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El Sayed AM, El-Abd EA, Afifi AH, Hashim FA, Kutkat O, Ali MA, El Raey MA, El Hawary SS. Comparative metabolomics analysis of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Swingle and Limonia acidissima Linn. Fruits and leaves cultivated in Egypt in context to their antiviral effects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32335. [PMID: 38933965 PMCID: PMC11200356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study of fruits and leaves extracts of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis Swingle and Limonia acidissima L. family Rutaceae was accomplished to investigate their antiviral activity along with their zinc oxide nanoparticles formulation (ZnONPs) against the avian influenza H5N1 virus. A thorough comparative phytochemical investigation of C. medica and L.acidissima leaves and fruits was performed using UPLC-QTOF-MS-MS. Antiviral effects further aided by molecular docking proved the highly significant potential of using C. medica and L.acidissima extracts as medicinal agents. Antiviral potency is ascendingly arranged as L. acidissima leaves (LAL) > L. acidissima fruits (LAF) > C. medica leaves (CML) at 160 μg. Nano formulation of LAF has the most splendid antiviral upshot. The metabolomic profiling of CMF and LAL revealed the detection of 48 & 74 chromatographic peaks respectively. Docking simulation against five essential proteins in survival and replication of the influenza virus revealed that flavonoid di-glycosides (hesperidin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-7-neohesperidoside) have shown great affinity toward the five investigated proteins and achieved docking scores which approached or even exceeded that achieved by the native ligands. Hesperidin has demonstrated the best binding affinity toward neuraminidase (NA), haemagglutinin (HA), and polymerase protein PB2 (-10.675, -8.131, and -10.046 kcal/mol respectively. We propose using prepared crude methanol extracts of both plants as an antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. El Sayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A.W. El-Abd
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, 33-Elbohouth St, (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, ID: 60014618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Afifi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, 33-Elbohouth St, (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, ID: 60014618, Egypt
| | - Fatma A. Hashim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Centre, 33-Elbohouth St, (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, ID: 60014618, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12311, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El Raey
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham S. El Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Kiba Y, Tanikawa T, Hayashi T, Yokogawa T, Sano A, Suzuki R, Kitamura M. Inhibitory effects of senkyuchachosan on SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease activity in vitro. J Nat Med 2024; 78:784-791. [PMID: 38512650 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Papain-like protease (PLpro) enzyme plays a vital role in viral replication as it breaks down polyproteins and disrupts the host's immune response. There are few reports on Kampo formulas that focus on PLpro activity. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of senkyuchachosan, a traditional Japanese medicine, on PLpro of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for causing COVID-19. We purified the PLpro enzyme and conducted in vitro enzymatic assays using specific substrates. Among the nine crude drugs present in senkyuchachosan, four (Cyperi Rhizoma, Schizonepetae Spica, Menthae Herba, and Camelliae sinensis Folium [CsF]) strongly inhibited PLpro activity. CsF, derived from Camellia sinensis (green tea), contains polyphenols, including catechins and tannins. To confirm that the PLpro inhibitory effects of senkyuchachosan predominantly stem from tannins, the tannins were removed from the decoction using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). The inhibitory effect of senkyuchachosan on PLpro activity was reduced by the removal of PVPP. In addition, the tannin fraction obtained from the CsF extracts showed significant PLpro inhibitory effects. These findings lay the groundwork for the potential development of therapeutic agents that target SARS-CoV-2 infection by intervening in proteolytic cleavage of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kiba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takami Yokogawa
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Aiko Sano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
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3
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Mehlman T, Ginn HM, Keedy DA. An expanded trove of fragment-bound structures for the allosteric enzyme PTP1B from computational reanalysis of large-scale crystallographic data. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00187-4. [PMID: 38861991 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to their low binding affinities, detecting small-molecule fragments bound to protein structures from crystallographic datasets has been a challenge. Here, we report a trove of 65 new fragment hits for PTP1B, an "undruggable" therapeutic target enzyme for diabetes and cancer. These structures were obtained from computational analysis of data from a large crystallographic screen, demonstrating the power of this approach to elucidate many (∼50% more) "hidden" ligand-bound states of proteins. Our new structures include a fragment hit found in a novel binding site in PTP1B with a unique location relative to the active site, one that links adjacent allosteric sites, and, perhaps most strikingly, a fragment that induces long-range allosteric protein conformational responses. Altogether, our research highlights the utility of computational analysis of crystallographic data, makes publicly available dozens of new ligand-bound structures of a high-value drug target, and identifies novel aspects of ligandability and allostery in PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Mehlman
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031, USA; PhD Program in Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen M Ginn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Life Sciences, Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Daniel A Keedy
