Biodiversity mediates ecosystem sensitivity to climate variability

Near-natural streams: Spatial factors are key in shaping multiple facets of zooplankton α and β diversity

In near-natural basins, zooplankton are key hubs for maintaining aquatic food webs and organic matter cycles. However, the spatial patterns and drivers of zooplankton in streams are poorly understood. This study registered 165 species of zooplankton from 147 sampling sites (Protozoa, Rotifers, Cladocera and Copepods), integrating multiple dimensions (i.e., taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) and components (i.e., total, turnover, and nestedness) of α and β diversity. This study aims to reveal spatial patterns, mechanisms, correlations, and relative contribution of abiotic factors (i.e., local environment, geo-climatic, land use, and spatial factors) through spatial interpolation (ordinary kriging), mantel test, and variance partitioning analysis (VPA). The study found that α diversity is concentrated in the north, while β diversity is more in the west, which may be affected by typical habitat, hydrological dynamics and underlying mechanisms. Taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity is dominated by turnover, and metacommunity heterogeneity is the result of substitution of species and phylogeny along environmental spatial gradients. Taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity were strongly correlated (r from 0.91 to 0.95), mainly explained by historical/spatial isolation processes, community composition, generation time, and reproductive characteristics, and this correlation provides surrogate information for freshwater conservation priorities. In addition, spatial factors affect functional and phylogenetic α diversity (26%, 28%), and environmental filtering and spatial processes combine to drive taxonomic α diversity (10%) and phylogenetic β diversity (11%). Studies suggest that spatial factors are key to controlling the community structure of zooplankton assemblages in near-natural streams, and that the relative role of local environments may depend on the dispersal capacity of species. In terms of diversity conservation, sites with high variation in uniqueness should be protected (i) with a focus on the western part of the thousand islands lake catchment and (ii) increasing effective dispersal between communities to facilitate genetic and food chain transmission.

Leaf gene expression trajectories during the growing season are consistent between sites and years in American beech

Transcriptomics provides a versatile tool for ecological monitoring. Here, through genome-guided profiling of transcripts mapping to 33 042 gene models, expression differences can be discerned among multi-year and seasonal leaf samples collected from American beech trees at two latitudinally separated sites. Despite a bottleneck due to post-Columbian deforestation, the single nucleotide polymorphism-based population genetic background analysis has yielded sufficient variation to account for differences between populations and among individuals. Our expression analyses during spring-summer and summer-autumn transitions for two consecutive years involved 4197 differentially expressed protein coding genes. Using Populus orthologues we reconstructed a protein-protein interactome representing leaf physiological states of trees during the seasonal transitions. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed gene ontology terms that highlight molecular functions and biological processes possibly influenced by abiotic forcings such as recovery from drought and response to excess precipitation. Further, based on 324 co-regulated transcripts, we focused on a subset of GO terms that could be putatively attributed to late spring phenological shifts. Our conservative results indicate that extended transcriptome-based monitoring of forests can capture diverse ranges of responses including air quality, chronic disease, as well as herbivore outbreaks that require activation and/or downregulation of genes collectively tuning reaction norms maintaining the survival of long living trees such as the American beech.

Influence of Ecological Multiparameters on Facets of β-Diversity of Freshwater Plankton Ciliates

Understanding the relative importance of the factors that drive global patterns of biodiversity is among the major topics of ecological and biogeographic research. In freshwater bodies, spatial, temporal, abiotic, and biotic factors are important structurers of these ecosystems and can trigger distinct responses according to the facet of biodiversity considered. The objective was to evaluate how different facets of β-diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) based on data from the planktonic ciliate community of a Neotropical floodplain, are influenced by temporal, spatial, abiotic, and biotic factors. The research was conducted in the upper Paraná River floodplain between the years 2010 and 2020 in different water bodies. All predictors showed significant importance on the facets of β-diversity, except the abiotic predictors on species composition data, for the taxonomic facet. The functional and phylogenetic facets were mostly influenced by abiotic, biotic, and spatial factors. For temporal predictors, results showed influence on taxonomic (structure and composition data) and functional (structure data) facets. Also, a fraction of shared explanation between the temporal and abiotic components was observed for the distinct facets. Significant declines in β-diversity in continental ecosystems have been evidenced, especially those with drastic implications for ecosystemic services. Therefore, the preservation of a high level of diversity in water bodies, also involving phylogenetic and functional facets, should be a priority in conservation plans and goals, to ensure the maintenance of important ecological processes involving ciliates.

Environmental Change, Changing Biodiversity, and Infections-Lessons for Kidney Health Community

There is a direct and accelerating connection between ongoing environmental change, the unprecedented decline in biodiversity, and the increase in infectious disease epidemiology worldwide. Rising global temperatures are threatening the biodiversity that underpins the richness and diversity of flora and fauna species in our ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, rapid urbanization, and expanding population are the primary drivers of environmental change resulting in biodiversity collapse. Climate change is influencing the emergence, prevalence, and transmission of infectious diseases both directly and through its impact on biodiversity. The environment is gradually becoming more suitable for infectious diseases by affecting a variety of pathogens, hosts, and vectors and by favoring transmission rates in many parts of the world that were until recently free of these infections. The acute effects of these zoonotic, vector and waterborne diseases are well known; however, evidence is emerging about their role in the development of chronic kidney disease. The pathways linking environmental change and biodiversity loss to infections impacting kidney health are diverse and complex. Climate change and biodiversity loss disproportionately affect the vulnerable and limit their ability to access healthcare. The kidney health community needs to contribute to the issue of environmental change and biodiversity loss through multisectoral action alongside government, policymakers, advocates, businesses, and the general population. We describe various aspects of the environmental change effects on the transmission and emergence of infectious diseases particularly focusing on its potential impact on kidney health. We also discuss the adaptive and mitigation measures and the gaps in research and policy action.