Intra-tumoural microvessel density in human solid tumours

Expression and clinical significance of SYNE3 in non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

To detect the expression of Spectrin Repeat Containing Nuclear Envelope Family Member 3 (SYNE3) and Cluster of Differentiation 34 (CD34) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It also aimed to explore the relationship between SYNE3 and NSCLC angiogenesis and clinicopathologic features to identify new biomarkers for NSCLC.

METHODS

Forty-five NSCLC stage IA-IVB tissue specimens from patients diagnosed at Bazhong Central Hospital were collected from January to September 2022, along with 45 para-cancerous normal lung tissues as controls. None of the NSCLC patients had received anti-tumor therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or traditional Chinese medicine. All specimens were stained for SYNE3 and CD34 using the Streptavidin-Peroxidase (SP) method. The expression levels of SYNE3 and CD34 in NSCLC tissues and para-cancerous tissues were detected, and a correlation analysis between SYNE3 and clinicopathological features was performed. The number of CD34-labeled microvessels was counted using the Microvessel density (MVD) method. The relationship between SYNE3 and NSCLC angiogenesis was examined through the correlation between CD34-MVD and NSCLC clinicopathologic features.

RESULTS

The expression of SYNE3 in NSCLC was significantly lower than that in para-cancerous normal lung tissues, while the expression of CD34 in NSCLC was significantly higher than in para-cancerous normal lung tissues (P=0.037). SYNE3 expression in NSCLC was negatively correlated with tumor diameter and was lower in male patients with a smoking history compared to female patients without a smoking history. CD34 expression was positively correlated with Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging and lymph node metastasis. There was a significant correlation between the expression of SYNE3 and CD34 in NSCLC (r=0.450, P=0.000).

CONCLUSION

SYNE3 was lowly expressed and negatively correlated with tumor size in NSCLC, whereas CD34 was highly expressed and positively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. The significant correlation between the expressions of SYNE3 and CD34 suggests that SYNE3 may play a key role in NSCLC angiogenesis and progression.

Role of CD34-immunopositive Microvascular Density in Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

Objective

To assess the microvascular density (MVD) in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) with CD34 immunostaining and evaluate its relationship with clinico-demographic features.

Methods

This prospective study included patients with JNA undergoing endoscopic excision. The histopathological specimen was stained using CD-34 antibodies to calculate MVD. MVD and clinico-demographic features were correlated.

Results

The study included 12 patients with a median age of 15.5 years. The mean MVD was 39 vessels/high power field (range 5 to 151 vessels). MVD was significantly associated only with the volume of tumour (r = 0.65, p = 0.02). The recurrence occurred in one patient with an MVD of 107. The median follow-up was 38 months.

Conclusion

MVD is significantly associated with tumour volume in JNA, which implies a robust role of angiogenesis in the pathology of the tumour. Also, higher MVD may be a risk factor for recurrence.

Prognostic value of a modified‑immune scoring system in patients with pathological T4 colorectal cancer

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, have been associated with tumor aggressiveness, prognosis and treatment response in colorectal cancer (CRC). An immune scoring system, Immunoscore (IS), based on tumor-infiltrating T cells in stage I-III CRC, was used to predict prognosis. An alternative immune scoring signature of immune activation (SIA) reflects the balance between anti- and pro-tumoral immune components. The present study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of modified IS (mIS) and modified SIA (mSIA) in locally advanced pathological T4 (pT4) CRC, including stage IV CRC. Immunohistochemical staining for immune cell markers, such as CD3 (pan-T cell marker), CD8 (anti-tumoral cytotoxic T cell marker) and CD163 (tumor-supportive macrophage marker), in specimens from patients with radically resected pT4 CRC at stages II-IV was performed. mIS levels in the T4 CRC cohort were not associated with prognosis. However, low mSIA levels were associated with low survival. Furthermore, low mSIA was an independent predictor of recurrence in patients with radically resected pT4 CRC. In patients with CRC who did not receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, low mSIA was a major poor prognostic factor; however, this was not observed in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Evaluation of the tumor-infiltrating immune cell population could serve as a valuable marker of recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced CRC. mSIA assessment after radical CRC resection may be promising for identifying high-risk patients with pT4 CRC who require aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy.

Negative impact of ratio of the microvascular area to tumor area on the response to EGFR-TKI in non-small cell lung cancer with an EGFR mutation

Background

The clinical impact of tumor microvessels on the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether a tumor microenvironment, abundant in microvessels, affects EGFR-TKI efficacy in patients with NSCLC and EGFR mutations.