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, NY 10031, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; PhD Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, & Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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4
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Quddusi DM, Hiremath SA, Bajcinca N. Mutation prediction in the SARS-CoV-2 genome using attention-based neural machine translation. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:5996-6018. [PMID: 38872567 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) has been evolving rapidly after causing havoc worldwide in 2020. Since then, it has been very hard to contain the virus owing to its frequently mutating nature. Changes in its genome lead to viral evolution, rendering it more resistant to existing vaccines and drugs. Predicting viral mutations beforehand will help in gearing up against more infectious and virulent versions of the virus in turn decreasing the damage caused by them. In this paper, we have proposed different NMT (neural machine translation) architectures based on RNNs (recurrent neural networks) to predict mutations in the SARS-CoV-2-selected non-structural proteins (NSP), i.e., NSP1, NSP3, NSP5, NSP8, NSP9, NSP13, and NSP15. First, we created and pre-processed the pairs of sequences from two languages using k-means clustering and nearest neighbors for training a neural translation machine. We also provided insights for training NMTs on long biological sequences. In addition, we evaluated and benchmarked our models to demonstrate their efficiency and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrak Moin Quddusi
- Chair of Mechatronics in the Faculty of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Rheinland-Pfalz Technical University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Sandesh Athni Hiremath
- Chair of Mechatronics in the Faculty of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Rheinland-Pfalz Technical University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Naim Bajcinca
- Chair of Mechatronics in the Faculty of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Rheinland-Pfalz Technical University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
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Sabadini G, Mellado M, Morales C, Mella J. Arylamines QSAR-Based Design and Molecular Dynamics of New Phenylthiophene and Benzimidazole Derivatives with Affinity for the C111, Y268, and H73 Sites of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Enzyme. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:606. [PMID: 38794177 PMCID: PMC11124164 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A non-structural SARS-CoV-2 protein, PLpro, is involved in post-translational modifications in cells, allowing the evasion of antiviral immune response mechanisms. In this study, potential PLpro inhibitory drugs were designed using QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. A combined QSAR equation with physicochemical and Free-Wilson descriptors was formulated. The r2, q2, and r2test values were 0.833, 0.770, and 0.721, respectively. From the equation, it was found that the presence of an aromatic ring and a basic nitrogen atom is crucial for obtaining good antiviral activity. Then, a series of structures for the binding sites of C111, Y268, and H73 of PLpro were created. The best compounds were found to exhibit pIC50 values of 9.124 and docking scoring values of -14 kcal/mol. The stability of the compounds in the cavities was confirmed by molecular dynamics studies. A high number of stable contacts and good interactions over time were exhibited by the aryl-thiophenes Pred14 and Pred15, making them potential antiviral candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Sabadini
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Marco Mellado
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
| | - César Morales
- Laboratorio de Materiales Funcionales, Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Jaime Mella
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación de Productos Bioactivos (CInBIO), Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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Qin H, Luo J, Zhao N, Lou W, Chen P, Wang H, Pan Z, Xiong X. Xuanfei Formula inhibited RSV infection by normalizing the SREBP2-mediated cholesterol synthesis process. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387062. [PMID: 38765687 PMCID: PMC11100329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly, often progressing to pneumonia and severe sequelae. However, there are currently no feasible and cost-effective interventions with proven efficacy for children, making medications with anti-RSV activity urgently needed. Traditional Chinese medicine has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in alleviating viral infection symptoms. Therefore, we aimed to develop effective strategies for RSV treatment based on traditional Chinese medicine. Methods and results The infection status was assessed in BALB/c mice with or without Xuanfei Formula (XFF) treatment over a one-week period using H&E staining, cytokine assays and RSV titer testing after RSV challenge. Remarkably, on the first day of XFF intervention, both the pro-inflammation cytokine levels in the serum and RSV-N gene copies in the lung of mice were plummeted, compared to the RSV-infected group. This implied that XFF might possess the immune-independent anti-RSV capability. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we employed transcriptome analysis followed by k-means analysis. The reversal effects of XFF against RSV primarily focused on the processes of innate and adaptive immunity. Additionally, we found that XFF administration corrected the disordered fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism processes during RSV infection. Lipidomics profiling indicated consistent cholesterol abundance with transcriptional changes but not fatty acids. Cholesterol synthesis-related genes mRNA levels and cholesterol synthesis intermediates detection supported XFF's repression upon cholesterol biosynthesis. Aberrantly increased cholesterol production has been reported as necessary for RSV infection. To mimic that, we observed lovastatin treatment inhibited RSV replication and pro-inflammation cytokine expression in vitro. Transcription factor prediction of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cholesterol synthesis implicated SREBP2. Through network pharmacology, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were identified as the effective active ingredients within the XFF, with the help of further molecular docking and mass spectrum detection. In vitro experiments demonstrated β-sitosterol and stigmasterol reinforced the bonding between SREBP cleavage-activation protein (SCAP) and insulin-induced gene proteins (INSIGs) to inhibit SREBP2 cleavage maturation and consequent RSV infection. Conclusion Xuanfei Formula (XFF) exhibits excellent anti-RSV efficacy by inhibiting SREBP2-mediated cholesterol synthesis to reduce RSV replication and ameliorate inflammation in the lung of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wange Lou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihao Wang
