23 positively correlated with CD163, and IP-10 positively correlated with CD68. Our results indicated that EBV might modulate antigen expression in the presence of TNF-α and influence peripheral cytokine expression differently in each stage of infection. Moreover, peripheral cytokines might have a particular role in macrophage polarization in HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Moyano
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina (M.E.A.); (M.V.P.); (M.S.C.); (P.C.)
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6
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Zhang X, Zheng R, Li Z, Ma J. Liquid-liquid Phase Separation in Viral Function. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167955. [PMID: 36642156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An emerging set of results suggests that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is the basis for the formation of membrane-less compartments in cells. Evidence is now mounting that various types of virus-induced membrane-less compartments and organelles are also assembled via LLPS. Specifically, viruses appear to use intracellular phase transitions to form subcellular microenvironments known as viral factories, inclusion bodies, or viroplasms. These compartments - collectively referred to as viral biomolecular condensates - can be used to concentrate replicase proteins, viral genomes, and host proteins that are required for virus replication. They can also be used to subvert or avoid the intracellular immune response. This review examines how certain DNA or RNA viruses drive the formation of viral condensates, the possible biological functions of those condensates, and the biophysical and biochemical basis for their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Run Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengshuo Li
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, China.
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7
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Guo G, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li T. Sequence variations of phase-separating proteins and resources for studying biomolecular condensates. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1119-1132. [PMID: 37464880 PMCID: PMC10423696 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase separation (PS) is an important mechanism underlying the formation of biomolecular condensates. Physiological condensates are associated with numerous biological processes, such as transcription, immunity, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Changes in particular amino acids or segments can disturb the protein's phase behavior and interactions with other biomolecules in condensates. It is thus presumed that variations in the phase-separating-prone domains can significantly impact the properties and functions of condensates. The dysfunction of condensates contributes to a number of pathological processes. Pharmacological perturbation of these condensates is proposed as a promising way to restore physiological states. In this review, we characterize the variations observed in PS proteins that lead to aberrant biomolecular compartmentalization. We also showcase recent advancements in bioinformatics of membraneless organelles (MLOs), focusing on available databases useful for screening PS proteins and describing endogenous condensates, guiding researchers to seek the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Guo
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
- Key Laboratory for NeuroscienceMinistry of Education/National Health Commission of ChinaPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
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8
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Ludwig CH, Thurm AR, Morgens DW, Yang KJ, Tycko J, Bassik MC, Glaunsinger BA, Bintu L. High-throughput discovery and characterization of viral transcriptional effectors in human cells. Cell Syst 2023; 14:482-500.e8. [PMID: 37348463 PMCID: PMC10350249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Viruses encode transcriptional regulatory proteins critical for controlling viral and host gene expression. Given their multifunctional nature and high sequence divergence, it is unclear which viral proteins can affect transcription and which specific sequences contribute to this function. Using a high-throughput assay, we measured the transcriptional regulatory potential of over 60,000 protein tiles across ∼1,500 proteins from 11 coronaviruses and all nine human herpesviruses. We discovered hundreds of transcriptional effector domains, including a conserved repression domain in all coronavirus Spike homologs, dual activation-repression domains in viral interferon regulatory factors (VIRFs), and an activation domain in six herpesvirus homologs of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein that we show is important for viral replication and late gene expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). For the effector domains we identified, we investigated their mechanisms via high-throughput sequence and chemical perturbations, pinpointing sequence motifs essential for function. This work massively expands viral protein annotations, serving as a springboard for studying their biological and health implications and providing new candidates for compact gene regulation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor H Ludwig
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abby R Thurm
- Biophysics Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin J Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Josh Tycko
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Britt A Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lacramioara Bintu
- Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Feng J, Zhang P, Yao P, Zhang H. EBNA2 mediates lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis through activation of ATF4 pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:1363-1376. [PMID: 37168348 PMCID: PMC10164800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect the majority of the human population with no obvious symptoms and is associated with tumor development, although the mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role and the underlying mechanism of EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) in tumorigenesis. We found that the infection of EBNA2 in human B lymphocytes (HBL) upregulated the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Furthermore, we used gene expression or knockdown approach to demonstrate the effect of EBNA2 on redox balance, mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, and cell proliferation in both HBL and EBV-transformed lymphocyte cell line (LCL). More importantly, we applied in vivo xenograft tumor mouse model to explore the contribution of EBNA2 and ATF4 in tumor growth and mouse survival. Mechanistically, we revealed that EBNA2 exposure caused persistent expression of ATF4 via EBNA2-mediated epigenetic changes, which increased the binding ability of upstream stimulating factor 1 (USF1) on the ATF4 promoter. ATF4 activation in HBL cells modulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and potentiated fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Conversely, knockdown of either EBNA2 or ATF4 in LCL suppressed lipid metabolism, modulated redox balance and mitochondrial function, as well as inhibited tumor cell proliferation. In consistent with these findings from in vitro study, an in vivo xenograft model confirmed that knockdown of either EBNA2 or ATF4 inhibited the gene expression of SREBP1, ChREBP, and FAS, as well as suppressed tumor growth and prolonged animal survival. Collectively, this study demonstrates that EBNA2 mediates tumorigenesis through ATF4 activation and the modulation of lipid metabolism; therefore, our findings provide a novel avenue for the clinical treatment of EBV-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, P. R. China
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10
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Enhances the Phosphorylation of MEK and the Infectivity of Progeny Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021238. [PMID: 36674756 PMCID: PMC9867424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Although the functions of the viral thymidine kinases (vTK) of herpes simplex virus-1/2 are well understood, that of KSHV ORF21 (an ortholog of vTK) is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ORF21 in lytic replication and infection by generating two ORF21-mutated KSHV BAC clones: ORF21-kinase activity deficient KSHV (21KD) and stop codon-induced ORF21-deleted KSHV (21del). The results showed that both ORF21 mutations did not affect viral genome replication, lytic gene transcription, or the production of viral genome-encapsidated particles. The ORF21 molecule-dependent function, other than the kinase function of ORF21, was involved in the infectivity of the progeny virus. ORF21 was expressed 36 h after the induction of lytic replication, and endogenously expressed ORF21 was localized in the whole cytoplasm. Moreover, ORF21 upregulated the MEK phosphorylation and anchorage-independent cell growth. The inhibition of MEK signaling by U0126 in recipient target cells suppressed the number of progeny virus-infected cells. These suggest that ORF21 transmitted as a tegument protein in the progeny virus enhances the new infection through MEK up-regulation in the recipient cell. Our findings indicate that ORF21 plays key roles in the infection of KSHV through the manipulation of the cellular function.
