1
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Grimm C, Pompei S, Egger K, Fuchs M, Kroutil W. Anaerobic demethylation of guaiacyl-derived monolignols enabled by a designed artificial cobalamin methyltransferase fusion enzyme. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5770-5777. [PMID: 36816070 PMCID: PMC9930637 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin-derived aryl methyl ethers (e.g. coniferyl alcohol, ferulic acid) are expected to be a future carbon source for chemistry. The well-known P450 dependent biocatalytic O-demethylation of these aryl methyl ethers is prone to side product formation especially for the oxidation sensitive catechol products which get easily oxidized in the presence of O2. Alternatively, biocatalytic demethylation using cobalamin dependent enzymes may be used under anaerobic conditions, whereby two proteins, namely a methyltransferase and a carrier protein are required. To make this approach applicable for preparative transformations, fusion proteins were designed connecting the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase (MT) with the corrinoid-binding protein (CP) from Desulfitobacterium hafniense by variable glycine linkers. From the proteins created, the fusion enzyme MT-L5-CP with the shortest linker performed best of all fusion enzymes investigated showing comparable and, in some aspects, even better performance than the separated proteins. The fusion enzymes provided several advantages like that the cobalamin cofactor loading step required originally for the CP could be skipped enabling a significantly simpler protocol. Consequently, the biocatalytic demethylation was performed using Schlenk conditions allowing the O-demethylation e.g. of the monolignol coniferyl alcohol on a 25 mL scale leading to 75% conversion. The fusion enzyme represents a promising starting point to be evolved for alternative demethylation reactions to diversify natural products and to valorize lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Simona Pompei
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kristina Egger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria .,BioTechMed Graz 8010 Graz Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz 8010 Graz Austria
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4
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Abstract
Coabalamin-dependent O-demethylase in Blautia sp. strain MRG-PMF1 was found to catalyze the unprecedented allyl aryl ether cleavage reaction. To expand the potential biotechnological applications, the reaction mechanism of the allyl aryl ether C-O bond cleavage, proposed to utilize the reactive Co(I) supernucleophile species, was studied further from the anaerobic whole-cell biotransformation. Various allyl naphthyl ether derivatives were reacted with Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 O-demethylase, and stereoisomers of allyl naphthyl ethers, including prenyl and but-2-enyl naphthyl ethers, were converted to the corresponding naphthol in a stereoselective manner. The allyl aryl ether cleavage reaction was regioselective, and 2-naphthyl ethers were converted faster than the corresponding 1-naphthyl ethers. However, MRG-PMF1 cocorrinoid O-demethylase was not able to convert (2-methylallyl) naphthyl ether substrates, and the conversion of propargyl naphthyl ether was extremely slow. From the results, it was proposed that the allyl ether cleavage reaction follows the nucleophilic conjugate substitution (SN2') mechanism. The reactivity and mechanism of the new allyl ether cleavage reaction by cobalamin-dependent O-demethylase would facilitate the application of Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 O-demethylase in the area of green biotechnology. IMPORTANCE Biodegradation of environmental pollutants and valorization of biomaterials in a greener way is of great interest. Cobalamin-dependent O-demethylase in Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 exclusively involves anaerobic C1 metabolism by cleaving the C-O bond of aromatic methoxy group and also produces various aryl alcohols by metabolizing allyl aryl ether compounds. Whereas methyl ether cleavage reaction is known to follow the SN2' mechanism, the reaction pattern and mechanism of the new allyl ether cleavage reaction by cobalamin-dependent O-demethylase have never been studied. For the first time, stereoselectivity and the SN2' mechanism of allyl aryl ether cleavage reaction by Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 O-demethylase is reported, and the results would facilitate the application of Blautia sp. MRG-PMF1 O-demethylase in the area of green biotechnology.
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5
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Jeantelot G, Følkner SP, Manegold JIS, Ingebrigtsen MG, Jensen VR, Le Roux E. Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenols to Aromatics Catalyzed by Nb 2O 5-Supported Iridium. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31561-31566. [PMID: 36092594 PMCID: PMC9453801 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dominating catalytic approach to aromatic hydrocarbons from renewables, deoxygenation of phenol-rich depolymerized lignin bio-oils, is hard to achieve: hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenols typically leads to the loss of aromaticity and to non-negligible fractions of cyclohexanones and cyclohexanols. Here, we report a catalyst, niobia-supported iridium nanoparticles (Ir@Nb2O5), which combines full conversion in the HDO of lignin-derived phenols with appreciable and tunable selectivity for aromatics (25-95%) under mild conditions (200-300 °C, 2.5-10 bar of H2). A simple approach to the removal of Brønsted-acidic sites via Hünig's base prevents coking and allows reaction conditions (T > 225 °C, 2.5 bar of H2), promoting high yields of aromatic hydrocarbons.