Methods

We retrospectively studied the data of 40 post-operative patients with recurrent NSCLC and EGFR mutations who received EGFR-TKIs as a first-line treatment at Kumamoto University Hospital from January 2010 to February 2021. Tumor sections were retrieved from the tissue registry and analyzed for CD34-positive microvessels using immunohistochemical techniques. The ratio of microvascular area to tumor area (RMV), which is the CD34-positive microvascular area compared to the total tumor area, was measured using StrataQuest. The predictive value of RMV on treatment outcome, assessed via progression-free survival (PFS), was evaluated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

The median PFS in the high RMV group (≥0.058) was significantly shorter than that in the low RMV group [<0.058; 296 days, 95% confidence interval (CI): 217-374 vs. 918 days, 95% CI: 279-1,556, P=0.002]. Multivariate analysis revealed that high RMV was an independent negative predictor of PFS (hazard ratio, 3.21; 95% CI: 1.18-8.76, P=0.022).

Conclusions

High RMV may critically affect EGFR-TKI resistance in patients with NSCLC and EGFR mutations.

Identification of potentially high drug-like VEGFR2/c-Met dual-target type II kinase inhibitors with symmetric skeletons based on structural screening

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and c-Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-Met) are tyrosine kinase receptors associated with the occurrence of malignant tumors. Studies have shown that inhibition of VEGFR2 promotes a feedback increase in c-Met, a mechanism linked to the emergence of resistance to VEGFR2 inhibitors. Therefore, treatment targeting both VEGFR2 and c-Met will have better application prospects. In this study, hierarchical virtual screening was performed on ZINC15, Molport and Mcule-ULTIMATE databases to identify potential VEGFR2/c-Met dual inhibitors. Firstly, the best pharmacophore model for each target was used to cross-screen the three databases, and the compounds that could match the two pharmacophore models were then retained based on the Fit Value of the respective crystal ligands. Compounds ZINC, MOL, and MLB named after their database sources were retained by binding pattern analysis and docking assessment. ADMET predictions indicated that ZINC had significantly higher oral bioavailability compared to the approved drug cabozantinib. This is likely due to ZINC's unique symmetrical backbone with less structure complexity, which may reduce the occurrence of adverse effects. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analysis showed that all three hit compounds were able to stably bind at the active site, but only ZINC could form high occupancy of hydrogen bonds with both VEGFR2 and c-Met, and also only ZINC had a higher binding free energy than crystal ligands, suggesting that ZINC was the most likely potential VEGFR2/c-Met dual-target inhibitor. This finding provides a promising starting point for the development of VEGFR2/c-Met dual-target inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in head and neck cancer: A systematic comparison of different modelling approaches

Background and purpose

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) describes tissue microvasculature and has prognostic and predictive potential in radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). However, lack in standardization of DCE-MRI hinders comparison of studies and clinical implementation. This study investigated the accuracy and robustness of the population arterial input function (AIF), correlations between pharmacokinetic parameters and their association to T stage and human papillomavirus (HPV) status for HNC.

Materials and methods

DCE-MRI was acquired for 44 HNC patients. Population AIFs were calculated with six different approaches. DCE-MRI was analysed in primary and lymph node tumours using Tofts model (TM) with population AIFs and individual AIFs, extended TM (ETM) with individual AIFs, Brix model (BM), and areas under the curve (AUCs). Intraclass correlation, concordance correlation, Pearson correlation and Whitney Mann U test helped examining the robustness and accuracy of population AIF, correlations between DCE-MRI parameters and their association to T stage and HPV status, respectively.

Results

The population AIF was robust but differed from individual AIFs. There was significant correlation between KtransTM/ETM and ve, TM/ETM, and KtransTM/ETM and Kep, TM/ETM. ABrix and AUCs correlated for lymph nodes. Kep, Brix correlated with ABrix, KtransTM/ETM and Kep, TM/ETM for primary tumours. Kep, TM significantly decreased with increasing T stage. Both the correlations and the parameters' association to T stage were stronger for HPV negative lesions.

Conclusions

Individual AIF was preferred for accurate pharmacokinetic modelling of DCE-MRI. DCE-MRI parameters and their correlations were affected by the lesion type, HPV status and T staging.

Tissue Microvessel Density as a Potential Predictive Marker for Vascular Invasion in Colorectal Cancer

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine whether microvessel density (MVD) in the tumor tissues could be a potential predictive marker for vascular invasion (VI).

METHODS

Surgical specimens of 73 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma in Phramongkutklao Hospital were analyzed. Tissues of patients receiving preoperative radiation or prior anti-angiogenic therapy were excluded. Tumor MVD was determined using the average number of counted CD34-stained endothelial cells from two selected fields at 200x magnification in each slide. The presence of VI was defined by tumor involvement of endothelial cell-lined spaces. The optimal cut-off value of MVD to predict VI was examined using receiver operating characteristic analysis to assess the area under the curve and accuracy.