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11
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Epigenomic landscape study reveals molecular subtypes and EBV-associated regulatory epigenome reprogramming in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Mansisidor AR, Risca VI. Chromatin accessibility: methods, mechanisms, and biological insights. Nucleus 2022; 13:236-276. [PMID: 36404679 PMCID: PMC9683059 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to DNA is a prerequisite to the execution of essential cellular processes that include transcription, replication, chromosomal segregation, and DNA repair. How the proteins that regulate these processes function in the context of chromatin and its dynamic architectures is an intensive field of study. Over the past decade, genome-wide assays and new imaging approaches have enabled a greater understanding of how access to the genome is regulated by nucleosomes and associated proteins. Additional mechanisms that may control DNA accessibility in vivo include chromatin compaction and phase separation - processes that are beginning to be understood. Here, we review the ongoing development of accessibility measurements, we summarize the different molecular and structural mechanisms that shape the accessibility landscape, and we detail the many important biological functions that are linked to chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R. Mansisidor
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Viviana I. Risca
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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13
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Wei W, Bai L, Yan B, Meng W, Wang H, Zhai J, Si F, Zheng C. When liquid-liquid phase separation meets viral infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985622. [PMID: 36016945 PMCID: PMC9395683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have both membranous and membraneless organelles. While the formation mechanism of membranous organelles is well understood, the formation mechanism of membraneless organelles remains unknown. Many biomolecules in the cytoplasm transition from the liquid phase to the agglutinated phase are known as liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The biomolecular agglomerates’ physical properties enable them to function as dynamic compartments that respond to external pressures and stimuli. Scientists have gradually recognized the importance of phase separation during viral infections. LLPS provides a powerful new framework for understanding the viral life cycle from viral replication to evasion of host immune surveillance. As a result, this review focuses on the progress of LLPS research in viral infection and immune regulation to provide clues for antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiquan Meng
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongju Wang
- Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunfu Zheng, ; Fusheng Si,
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Chunfu Zheng, ; Fusheng Si,
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14
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Liquid-liquid phase separation in tumor biology. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:221. [PMID: 35803926 PMCID: PMC9270353 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a novel principle for explaining the precise spatial and temporal regulation in living cells. LLPS compartmentalizes proteins and nucleic acids into micron-scale, liquid-like, membraneless bodies with specific functions, which were recently termed biomolecular condensates. Biomolecular condensates are executors underlying the intracellular spatiotemporal coordination of various biological activities, including chromatin organization, genomic stability, DNA damage response and repair, transcription, and signal transduction. Dysregulation of these cellular processes is a key event in the initiation and/or evolution of cancer, and emerging evidence has linked the formation and regulation of LLPS to malignant transformations in tumor biology. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the detailed mechanisms of biomolecular condensate formation and biophysical function and review the recent major advances toward elucidating the multiple mechanisms involved in cancer cell pathology driven by aberrant LLPS. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic perspectives of LLPS in cancer research and the most recently developed drug candidates targeting LLPS modulation that can be used to combat tumorigenesis.
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15
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Caragliano E, Brune W, Bosse JB. Herpesvirus Replication Compartments: Dynamic Biomolecular Condensates? Viruses 2022; 14:960. [PMID: 35632702 PMCID: PMC9147375 DOI: 10.3390/v14050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress has provided clear evidence that many RNA-viruses form cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates mediated by liquid-liquid phase separation to facilitate their replication. In contrast, seemingly contradictory data exist for herpesviruses, which replicate their DNA genomes in nuclear membrane-less replication compartments (RCs). Here, we review the current literature and comment on nuclear condensate formation by herpesviruses, specifically with regard to RC formation. Based on data obtained with human cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5), we propose that liquid and homogenous early RCs convert into more heterogeneous RCs with complex properties over the course of infection. We highlight how the advent of DNA replication leads to the maturation of these biomolecular condensates, likely by adding an additional DNA scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caragliano
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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