1
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Wang Y, Opsomer T, de Jong F, Verhaeghe D, Mulier M, Van Meervelt L, Van der Auweraer M, Dehaen W. Palladium-Catalyzed Arylations towards 3,6-Diaryl-1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes and Evaluation of Their Fluorescence Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2229. [PMID: 38792091 PMCID: PMC11123795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Methyl 4-(1,3a,6a-triazapentalen-3-yl)benzoate (TAP1) shows interesting properties as a small molecule fluorophore. In the search for post-functionalization methods, palladium-catalyzed arylation reactions were demonstrated. Direct CH arylation reactions of TAP1 with various aryl halides resulted in 3,6-diaryltriazapentalenes TAP4, although mostly in poor yields. Bromination of TAP1 followed by Suzuki coupling, on the other hand, requires a more delicate procedure, but gave arylated products with the same regiochemistry (TAP4) in moderate to good yields. The structure of 6-phenyltriazapentalene TAP4a was confirmed by crystallographic analysis. In addition, the effect of the C6 arylation on the fluorescent properties of 3-aryl-1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes was studied in dichloromethane at room temperature and in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K, while the photophysical properties of two saponified derivatives were measured in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Opsomer
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flip de Jong
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.d.J.); (M.V.d.A.)
| | - Davy Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.d.J.); (M.V.d.A.)
| | - Maarten Mulier
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (F.d.J.); (M.V.d.A.)
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Tsuji D, Nakayama A, Yamamoto R, Nagano S, Taniguchi T, Sato R, Karanjit S, Muguruma N, Takayama T, Itoh K, Namba K. 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene derivatives as photo-induced cytotoxic small fluorescent dyes. Commun Chem 2023; 6:37. [PMID: 36813913 PMCID: PMC9947109 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene (TAP) is a compact fluorescent chromophore whose fluorescence properties vary greatly depending on the substituents on the TAP ring. This study investigated the photo-induced cytotoxicities of various TAP derivatives. Among the derivatives, 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP showed significant cytotoxicity to HeLa cells under UV irradiation but no cytotoxicity without UV. In addition, the photo-induced cytotoxicity of 2-p-nitirophenyl-TAP was found to be cancer cell selective and effective against HeLa cells and HCT 116 cells. Under UV irradiation, 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induced an apoptosis and ferroptosis in cancer cells. Therefore, it was revealed that 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP is the most compact dye that can generate ROS by photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan ,Present Address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
| | - Riko Yamamoto
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Shuji Nagano
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan ,Present Address: Takamatsu Municipal Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8538 Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
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3
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Gutierrez VS, Arnault A, Ferreira V, Artigas A, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Carissan Y, Coquerel Y, Hiebel MA, Suzenet F. Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Aromaticity of Pyrazine-Fused Tetrazapentalenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13653-13662. [PMID: 36197438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazine-fused 1,2,6,6a-tetrazapentalenes (PyTeAP) are zwitterionic tricyclic compounds exhibiting an original pattern with four consecutive nitrogen atoms. They were obtained by a challenging cyclization through the formation of a N-N bond under thermolytic conditions. Ten derivatives were synthesized, and the original scaffold of PyTeAP was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of one derivative. Examination of their photophysical properties in solution revealed blue fluorescence with λem = 416-426 nm. Theoretical investigations of the aromaticity in these compounds through magnetic criteria evidenced the presence of a dominant 14-electron circuit at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Arnault
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311,Orléans, France
| | | | - Albert Artigas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Franck Suzenet
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311,Orléans, France
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4
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Benson S, de Moliner F, Tipping W, Vendrell M. Miniaturized Chemical Tags for Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204788. [PMID: 35704518 PMCID: PMC9542129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in optical bioimaging have prompted the need for minimal chemical reporters that can retain the molecular recognition properties and activity profiles of biomolecules. As a result, several methodologies to reduce the size of fluorescent and Raman labels to a few atoms (e.g., single aryl fluorophores, Raman‐active triple bonds and isotopes) and embed them into building blocks (e.g., amino acids, nucleobases, sugars) to construct native‐like supramolecular structures have been described. The integration of small optical reporters into biomolecules has also led to smart molecular entities that were previously inaccessible in an expedite manner. In this article, we review recent chemical approaches to synthesize miniaturized optical tags as well as some of their multiple applications in biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Fabio de Moliner
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - William Tipping
- Centre for Molecular Nanometrology The University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1RD UK
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
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5
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Benson S, de Moliner F, Tipping W, Vendrell M. Miniaturized Chemical Tags for Optical Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Benson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Fabio de Moliner
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research UNITED KINGDOM
| | - William Tipping
- University of Strathclyde Centre for Molecular Nanometrology UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc Vendrell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research 47 Little France Crescent EH16 4TJ Edinburgh UNITED KINGDOM
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6
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Sirbu D, Chopin N, Martinić I, Ndiaye M, Eliseeva SV, Hiebel MA, Petoud S, Suzenet F. Pyridazino-1,3a,6a-Triazapentalenes as Versatile Fluorescent Probes: Impact of Their Post-Functionalization and Application for Cellular Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6645. [PMID: 34205833 PMCID: PMC8234658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridazino-1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes (PyTAP) are compact fused 6/5/5 tricyclic scaffolds which exhibit promising fluorescent properties. Chemically stable, they can be post-functionalized using standard Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry. Several original PyTAP bearing additional unsaturated substituents in positions 2 and 8 were synthetized and their spectroscopic properties analyzed. They have been successfully tested as fluorescent probes for cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Sirbu
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique—ICOA UMR7311, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45100 Orléans, France; (D.S.); (N.C.); (M.N.); (M.-A.H.)