RESULT

VI was detected in 17 of 73 specimens (23.3%). Colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens were classified according to MVD as low (61 specimens, 83.6%) and high density (12 specimens, 16.4%). Average MVD was slightly higher in specimens with VI (81.3±9.3) than those without VI (76.3±7.6), but without statistical significance (p = 0.736). The MVD's cut-off value of 60 vessels/200x field provided 88% sensitivity, 40% specificity, and 57.5% accuracy, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.5788. Patients with CRC having MVD of > 60 vessels/200x field were at significantly higher risk of VI than those with CRC having MVD of <60 vessels/200x field (P=0.009, Fisher's exact test). Univariate analysis revealed that MVD, nodal involvement and AJCC tumor stage were associated with the presence of VI (p <0.05). Further multivariate analysis of these three potential variables demonstrated MVD (OR, 11.994; 95% CI, 2.197 to 65.483; p <0.01) and nodal involvement (OR, 10.767; 95% CI, 1.973 to 58.748; p <0.05) as independent prognostic factors associated with VI.

CONCLUSION

Based on our study, MVD immunostaining was an angiogenic marker that potentially be a predictive marker for VI.

Correlation between IVIM parameters and microvessel architecture: direct comparison of MRI images and pathological slices in an orthotopic murine model of rhabdomyosarcoma

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters and microvessel architecture (microvessel density (MVD), vasculogenic mimicry (VM), and pericyte coverage index (PCI)) in an orthotopic murine model of rhabdomyosarcoma.

METHODS

The murine model was established by injecting rhabdomyosarcoma-derived (RD) cells into the muscle. Nude mice underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and IVIM examinations with ten b values (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 s/mm2). D, D*, and f values were calculated with the ADW4.7 workstation. MRI images and pathological slices were directly compared to ensure that radiology parameters accurately reflect pathology. MVD, VM, PCI, and cellularity were obtained by histological analysis. The correlations were assessed between IVIM parameters (D, D*, f, and fD* values) and pathological markers (MVD, VM, PCI, and cellularity).

RESULTS

The average of D, D*, f, and fD* values were 0.55 ± 0.07 × 10-3 mm2/s, 5.25 ± 0.73 × 10-3 mm2/s, 13.39 ± 7.68%, and 0.73 ± 0.49 × 10-3 mm2/s, respectively. The average of MVD, VM, PCI, and cellularity were 41.91 ± 10.98, 1.16 ± 0.83, 0.49 ± 0.18, and 39.15 ± 9.00%. D*, f, and fD* values showed a positive correlation with MVD separately, while the D value did not correlate with MVD. D value negatively correlated to VM moderately, and other parameters did not associate with VM. D* and fD* values were positively correlated with PCI, but no correlation was observed between other parameters and PCI.

CONCLUSIONS

IVIM may evaluate the tumor microvessel architecture. D*, f, and fD* may reflect the endothelial lining blood vessel; D could indirectly reflect the VM; D* and fD* could reflect PCI(the normal degree of the tumor blood vessel).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

An intravoxel incoherent motion may be useful in assessing rhabdomyosarcoma microvessel structure to predict the target and effectiveness of anti-angiogenic therapy.

KEY POINTS

• IVIM may be used to evaluate the tumor microvessel architecture in the mouse rhabdomyosarcoma model. • The MRI-pathology control method achieves correspondence between MRI slices and pathology slices, which ensures the consistency of the ROI of MRI and the pathology observation region.

Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis reveals differences in chemotherapeutic drug distribution in surgically resected pleural mesothelioma

AIMS

Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a highly aggressive thoracic tumour with poor prognosis. Although reduced tissue drug accumulation is one of the key features of platinum (Pt) resistance, little is known about Pt distribution in human PM.

METHODS

We assessed Pt levels of blood samples and surgically resected specimens from 25 PM patients who had received neoadjuvant Pt-based chemotherapy (CHT). Pt levels and tissue distributions were measured by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and correlated with clinicopathological features.