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6
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Müller M, Germer P, Andexer JN. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Transfer – A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review provides an overview of different C1 building blocks as substrates of enzymes, or part of their cofactors, and the resulting functionalized products. There is an emphasis on the broad range of possibilities of biocatalytic one-carbon extensions with C1 sources of different oxidation states. The identification of uncommon biosynthetic strategies, many of which might serve as templates for synthetic or biotechnological applications, towards one-carbon extensions is supported by recent genomic and metabolomic progress and hence we refer principally to literature spanning from 2014 to 2020.1 Introduction2 Methane, Methanol, and Methylamine3 Glycine4 Nitromethane5 SAM and SAM Ylide6 Other C1 Building Blocks7 Formaldehyde and Glyoxylate as Formaldehyde Equivalents8 Cyanide9 Formic Acid10 Formyl-CoA and Oxalyl-CoA11 Carbon Monoxide12 Carbon Dioxide13 Conclusions
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7
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Aguiar LO, Silva EDO, David JM. Biotransformation of chalcones and flavanones: An update on their bio-based derivatizations. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2073226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge M. David
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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8
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Identification of Common Liver Metabolites of the Natural Bioactive Compound Erinacine A, Purified from Hericium erinaceus Mycelium. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite identification, in the early stage, for compound discovery is necessary to assess the knowledge for the pharmaceutical improvement of drug safety and efficacy. Even if the drug has been released into the market, identification and continuous evaluation of the metabolites are required to avoid the risk of post-marketing withdrawal. Hericium erinaceus (HE), a medicinal mushroom, has broadly documented nutraceutical benefits, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging, hypolipidemic, and gastric mucosal protection effects. Recently, erinacine A has been reported as the main natural bioactive compound in the mycelium of HE for functional food development. In neurological studies, the consumption of enrinacine A enriched HE mycelium demonstrates its significant nutraceutical effects in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and ischemic stroke. For the first time, we explored the metabolic process of erinacine A molecule and identified its metabolites from the rat and human liver S9 fraction. Using a liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for quantitative analysis, we observed that 75.44% of erinacine A was metabolized within 60 min in rat, and 32.34% of erinacine A was metabolized within 120 min in human S9. Using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) to identify the metabolites of erinacine A, five common metabolites were identified, and their possible structures were evaluated. Understanding the metabolic process of erinacine A and establishing its metabolite profile database will help promote the nutraceutical application and discovery of related biomarkers in the future.
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9
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Taday F, Ryan J, O’Sullivan R, O’Reilly E. Transaminase-Mediated Amine Borrowing via Shuttle Biocatalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:74-79. [PMID: 34910480 PMCID: PMC8762705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shuttle catalysis has emerged as a useful methodology for the reversible transfer of small functional groups, such as CO and HCN, and goes far beyond transfer hydrogenation chemistry. While a biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing methodology is well established, the biocatalytic borrowing of alternative functional groups has not yet been realized. Herein, we present a new concept of amine borrowing via biocatalytic shuttle catalysis, which has no counterpart in chemo-shuttle catalysis and allows efficient intermolecular amine shuttling to generate reactive intermediates in situ. By coupling this dynamic exchange with an irreversible downstream step to displace the reaction equilibrium in the forward direction, high conversion to target products can be achieved. We showcase the potential of this amine-borrowing methodology using a biocatalytic equivalent of both the Knorr-pyrrole synthesis and Pictet-Spengler reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Taday
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham,
University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - James Ryan
- School
of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rachel O’Sullivan
- School
of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elaine O’Reilly
- School
of Chemistry, Science Centre South, University
College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Shigeno M, Hayashi K, Korenaga T, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Organic superbase t-Bu-P4-catalyzed demethylations of methoxyarenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organic superbase t-Bu-P4 catalyzes the demethylation reactions of methoxyarenes in the presence of alkanethiol and hexamethyldisilazane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