- Information Department, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zishu Pan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Borges PHO, Ferreira SB, Silva FP. Recent Advances on Targeting Proteases for Antiviral Development. Viruses 2024; 16:366. [PMID: 38543732 PMCID: PMC10976044 DOI: 10.3390/v16030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases are an important target for drug development, since they can modulate vital pathways in viral replication, maturation, assembly and cell entry. With the (re)appearance of several new viruses responsible for causing diseases in humans, like the West Nile virus (WNV) and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), understanding the mechanisms behind blocking viral protease's function is pivotal for the development of new antiviral drugs and therapeutical strategies. Apart from directly inhibiting the target protease, usually by targeting its active site, several new pathways have been explored to impair its activity, such as inducing protein aggregation, targeting allosteric sites or by inducing protein degradation by cellular proteasomes, which can be extremely valuable when considering the emerging drug-resistant strains. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances on a broad range of viral proteases inhibitors, therapies and molecular approaches for protein inactivation or degradation, giving an insight on different possible strategies against this important class of antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Oliveira Borges
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biological Prospecting, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biological Prospecting, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Floriano Paes Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biochemistry of Drugs, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Adeosun WB, Loots DT. Medicinal Plants against Viral Infections: A Review of Metabolomics Evidence for the Antiviral Properties and Potentials in Plant Sources. Viruses 2024; 16:218. [PMID: 38399995 PMCID: PMC10892737 DOI: 10.3390/v16020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Most plants have developed unique mechanisms to cope with harsh environmental conditions to compensate for their lack of mobility. A key part of their coping mechanisms is the synthesis of secondary metabolites. In addition to their role in plants' defense against pathogens, they also possess therapeutic properties against diseases, and their use by humans predates written history. Viruses are a unique class of submicroscopic agents, incapable of independent existence outside a living host. Pathogenic viruses continue to pose a significant threat to global health, leading to innumerable fatalities on a yearly basis. The use of medicinal plants as a natural source of antiviral agents has been widely reported in literature in the past decades. Metabolomics is a powerful research tool for the identification of plant metabolites with antiviral potentials. It can be used to isolate compounds with antiviral capacities in plants and study the biosynthetic pathways involved in viral disease progression. This review discusses the use of medicinal plants as antiviral agents, with a special focus on the metabolomics evidence supporting their efficacy. Suggestions are made for the optimization of various metabolomics methods of characterizing the bioactive compounds in plants and subsequently understanding the mechanisms of their operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Bamise Adeosun
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
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Khazi MI, Liaqat F, Liu X, Yan Y, Zhu D. Fermentation, functional analysis, and biological activities of turmeric kombucha. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:759-768. [PMID: 37658688 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kombucha is a popular fermented drink with therapeutic benefits. The present study aimed to examine the fermentation of turmeric-infused kombucha and evaluate its biological activities and functional properties. RESULTS The study of pH dynamics during fermentation found that turmeric kombucha has a lower pH decrease than standard kombucha, with the lowest pH of 3.1 being observed in 0.1% turmeric kombucha and the maximum pH of 3.8 found in 1% turmeric kombucha. The research shows that the symbiotic consortia of bacteria and yeast alters during the fermentation process with turmeric. Gas chromatogrphy-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that turmeric kombucha is abundant in terpenes, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and fatty acids, with higher levels of active ingredients than regular kombucha. The kombucha with 0.6% turmeric had the highest overall acceptance score (9.0) in sensory evaluation. The total phenolic content after fermentation was in the range 0.2-0.8 mg gallic acid equivalents mL-1 . Increasing turmeric concentrations increased the antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of kombucha analogs, with the highest antioxidant activity (89%) observed at 0.8% turmeric, and the maximum cytotoxicity (74%) and antibacterial activity (zones of inhibition of 17.7 and 15.9 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively) observed at 1% turmeric. CONCLUSION The fermentation of kombucha infused with turmeric enhanced its biological activities, making it a healthier alternative to traditional kombucha and presenting new opportunities in the field of functional foods. Further investigations into the mechanisms underlying these effects and in vivo studies are warranted to fully comprehend the impact of turmeric kombucha consumption on human health. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahammed Ilyas Khazi
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fakhra Liaqat
