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Saliu IO, Zhao G. New insights into astrocyte diversity from the lens of transcriptional regulation and their implications for neurodegenerative disease treatments. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2335-2336. [PMID: 38526262 PMCID: PMC11090421 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Hong H, Wang Y, Menard M, Buckley J, Zhou L, Volpicelli-Daley L, Standaert D, Qin H, Benveniste E. Suppression of the JAK/STAT Pathway Inhibits Neuroinflammation in the Line 61-PFF Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4307273. [PMID: 38766241 PMCID: PMC11100885 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4307273/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, and accumulation of a-synuclein (a-Syn) into insoluble aggregates called Lewy pathology. The Line 61 a-Syn mouse is an established preclinical model of PD; Thy-1 is used to promote human a-Syn expression, and features of sporadic PD develop at 9-18 months of age. To accelerate the PD phenotypes, we injected sonicated human a-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum, which produced phospho-Syn (p-a-Syn) inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta and significantly increased MHC Class II-positive immune cells. Additionally, there was enhanced infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells in the midbrain. We then used this new model, Line 61-PFF, to investigate the effect of inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which is critical for regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. After administration of the JAK1/2 inhibitor AZD1480, immunofluorescence staining showed a significant decrease in p-a-Syn inclusions and MHC Class II expression. Flow cytometry showed reduced infiltration of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and endogenous microglia into the midbrain. Importantly, single-cell RNA-Sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells from the midbrain identified 9 microglia clusters, 5 monocyte/macrophage (MM) clusters, and 5 T-cell (T) clusters, in which potentially pathogenic MM4 and T3 clusters were associated with neuroinflammatory responses in Line 61-PFF mice. AZD1480 treatment reduced cell numbers and cluster-specific expression of the antigen-presentation genes H2-Eb1, H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, and Cd74 in the MM4 cluster and proinflammatory genes such as Tnf, Il1b, C1qa, and C1qc in the T3 cluster. Together, these results indicate that inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway suppresses the activation and infiltration of innate and adaptive cells, reducing neuroinflammation in the Line 61-PFF mouse model.
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Kim JD, Copperi F, Diano S. Microglia in Central Control of Metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 37962895 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their role as brain immune cells, microglia act as metabolic sensors in response to changes in nutrient availability, thus playing a role in energy homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence and challenges of studying the role of microglia in metabolism regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Dae Kim
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Francesca Copperi
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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4
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Zhang F, Liu M, Tuo J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yu C, Xu Z. Levodopa-induced dyskinesia: interplay between the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253273. [PMID: 37860013 PMCID: PMC10582719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of middle-aged and elderly people, clinically characterized by resting tremor, myotonia, reduced movement, and impaired postural balance. Clinically, patients with PD are often administered levodopa (L-DOPA) to improve their symptoms. However, after years of L-DOPA treatment, most patients experience complications of varying severity, including the "on-off phenomenon", decreased efficacy, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The development of LID can seriously affect the quality of life of patients, but its pathogenesis is unclear and effective treatments are lacking. Glutamic acid (Glu)-mediated changes in synaptic plasticity play a major role in LID. The N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, is closely associated with synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation can modulate NMDAR activation or expression; in addition, neuroinflammation may be involved in the development of LID. However, it is not clear whether NMDA receptors are co-regulated with neuroinflammation during LID formation. Here we review how neuroinflammation mediates the development of LID through the regulation of NMDA receptors, and assess whether common anti-inflammatory drugs and NMDA receptor antagonists may be able to mitigate the development of LID through the regulation of central neuroinflammation, thereby providing a new theoretical basis for finding new therapeutic targets for LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Bae EJ, Pérez-Acuña D, Rhee KH, Lee SJ. Changes in oligodendroglial subpopulations in Parkinson's disease. Mol Brain 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 37710343 PMCID: PMC10500805 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. While most research on PD conducted to date has focused on neurons and, to a certain extent, glia, few studies have investigated changes in oligodendroglia. Here, we investigated the heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes from PD patients compared with those of control cases by analyzing single-nuclei transcriptomes. These analyses revealed the presence of distinct oligodendrocyte populations in PD patients indicative of corresponding variations in molecular features, notably including activation of inflammatory responses, response to protein folding stress, and myelination abnormalities. We confirmed myelination abnormalities in an α-synuclein preformed fibril-injection mouse model of PD. These results suggest that oligodendrocytes acquire disease-associated phenotypes in PD and may contribute to the accompanying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dayana Pérez-Acuña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Neuramedy Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea.
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Brandl S, Reindl M. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Neuroinflammation: Current In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12699. [PMID: 37628879 PMCID: PMC10454051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by tightly interconnected microvascular endothelial cells, separates the brain from the peripheral circulation. Together with other central nervous system-resident cell types, including pericytes and astrocytes, the blood-brain barrier forms the neurovascular unit. Upon neuroinflammation, this barrier becomes leaky, allowing molecules and cells to enter the brain and to potentially harm the tissue of the central nervous system. Despite the significance of animal models in research, they may not always adequately reflect human pathophysiology. Therefore, human models are needed. This review will provide an overview of the blood-brain barrier in terms of both health and disease. It will describe all key elements of the in vitro models and will explore how different compositions can be utilized to effectively model a variety of neuroinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, it will explore the existing types of models that are used in basic research to study the respective pathologies thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Winfree RL, Seto M, Dumitrescu L, Menon V, De Jager P, Wang Y, Schneider J, Bennett DA, Jefferson AL, Hohman TJ. TREM2 gene expression associations with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology are region-specific: implications for cortical versus subcortical microglia. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:733-747. [PMID: 36966244 PMCID: PMC10175463 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous post-mortem assessments of TREM2 expression and its association with brain pathologies have been limited by sample size. This study sought to correlate region-specific TREM2 mRNA expression with diverse neuropathological measures at autopsy using a large sample size (N = 945) of bulk RNA sequencing data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP). TREM2 gene expression of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus was assessed with respect to core pathology of Alzheimer's disease (amyloid-β, and tau), cerebrovascular pathology (cerebral infarcts, arteriolosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy), microglial activation (proportion of activated microglia), and cognitive performance. We found that cortical TREM2 levels were positively related to AD diagnosis, cognitive decline, and amyloid-β neuropathology but were not related to the proportion of activated microglia. In contrast, caudate TREM2 levels were not related to AD pathology, cognition, or diagnosis, but were positively related to the proportion of activated microglia in the same region. Diagnosis-stratified results revealed caudate TREM2 levels were inversely related to AD neuropathology and positively related to microglial activation and longitudinal cognitive performance in AD cases. These results highlight the notable changes in TREM2 transcript abundance in AD and suggest that its pathological associations are brain-region-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Winfree
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Logan Dumitrescu
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip De Jager
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1207 17th Ave S, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Pharmacology Department, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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