- Soft-Path Science and Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Sangster JJ, Marshall JR, Turner NJ, Mangas-Sanchez J. New Trends and Future Opportunities in the Enzymatic Formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100464. [PMID: 34726813 PMCID: PMC9401909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemistry provides society with fundamental products we use daily. Concerns about the impact that the chemical industry has over the environment is propelling major changes in the way we manufacture chemicals. Biocatalysis offers an alternative to other synthetic approaches as it employs enzymes, Nature's catalysts, to carry out chemical transformations. Enzymes are biodegradable, come from renewable sources, operate under mild reaction conditions, and display high selectivities in the processes they catalyse. As a highly multidisciplinary field, biocatalysis benefits from advances in different areas, and developments in the fields of molecular biology, bioinformatics, and chemical engineering have accelerated the extension of the range of available transformations (E. L. Bell et al., Nat. Rev. Meth. Prim. 2021, 1, 1-21). Recently, we surveyed advances in the expansion of the scope of biocatalysis via enzyme discovery and protein engineering (J. R. Marshall et al., Tetrahedron 2021, 82, 131926). Herein, we focus on novel enzymes currently available to the broad synthetic community for the construction of new C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, with the purpose of providing the non-specialist with new and alternative tools for chiral and sustainable chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Sangster
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - James R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Pompei S, Grimm C, Schiller C, Schober L, Kroutil W. Thiols Act as Methyl Traps in the Biocatalytic Demethylation of Guaiacol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16906-16910. [PMID: 34057803 PMCID: PMC8361964 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Demethylating methyl phenyl ethers is challenging, especially when the products are catechol derivatives prone to follow-up reactions. For biocatalytic demethylation, monooxygenases have previously been described requiring molecular oxygen which may cause oxidative side reactions. Here we show that such compounds can be demethylated anaerobically by using cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases exploiting thiols like ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate as a methyl trap. Using just two equivalents of this reagent, a broad spectrum of substituted guaiacol derivatives were demethylated, with conversions mostly above 90 %. This strategy was used to prepare the highly valuable antioxidant hydroxytyrosol on a one-gram scale in 97 % isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompei
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christine Schiller
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lukas Schober
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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13
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Pompei S, Grimm C, Schiller C, Schober L, Kroutil W. Thiols Act as Methyl Traps in the Biocatalytic Demethylation of Guaiacol Derivatives. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:17043-17047. [PMID: 38505659 PMCID: PMC10946705 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Demethylating methyl phenyl ethers is challenging, especially when the products are catechol derivatives prone to follow-up reactions. For biocatalytic demethylation, monooxygenases have previously been described requiring molecular oxygen which may cause oxidative side reactions. Here we show that such compounds can be demethylated anaerobically by using cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases exploiting thiols like ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate as a methyl trap. Using just two equivalents of this reagent, a broad spectrum of substituted guaiacol derivatives were demethylated, with conversions mostly above 90 %. This strategy was used to prepare the highly valuable antioxidant hydroxytyrosol on a one-gram scale in 97 % isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompei
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christine Schiller
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lukas Schober
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, Biocatalytic SynthesisUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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14
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Venkatesagowda B, Dekker RFH. Microbial demethylation of lignin: Evidence of enzymes participating in the removal of methyl/methoxyl groups. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109780. [PMID: 33992403 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural plant aromatic biopolymer containing various functional groups that can be exploited for activating lignin for potential commercial applications. Applications are hindered due to the presence of a high content of methyl/methoxyl groups that affects reactiveness. Various chemical and enzymatic approaches have been investigated to increase the functionality in transforming lignin. Among these is demethylation/demethoxylation, which increases the potential numbers of vicinal hydroxyl groups for applications as phenol-formaldehyde resins. Although the chemical route to lignin demethylation is well-studied, the biological route is still poorly explored. Bacteria and fungi have the ability to demethylate lignin and lignin-related compounds. Considering that appropriate microorganisms possess the biochemical machinery to demethylate lignin by cleaving O-methyl groups liberating methanol, and modify lignin by increasing the vicinal diol content that allows lignin to substitute for phenol in organic polymer syntheses. Certain bacteria through the actions of specific O-demethylases can modify various lignin-related compounds generating vicinal diols and liberating methanol or formaldehyde as end-products. The enzymes include: cytochrome P450-aryl-O-demethylase, monooxygenase, veratrate 3-O-demethylase, DDVA O-demethylase (LigX; lignin-related biphenyl 5,5'-dehydrodivanillate (DDVA)), vanillate O-demethylase, syringate O-demethylase, and tetrahydrofolate-dependent-O-demethylase. Although, the fungal counterparts have not been investigated in depth as in bacteria, O-demethylases, nevertheless, have been reported in demethylating various lignin substrates providing evidence of a fungal enzyme system. Few fungi appear to have the ability to secrete O-demethylases. The fungi can mediate lignin demethylation enzymatically (laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, O-demethylase), or non-enzymatically in brown-rot fungi through the Fenton reaction. This review discusses details on the aspects of microbial (bacterial and fungal) demethylation of lignins and lignin-model compounds and provides evidence of enzymes identified as specific O-demethylases involved in demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Venkatesagowda
