1
|
Low ZY, Yip AJW, Chan AML, Choo WS. 14-3-3 Family of Proteins: Biological Implications, Molecular Interactions, and Potential Intervention in Cancer, Virus and Neurodegeneration Disorders. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30624. [PMID: 38946063 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved acidic eukaryotic proteins (25-32 kDa) abundantly present in the body. Through numerous binding partners, the 14-3-3 is responsible for many essential cellular pathways, such as cell cycle regulation and gene transcription control. Hence, its dysregulation has been linked to the onset of critical illnesses such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections. Interestingly, explorative studies have revealed an inverse correlation of 14-3-3 protein in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and the direct manipulation of 14-3-3 by virus to enhance infection capacity has dramatically extended its significance. Of these, COVID-19 has been linked to the 14-3-3 proteins by the interference of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein during virion assembly. Given its predisposition towards multiple essential host signalling pathways, it is vital to understand the holistic interactions between the 14-3-3 protein to unravel its potential therapeutic unit in the future. As such, the general structure and properties of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, as well as their known biological functions and implications in cancer, neurodegeneration, and viruses, were covered in this review. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic target of 14-3-3 proteins in the associated diseases was discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Man Lung Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan H, Li J, Jia C, Huang H, Li L, Liao B, Long Y, Nie Y, Yu F. The role of 14-3-3 in the progression of vascular inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110220. [PMID: 37104914 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of 14-3-3 protein and the Hippo and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular inflammation. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and C57B6 mice were treated with LPS to establish cell and animal models of vascular inflammation. Lentiviral transfection, Western blot, qPCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, co-immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure inflammatory factors and expression of 14-3-3 protein and phosphorylation of YAP at S127. HUVECs and C57B6 mice were pretreated with a YAP inhibitor, Verteporfin, to observe changes in YAP expression and downstream vascular inflammation. RESULTS LPS induced acute and chronic inflammatory responses in HUVECs and mice and upregulated the expression of several inflammatory factors. LPS also induced expression of 14-3-3 protein and phosphorylation of YAP at S127 in response to acute vascular inflammation and downregulated these markers in response to chronic vascular inflammation. Verteporfin reduced these LPS-induced effects on vascular inflammation. CONCLUSION In chronic vascular inflammation, 14-3-3 protein is downregulated, which promotes inflammation by increasing Hippo/YAP nuclear translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Chunsen Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Haozhong Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Long
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Nie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Fengxu Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China; Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Chen S, Dai Y, Wu L, Jin M, Zhao J, Li Y, Tang L. Sinomenine attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory responses by promoting 14-3-3θ protein and inhibiting NF-κB signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:116037. [PMID: 36526094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rhizome of Chinese medical plant QingTeng (scientific name: Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils.) is widely used by traditional medical doctors for anti-inflammation and immunoregulatory in China and other Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects and possible mechanisms of sinomenine resistance against DSS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The UC model was induced by treating female mice with 3% DSS in vivo and human colonic epithelial cells (Hcoepic) with 0.8 mg/ml DSS in vitro. The mice and Hcoepic were then treated with sinomenine. Inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 and 14-3-3θ were analyzed by bioinformatic analysis and verified by western blotting, immunofluorescent staining or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS DSS-induced Hcoepic underwent high inflammation and oxidative stress conditions, whereas sinomenine reduced the uncontrolled immune microenvironment by suppressing NF-κB signaling and targeting 14-3-3θ. Knockdown of 14-3-3θ decreased the protective effect of sinomenine against DSS-induced inflammation in vitro. Moreover, sinomenine promoted 14-3-3θ protein expression and inhibited NF-κB p65 signaling in DSS-induced mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that 14-3-3θ plays an important role in sinomenine against DSS treatment, and sinomenine could be considered a potential drug for the treatment of UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Central Laboratory, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liunan Wu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Jin
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Central Laboratory, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Liming Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Functional benefit of structural disorder for the replication of measles, Nipah and Hendra viruses. