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Sridhar V, Podjaski F, Alapan Y, Kröger J, Grunenberg L, Kishore V, Lotsch BV, Sitti M. Light-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in biological and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug delivery. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabm1421. [PMID: 35044799 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose two-dimensional poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitride microparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biological media. Their high-speed (15 to 23 micrometer per second; 9.5 ± 5.4 body lengths per second) swimming in multicomponent ionic solutions with concentrations up to 5 M and without dedicated fuels is demonstrated, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previous light-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to a favorable interplay between the particle's textural and structural nanoporosity and optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions with high salinity. Biocompatibility of these microswimmers is validated by cell viability tests with three different cell lines and primary cells. The nanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in a high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlled drug release is reported under different pH conditions and can be triggered on-demand by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and its active degradation products are demonstrated under oxygen-poor conditions using the intrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storage properties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications in oxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneously address the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance, fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility, and controlled on-demand cargo release toward their biomedical, environmental, and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sridhar
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Kröger
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vimal Kishore
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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Mathesh M, Bhattarai E, Yang W. 2D Active Nanobots Based on Soft Nanoarchitectonics Powered by an Ultralow Fuel Concentration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Mathesh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Elisha Bhattarai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University 75 Pigdons Road Waurn Ponds 3216 Australia
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Mathesh M, Bhattarai E, Yang W. 2D Active Nanobots Based on Soft Nanoarchitectonics Powered by an Ultralow Fuel Concentration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113801. [PMID: 34918446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis to power micro/nanomotors has received tremendous attention because of the vast potential in applications ranging from biomedicine to environmental remediation. However, the current design is mainly based on a complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture, with limited accessible surface areas for the catalytic sites, and thus require a higher fuel concentration to achieve active motion. Herein we report for the first time an enzyme-powered 2D nanobot, which was designed by a facile strategy based on soft nanoarchitectonics for active motion at an ultralow fuel concentration (0.003% H 2 O 2 ). The 2D nanobot exhibited efficient positive chemotactic behavior and the ability to swim against gravity by virtue of solutal buoyancy. As a proof-of-concept, the 2D nanobots showed an excellent capability for "on-the-fly" removal of methylene blue (MB) dye with an efficiency of 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motilal Mathesh
- Deakin University - Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds: Deakin University - Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, AUSTRALIA
| | - Elisha Bhattarai
- Deakin University - Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds: Deakin University - Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, school of life and environmental science, AUSTRALIA
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Deakin University, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
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Wu X, Xue X, Wang J, Liu H. Phototropic Aggregation and Light-Guided Long-Distance Collective Transport of Colloidal Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6819-6827. [PMID: 32476425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phoretic swarming and collective transport of colloidal particles in response to environmental stimuli have attracted tremendous interest in a variety of fields. In this work, we investigate the light-actuated motion, aggregation, and light-guided long-distance mass transport of silica microspheres in simple spiropyran solutions under the illumination of UV spot sources. The phototactic motion is confirmed by the dependence of swarming on the illumination intensity and spiropyran concentrations, ON-OFF switching tests, pattern-masked UV sources, etc. The aggregates formed via swarming of silica spheres can chase after a moving UV source, however, relying on a critical speed of the UV source. Only when the UV source speed is below the critical value, the aggregates follow the UV spot at a constant relative speed to the light spot. Analysis on the shape of silica microsphere currents indicates that continuous illumination of the UV spot source and resultant chemical gradients are important for the formation of steady microsphere currents. Light-guided aggregation and long-distance mass transport are interesting for targeted delivery and remote-controlled enrichment of environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinghang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hewen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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