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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15
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Pompei S, Grimm C, Farnberger JE, Schober L, Kroutil W. Regioselectivity of Cobalamin-Dependent Methyltransferase Can Be Tuned by Reaction Conditions and Substrate. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:5977-5983. [PMID: 33442427 PMCID: PMC7783988 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective reactions represent a significant challenge for organic chemistry. Here the regioselective methylation of a single hydroxy group of 4-substituted catechols was investigated employing the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Catechols substituted in position four were methylated either in meta- or para-position to the substituent depending whether the substituent was polar or apolar. While the biocatalytic cobalamin dependent methylation was meta-selective with 4-substituted catechols bearing hydrophilic groups, it was para-selective for hydrophobic substituents. Furthermore, the presence of water miscible co-solvents had a clear improving influence, whereby THF turned out to enable the formation of a single regioisomer in selected cases. Finally, it was found that also the pH led to an enhancement of regioselectivity for the cases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompei
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnologyc/o Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Lukas Schober
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealthUniversity of Graz8010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
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16
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Grimm C, Lazzarotto M, Pompei S, Schichler J, Richter N, Farnberger JE, Fuchs M, Kroutil W. Oxygen-Free Regioselective Biocatalytic Demethylation of Methyl-phenyl Ethers via Methyltransfer Employing Veratrol- O-demethylase. ACS Catal 2020; 10:10375-10380. [PMID: 32974079 PMCID: PMC7506938 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The cleavage of aryl
methyl ethers is a common reaction in chemistry requiring rather harsh
conditions; consequently, it is prone to undesired reactions and lacks
regioselectivity. Nevertheless, O-demethylation of
aryl methyl ethers is a tool to valorize natural and pharmaceutical
compounds by deprotecting reactive hydroxyl moieties. Various oxidative
enzymes are known to catalyze this reaction at the expense of molecular
oxygen, which may lead in the case of phenols/catechols to undesired
side reactions (e.g., oxidation, polymerization). Here an oxygen-independent
demethylation via methyl transfer is presented employing a cobalamin-dependent
veratrol-O-demethylase (vdmB). The biocatalytic demethylation
transforms a variety of aryl methyl ethers with two functional methoxy
moieties either in 1,2-position or in 1,3-position. Biocatalytic reactions
enabled, for instance, the regioselective monodemethylation of substituted
3,4-dimethoxy phenol as well as the monodemethylation of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene.
The methyltransferase vdmB was also successfully applied for the regioselective
demethylation of natural compounds such as papaverine and rac-yatein. The approach presented here represents an alternative
to chemical and enzymatic demethylation concepts and allows performing
regioselective demethylation in the absence of oxygen under mild conditions,
representing a valuable extension of the synthetic repertoire to modify
pharmaceuticals and diversify natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mattia Lazzarotto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simona Pompei
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johanna Schichler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria, c/o Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria, c/o Institute of Chemistry, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Mordhorst S, Andexer JN. Round, round we go - strategies for enzymatic cofactor regeneration. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1316-1333. [PMID: 32582886 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00004c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the beginning of 2020Enzymes depending on cofactors are essential in many biosynthetic pathways of natural products. They are often involved in key steps: catalytic conversions that are difficult to achieve purely with synthetic organic chemistry. Hence, cofactor-dependent enzymes have great potential for biocatalysis, on the condition that a corresponding cofactor regeneration system is available. For some cofactors, these regeneration systems require multiple steps; such complex enzyme cascades/multi-enzyme systems are (still) challenging for in vitro biocatalysis. Further, artificial cofactor analogues have been synthesised that are more stable, show an altered reaction range, or act as inhibitors. The development of bio-orthogonal systems that can be used for the production of modified natural products in vivo is an ongoing challenge. In light of the recent progress in this field, this review aims to provide an overview of general strategies involving enzyme cofactors, cofactor analogues, and regeneration systems; highlighting the current possibilities for application of enzymes using some of the most common cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Anjana SS, Varghese B, Murthy NN. Coligand modulated oxidative O-demethylation of a methyl ether appended