| | - Nicolas Chopin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique—ICOA UMR7311, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45100 Orléans, France; (D.S.); (N.C.); (M.N.); (M.-A.H.)
| | - Ivana Martinić
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (I.M.); (S.V.E.)
| | - Moussa Ndiaye
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique—ICOA UMR7311, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45100 Orléans, France; (D.S.); (N.C.); (M.N.); (M.-A.H.)
| | - Svetlana V. Eliseeva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (I.M.); (S.V.E.)
| | - Marie-Aude Hiebel
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique—ICOA UMR7311, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45100 Orléans, France; (D.S.); (N.C.); (M.N.); (M.-A.H.)
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France; (I.M.); (S.V.E.)
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique—ICOA UMR7311, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45100 Orléans, France; (D.S.); (N.C.); (M.N.); (M.-A.H.)
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7
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Bicyclic 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene Chromophores: Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Their Use as Fluorescent Sensors and Probes. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3a,6a-triazapentalene (TAP) is an aromatic heterocyclic fluorescent dye with interesting features such as its small size, large Stokes shift, solvatochromism, and emission wavelengths that are spread across the visible spectrum. TAPs have been synthesized via different synthetic strategies involving click−cyclization−aromatization domino reactions, gold-catalyzed cyclization of propargyl triazoles or triazolization of acetophenones. As a result, TAPs with diverse substitution patterns were obtained, showing varying fluorescence properties. Based on these properties, several TAPs have been selected and studied as fluorescent imaging probes in living cells and as sensors. This mini review provides an overview of the research on the bicyclic TAPs and does not comment on the literature about benzo or otherwise fused systems. The synthetic methodologies for the preparation of TAPs, the substituent effects on the fluorescence properties, and the behavior of the TAP core as an element of biological imaging probes and sensors are discussed.
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8
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Hoshi K, Sanagawa Y, Umebayashi R, Tabata A, Nagamune H, Hase E, Minamikawa T, Yasui T, Yoshida Y, Minagawa K, Kawamura Y, Imada Y, Yagishita F. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Quadrupolar Pyridinium Salt and Its Application as Bioimaging Agent. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yohei Sanagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Ryuta Umebayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Eiji Hase
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Research Cluster on “Multi-scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer”, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeo Minamikawa
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Research Cluster on “Multi-scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer”, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Research Cluster on “Multi-scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer”, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kawamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Yagishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
- Research Cluster on “Multi-scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer”, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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9
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Tigreros A, Aranzazu SL, Bravo NF, Zapata-Rivera J, Portilla J. Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines-based fluorophores: a comprehensive theoretical-experimental study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39542-39552. [PMID: 35515403 PMCID: PMC9057447 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07716j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent molecules are crucial tools for studying the dynamics of intracellular processes, chemosensors, and the progress of organic materials. In this study, a family of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (PPs) 4a-g has been identified as strategic compounds for optical applications due to several key characteristics such as their simpler and greener synthetic methodology (RME: 40-53%) as compared to those of BODIPYS (RME: 1.31-17.9%), and their tunable photophysical properties (going from ε = 3320 M-1 cm-1 and ϕ F = 0.01 to ε = 20 593 M-1 cm-1 and ϕ F = 0.97), in which electron-donating groups (EDGs) at position 7 on the fused ring improve both the absorption and emission behaviors. The PPs bearing simple aryl groups such as 4a (4-Py), 4b (2,4-Cl2Ph), 4d (Ph) and 4e (4-MeOPh), allow good solid-state emission intensities (QYSS = 0.18 to 0.63) in these compounds and thus, solid-state emitters can be designed by proper structural selection. The properties and stability found in 4a-g are comparable to commercial probes such as coumarin-153, prodan and rhodamine 6G. Ultimately, the electronic structure analysis based on DFT and TD-DFT calculations revealed that EDGs at position 7 on the fused ring favor large absorption/emission intensities as a result of the ICT to/from this ring; however, these intensities remain low with electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs), which is in line with the experimental data and allows us to understand the optical properties of this fluorophore family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Tigreros
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Sandra-L Aranzazu
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Nestor-F Bravo
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Jhon Zapata-Rivera
- Molecular Electronic Structure Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 Bogotá 111711 Colombia
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Wang Y, Opsomer T, Van Meervelt L, Dehaen W. Ring-Degenerate Rearrangement Resulting from the Azo Coupling Reaction of a 3-Aryl-1,3a,6a-triazapentalene. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9434-9439. [PMID: 32573232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 3-(4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)triazapentalene is a highly fluorescent small molecule which is readily accessible via a two-step synthesis. In the search for postfunctionalization methods, a radical CH-arylation with diazonium salts was attempted. However, azo coupling resulted in a ring-degenerate rearrangement toward a 2-aryl-4-azotriazapentalene, which was confirmed via crystallographic analysis. A mechanism involving the generation of a nitrilimine is proposed. In addition, reduction of the azo group led to cleavage of the triazapentalene core. The present results further demonstrate the sensitivity of the triazapentalene fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Opsomer
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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