RESULTS

In surgically resected PM specimens, mean Pt levels of nontumourous (fibrotic) areas were significantly higher (vs tumourous regions, P = 0.0031). No major heterogeneity of Pt distribution was seen within the tumourous areas. Pt levels correlated neither with the microvessel area nor with apoptosis rate in the tumourous or nontumourous regions. A significant positive correlation was found between serum and both full tissue section and tumourous area mean Pt levels (r = 0.532, P = 0.006, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.161-0.771 and r = 0.415, P = 0.039, 95% CI 0.011-0.702, respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was detected between serum Pt concentrations and elapsed time from the last cycle of CHT (r = -0.474, P = 0.017, 95% CI -0.738--0.084). Serum Pt levels correlated negatively with overall survival (OS) (P = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS

There are major differences in drug distribution between tumourous and nontumourous areas of PM specimens. Serum Pt levels significantly correlate with full section and tumourous area average Pt levels, elapsed time from the last CHT cycle, and OS. Further studies investigating clinicopathological factors that modulate tissue Pt concentration and distribution are warranted.

Microvessel density in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are considered the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Microvessel density (MVD) constitutes a direct method of vascularity quantification and has been associated with survival rates in multiple malignancies.

AIM

To appraise the effect of MVD on the survival of patients with GIST.

METHODS

This study adhered to Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Electronic scholar databases and grey literature repositories were systematically screened. The Fixed Effects or Random Effects models were used according to the Cochran Q test.

RESULTS

In total, 6 eligible studies were identified. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for disease free survival (DFS) was 8.52 (95%CI: 1.69-42.84, P = 0.009). The odds ratios of disease-free survival between high and low MVD groups at 12 and 60 mo did not reach statistical significance. Significant superiority of the low MVD group in terms of DFS was documented at 36 and 120 mo (OR: 8.46, P < 0.0001 and OR: 22.71, P = 0.0003, respectively) as well as at metastases rate (OR: 0.11, P = 0.0003).

CONCLUSION

MVD significantly correlates with the HR of DFS and overall survival rates at 36 and 120 mo. Further prospective studies of higher methodological quality are required.

EphA4 signaling is involved in the phenotype of well-differentiated oral squamous cell arcinoma with decreased tumor immunity

Metronomic chemotherapy is defined as a high-frequency low-dose schedule of chemotherapy drug administration. Although metronomic chemotherapy is widely used, the mechanisms underlying resistance to metronomic chemotherapy remain unclear. Therefore, we herein conducted a single institutional phase I/II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of metronomic chemotherapy with bleomycin plus S-1, an oral 5-FU prodrug, in the neoadjuvant setting for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The response rate of well-differentiated OSCC to metronomic chemotherapy was significantly lower. We investigated differences in molecular profiles between poorly or moderately differentiated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and well-differentiated HNSCC from patients with HNSCC TCGA data. EphA4 expression positively correlated with histological differentiation. An upstream regulator analysis correlated with EphA4 expression identified pathways associated with decreased mTORC1 signaling and T cell activation, including TCR, CD3, CD28, and CD40LG. An EphA4 blocking peptide (KYL) induced mTOR activation in well-differentiated OSCC cell lines. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD8⁺ T cell numbers were higher in the microenvironment of poorly or moderately differentiated HNSCC than in that of well-differentiated HNSCC. Well-differentiated HNSCC had the characteristics of "cold tumors" (immune-excluded tumors). Moreover, KYL used with chemotherapeutic drugs synergistically increased cancer cell death. Well-differentiated OSCC is depleted of immune cells, which may be partly explained by the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4.

The participation of tumor residing pericytes in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Pericytes are perivascular cells related to vessel structure and angiogenesis that can interact with neoplastic cells, interfering with cancer progression and outcomes. This study focused on the characterization of pericytes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using clinical samples and a transgenic mouse model of oral carcinogenesis. Nestin^-/NG2⁺ (type-1) and nestin⁺/NG2⁺ (type-2) pericytes were analyzed by direct fluorescence after induction of oral carcinogenesis (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide). Gene expression of neuron glial antigen-2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) was examined in human OSCC tissues. The protein expression of von Willebrand factor and NG2 was assessed in oral leukoplakia (i.e., oral potentially malignant disorders) and OSCC samples. Additionally, clinicopathological aspects and survival data were correlated and validated by bioinformatics using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Induction of carcinogenesis in mice produced an increase in both NG2⁺ pericyte subsets. In human OSCC, advanced-stage tumors showed a significant reduction in CD31 mRNA and von Willebrand factor-positive vessels. Low PDGFR-β expression was related to a shorter disease-free survival time, while NG2 mRNA overexpression was associated with a reduction in overall survival, consistent with the TCGA data. Herein, oral carcinogenesis resulted in an increase in NG2⁺ pericytes, which negatively affected survival outcomes.