tetradentate N-ligand in Co(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3187-3197. [PMID: 31967148 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two Co(ii) complexes of the formula CoLOMeX2 (X = Cl- (1a); X = I- (1b)), where LOMe is 2-methoxy-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl) aniline, were synthesized and their structure, spectra and reactivity were studied. Upon oxidation of 1a and 1b, the ligand LOMe undergoes demethylation at the metal centre resulting in the formation of Co(iii) complexes with modified phenoxide ligands. This is the very first example of oxidative O-demethylation reported at a Co(ii) centre. The oxidative behaviour exhibits a striking dependence on the nature of coligands coordinated to the metal centre. The Co(ii) complex 1a with stronger chloro coligands requires a strong oxidising agent like t-BuOOH for oxidative demethylation and the subsequent formation of a mononuclear Co(iii) complex with a demethylated ligand, CoLO-Cl2 (2). On the other hand, complex 1b with weaker iodo coligands undergoes oxidation in the presence of the weak oxidant O2 to form a dihydroxo bridged binuclear Co(iii) complex [Co2(LO-)2(OH)2]2+ (3) with modified phenoxide ligands. The oxidation of 1b to 3 is monitored and the intermediate Co(ii) iodo aqua complex [CoLOMeI(H2O)]+ and Co(ii) diaqua complex [CoLOMe(H2O)2]2+ are isolated and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Anjana
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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19
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio‐Catechol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling Ghent University Technologiepark 46 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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20
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio-Catechol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3063-3068. [PMID: 31765514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient conversion of biorenewable ferulic acid into bio-catechol has been developed. The transformation comprises two consecutive defunctionalizations of the substrate, that is, C-O (demethylation) and C-C (de-2-carboxyvinylation) bond cleavage, occurring in one step. The process only requires heating of ferulic acid with HCl (or H2 SO4 ) as catalyst in pressurized hot water (250 °C, 50 bar N2 ). The versatility is shown on a variety of other (biorenewable) substrates yielding up to 84 % di- (catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone) and trihydroxybenzenes (pyrogallol, hydroxyquinol), in most cases just requiring simple extraction as work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Tang Q, Bornscheuer UT, Pavlidis IV. Specific Residues Expand the Substrate Scope and Enhance the Regioselectivity of a Plant
O
‐Methyltransferase. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Tang
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Ioannis V. Pavlidis
- Dept. of ChemistryUniversity of Crete Voutes University Campus 70013 Heraklion Greece
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22
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Liao C, Seebeck FP. S-adenosylhomocysteine as a methyl transfer catalyst in biocatalytic methylation reactions. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Venkatesagowda B. Enzymatic demethylation of lignin for potential biobased polymer applications. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Farnberger J, Hiebler K, Bierbaumer S, Skibar W, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Cobalamin-Dependent Apparent Intramolecular Methyl Transfer for Biocatalytic Constitutional Isomerization of Catechol Monomethyl Ethers. ACS Catal 2019; 9:3900-3905. [PMID: 31080689 PMCID: PMC6503581 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization is a fundamental reaction in chemistry. However, isomerization of phenyl methyl ethers has not been described yet. Using a cobalamin-dependent methyl transferase, a reversible shuttle concept was investigated for isomerization of catechol monomethyl ethers. The methyl ether of substituted catechol derivatives was successfully transferred onto the adjacent hydroxy moiety. For instance, the cobalamin-dependent biocatalyst transformed isovanillin to its regioisomer vanillin with significant regioisomeric excess (68% vanillin). To the best of our knowledge, isomerization by methyl transfer employing a methyl transferase has not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith
E. Farnberger
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnolgy, ACIB GmbH, c/o University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Hiebler
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed
Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed
Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Skibar
- Sandoz
GmbH, Biocatalysis Lab, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Zepeck
- Sandoz
GmbH, Biocatalysis Lab, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed
Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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25
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Richter N, Farnberger JE, Pompei S, Grimm C, Skibar W, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Methyl Ether Cleavage: Characterization of the Corrinoid‐Dependent Methyl Transfer System from Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Richter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyACIB GmbHc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Judith E. Farnberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyACIB GmbHc/o University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Simona Pompei
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Skibar
- Sandoz GmbHBiocatalysis Lab Biochemiestrasse 10 6250 Kundl Austria
| | - Ferdinand Zepeck
- Sandoz GmbHBiocatalysis Lab Biochemiestrasse 10 6250 Kundl Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazBioTechMed Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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