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:915-934. [PMID: 36148633 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles, Nipah and Hendra viruses are severe human pathogens within the Paramyxoviridae family. Their non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) within a helical nucleocapsid that is the substrate used by the viral RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RpRd) for transcription and replication. The RpRd is a complex made of the large protein (L) and of the phosphoprotein (P), the latter serving as an obligate polymerase cofactor and as a chaperon for N. Both the N and P proteins are enriched in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), i.e. regions devoid of stable secondary and tertiary structure. N possesses a C-terminal IDR (NTAIL), while P consists of a large, intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD) encompassing alternating disordered and ordered regions. The V and W proteins, two non-structural proteins that are encoded by the P gene via a mechanism of co-transcriptional edition of the P mRNA, are prevalently disordered too, sharing with P the disordered NTD. They are key players in the evasion of the host antiviral response and were shown to phase separate and to form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. In this review, we summarize the available information on IDRs within the N, P, V and W proteins from these three model paramyxoviruses and describe their molecular partnership. We discuss the functional benefit of disorder to virus replication in light of the critical role of IDRs in affording promiscuity, multifunctionality, fine regulation of interaction strength, scaffolding functions and in promoting liquid-liquid phase separation and fibrillation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mao H, Cao L, Xu T, Xia X, Ren P, Han P, Li C, Hui X, Lin X, Huang K, Jin M. YWHAG inhibits influenza a virus replication by suppressing the release of viral M2 protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951009. [PMID: 35928168 PMCID: PMC9343881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a serious threat to human life and property. The IAV matrix protein 2 (M2) is significant in viral budding. Increasing studies have proven the important roles of host factors in IAV replication. In this study, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry revealed that the host protein tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein gamma (YWHAG), which belongs to the 14-3-3 protein scaffold family, interacts with M2. Their interactions were further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy of virus-infected HeLa cells. Moreover, we constructed YWHAG-KO and YWHAG-overexpressing cells and found that YWHAG knockout significantly increased viral production, whereas its overexpression reduced the titer of virus progeny. Therefore, YWHAG is a negative regulatory factor during IAV infection. Further, YWHAG knockout or overexpression had no effect on the binding, entry, or viral RNA replication in the early stages of the virus life cycle. On the contrary, it impaired the release of virions at the plasma membrane as determined using transmission electron microscopy and suppressed the M2-mediated budding of the influenza virus. Importantly, the H158F mutation of YWHAG was found to affect interaction with M2 and its budding. Collectively, our work demonstrates that YWHAG is a novel cellular regulator that targets and mediates the interaction and release of M2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Huang,
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Meilin Jin,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein recognition by 14-3-3 proteins. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107879. [PMID: 35781025 PMCID: PMC9245327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are important dimeric scaffolds that regulate the function of hundreds of proteins in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein forms a complex with human 14-3-3 proteins upon phosphorylation, which has also been described for other coronaviruses. Here, we report a high-resolution crystal structure of 14-3-3 bound to an N phosphopeptide bearing the phosphoserine 197 in the middle. The structure revealed two copies of the N phosphopeptide bound, each in the central binding groove of each 14-3-3 monomer. A complex network of hydrogen bonds and water bridges between the peptide and 14-3-3 was observed explaining the high affinity of the N protein for 14-3-3 proteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mougari S, Gonzalez C, Reynard O, Horvat B. Fruit bats as natural reservoir of highly pathogenic henipaviruses: balance between antiviral defense and viral toleranceInteractions between Henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
9
|
Pesce G, Gondelaud F, Ptchelkine D, Nilsson JF, Bignon C, Cartalas J, Fourquet P, Longhi S. Experimental Evidence of Intrinsic Disorder and Amyloid Formation by the Henipavirus W Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020923. [PMID: 35055108 PMCID: PMC8780864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are severe human pathogens within the Paramyxoviridae family. Beyond the P protein, the Henipavirus P gene also encodes the V and W proteins which share with P their N-terminal, intrinsically disordered domain (NTD) and possess a unique C-terminal domain. Henipavirus W proteins antagonize interferon (IFN) signaling through NTD-mediated binding to STAT1 and STAT4, and prevent type I IFN expression and production of chemokines. Structural and molecular information on Henipavirus W proteins is lacking. By combining various bioinformatic approaches, we herein show that the Henipaviruses W proteins are predicted to be prevalently disordered and yet to contain short order-prone segments. Using limited proteolysis, differential scanning fluorimetry, analytical size exclusion chromatography, far-UV circular dichroism and small-angle X-ray scattering, we experimentally confirmed their overall disordered nature. In addition, using Congo red and Thioflavin T binding assays and negative-staining transmission electron microscopy, we show that the W proteins phase separate to form amyloid-like fibrils. The present study provides an additional example, among the few reported so far, of a viral protein forming amyloid-like fibrils, therefore significantly contributing to enlarge our currently limited knowledge of viral amyloids. In light of the critical role of the Henipavirus W proteins in evading the host innate immune response and of the functional role of phase separation in biology, these studies provide a conceptual asset to further investigate the functional impact of the phase separation abilities of the W proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pesce
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Frank Gondelaud
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Denis Ptchelkine
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Juliet F. Nilsson
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Christophe Bignon
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jérémy Cartalas
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Patrick Fourquet
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille Protéomique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 27 Bvd Leï Roure, CS 30059, 13273 Marseille, France;
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257, Aix Marseille University and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 163 Avenue de Luminy, Case 932, 13288 Marseille, France; (G.P.); (F.G.); (D.P.); (J.F.N.); (C.B.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|