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Gonzalez-Pastor R, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Zúñiga-Miranda J, Rodríguez-Pólit C, Mayorga-Ramos A, Guamán LP, Barba-Ostria C. Current Landscape of Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031068. [PMID: 36770734 PMCID: PMC9920787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts have been and continue to be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to cancer, based on their convenience and therapeutic potential. Natural products derived from microbes, plants, and animals offer a broad variety of molecules and chemical compounds. Natural products are not only one of the most important sources for innovative drug development for animal and human health, but they are also an inspiration for synthetic biology and chemistry scientists towards the discovery of new bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals. This is particularly relevant in the current context, where antimicrobial resistance has risen as a global health problem. Thus, efforts are being directed toward studying natural compounds' chemical composition and bioactive potential to generate drugs with better efficacy and lower toxicity than existing molecules. Currently, a wide range of methodologies are used to analyze the in vitro activity of natural extracts to determine their suitability as antimicrobial agents. Despite traditional technologies being the most employed, technological advances have contributed to the implementation of methods able to circumvent issues related to analysis capacity, time, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review produces an updated analysis of the conventional and current methods to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Johana Zúñiga-Miranda
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pólit
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Arianna Mayorga-Ramos
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Linda P. Guamán
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
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11
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Kawall A, Lewis DSM, Sharma A, Chavada K, Deshmukh R, Rayalam S, Mody V, Taval S. Inhibitory effect of phytochemicals towards SARS-CoV-2 papain like protease (PLpro) proteolytic and deubiquitinase activity. Front Chem 2023; 10:1100460. [PMID: 36712981 PMCID: PMC9878345 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), and papain-like protease (PLpro) are necessary for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Among these three enzymes, PLpro exhibits both proteolytic and deubiquitinase (DUB) activity and is responsible for disrupting the host's innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Because of this unique property of PLpro, we investigated the inhibitory effects of phytochemicals on the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro enzyme. Our data indicates that the phytochemicals such as catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), mangiferin, myricetin, rutin, and theaflavin exhibited inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 14.2, 128.4, 95.3, 12.1, and 43.4, and 7.3 μM, respectively, towards PLpro proteolytic activity. However, the IC50 values of quercetin, oleuropein, and γ-mangostin are ambiguous. We observed that EGCG, mangiferin, myricetin, oleuropein, rutin, and theaflavin have also inhibited the DUB activity with IC50 values of 44.7, 104.3, 29.2, 131.5, 61.7, and 13.2 μM, respectively. Mechanistically, the ligand-protein interaction structural modeling suggests that mangiferin, EGCG, theaflavin, and oleuropein shows that these four ligands interact with Glu167, and Tyr268, however mangiferin and oleuropein showed very weak interaction with Glu167 as compared to EGCG, and theaflavin which reflects their low IC50 values for DUB activity. Our data indicate that the phytochemicals mentioned above inhibit the proteolytic and DUB activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, thus preventing viral replication and promoting host innate immune response. However, the therapeutic potential of these phytochemicals needs to be validated by pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasha Kawall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Devin S. M. Lewis
- Division of Research, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Avini Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Krishna Chavada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States
| | - Vicky Mody
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Shashidharamurthy Taval, ; Vicky Mody,
| | - Shashidharamurthy Taval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine—Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Shashidharamurthy Taval, ; Vicky Mody,
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Smith N, Wilson MA. Understanding Cysteine Chemistry Using Conventional and Serial X-Ray Protein Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2022; 12:1671. [PMID: 36685087 PMCID: PMC9850494 DOI: 10.3390/cryst12111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that use cysteine residues for catalysis or regulation are widely distributed and intensively studied, with many biomedically important examples. Enzymes where cysteine is a catalytic nucleophile typically generate covalent catalytic intermediates whose structures are important for understanding mechanism and for designing targeted inhibitors. The formation of catalytic intermediates can change enzyme conformational dynamics, sometimes activating protein motions that are important for catalytic turnover. However, these transiently populated intermediate species have been challenging to structurally characterize using traditional crystallographic approaches. This review describes the use and promise of new time-resolved serial crystallographic methods to study cysteine-dependent enzymes, with a focus on the main (Mpro) and papain-like (PLpro) cysteine proteases of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other examples. We review features of cysteine chemistry that are relevant for the design and execution of time-resolved serial crystallography experiments. In addition, we discuss emerging X-ray techniques such as time-resolved sulfur X-ray spectroscopy that may be able to detect changes in sulfur charge state and covalency during catalysis or regulatory modification. In summary, cysteine-dependent enzymes have features that make them especially attractive targets for new time-resolved serial crystallography approaches, which can reveal both changes to enzyme structure and dynamics during catalysis in crystalline samples.
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