Therapeutic potential of targeting mirnas to prostate cancer tumors: using psma as an active target

Prostate cancer (PC) is a commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and is associated with high mortality rates. Current treatments for PC include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, recent advances in targeted delivery systems have yielded promising new approaches to PC treatment. As PC epithelial cells express high levels of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on the cell surface, new drug conjugates focused on PSMA targeting have been developed. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression in cells and show excellent possibilities for use in developing new therapeutics for PC. PSMA-targeted therapies based on a miRNA payload and that selectively target PC cells enhances therapeutic efficacy without eliciting damage to normal surrounding tissue. This review discusses the rationale for utilizing miRNAs to target PSMA, revealing their potential in therapeutic approaches to PC treatment. Different delivery systems for miRNAs and challenges to miRNA therapy are also explored.

Circulating Tumor DNA Allele Fraction: A Candidate Biological Signal for Multicancer Early Detection Tests to Assess the Clinical Significance of Cancers

Current imaging-based cancer screening approaches provide useful but limited prognostic information. Complementary to existing screening tests, cell-free DNA-based multicancer early detection (MCED) tests account for cancer biology [manifested through circulating tumor allele fraction (cTAF)], which could inform prognosis and help assess the cancer's clinical significance. This review discusses the factors affecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels and cTAF, and their correlation with the cancer's clinical significance. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of cTAF on MCED test performance, which could help inform prognosis. Clinically significant cancers show higher ctDNA levels quantified by cTAF than indolent phenotype cancers within each stage. This is because more frequent mitosis and cell death combined with increased trafficking of cell-free DNA into circulation leads to greater vascularization and depth of tumor invasion. cTAF has been correlated with biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness and overall survival; cancers with lower cTAF had better survival when compared with cancers as determined by the higher cTAF and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-based survival for that cancer type at each stage. MCED-detected cancers in case-control studies had comparable survival to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-based survival at each stage. Because many MCED tests use ctDNA as an analyte, cTAF could provide a common metric to compare performance. The prognostic value of cTAF may allow MCED tests to preferentially detect clinically significant cancers at early stages when outcomes are favorable and this may avoid overdiagnosis.

Evaluation of Monoexponential, Stretched-Exponential and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MRI Diffusion Models in Early Response Monitoring to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Breast Cancer-A Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND

There has been a growing interest in exploring the applications of stretched-exponential (SEM) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in breast imaging, with the focus on differentiation of breast lesions. However, the use of SEM and IVIM models to predict early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has received less attention.

PURPOSE

To investigate the value of monoexponential, SEM, and IVIM models to predict early response to NACT in patients with primary breast cancer.

STUDY TYPE

Prospective.

POPULATION

Thirty-seven patients with primary breast cancer (aged 46 ± 11 years) due to undergo NACT.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCES

A 1.5-T MR scanner, T1 -weighted three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo, two-dimensional single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence (DWI) at six b-values (0-800 s mm-2 ).

ASSESSMENT

Tumor volume, apparent diffusion coefficient, tissue diffusion (Dt ), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (Dp ), perfusion fraction (f), distributed diffusion coefficient, and alpha (α) were extracted, following volumetric sampling of the tumors, at three time-points: pretreatment, post one and three cycles of NACT.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Mann-Whitney test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Statistical significance level was P < 0.05.

RESULTS

Following NACT, 17 patients were determined to be pathological responders and 20 nonresponders. Tumor volume was significantly larger in nonresponders at each MRI time-point and demonstrated reasonable performance in predicting response (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.83-0.87). No significant differences between groups were found in the diffusion coefficients at each time-point (P = 0.09-1). The parameters α (SEM), f, and f × Dp (IVIM) were able to differentiate between response groups after one cycle of NACT (AUC = 0.73, 0.72, and 0.74, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Diffusion coefficients derived from the monoexponential, SEM, and IVIM models did not predict pathological response. However, the IVIM-derived parameters f and f × Dp and the SEM-derived parameter α were able to predict response to NACT in breast cancer patients following one cycle of NACT.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

Endoglin (CD105) and proliferation index in recurrent glioblastoma treated with anti-angiogenic therapy

Introduction

CD105 is an angiogenic biomarker that is useful to determine the microvessel density (MVD) within a tumor, namely, in highly vascularized tumors like glioblastoma (GBM). However, its expression has shown inconsistent associations with the prognosis of GBM patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of MVD-CD105 (microvessel density assessed with anti-CD105 antibody) and Ki-67 (proliferation index marker) as prognostic and therapy response biomarkers, specifically in primary tumors and in recurrent tumoral specimens of a cohort of GBM patients treated with bevacizumab upon recurrence.

Materials and methods

We conducted a retrospective study of 102 consecutive GBM patients treated with bevacizumab upon recurrence at CHUSJ between 2010 and 2017. Demographic, clinical, and survival data of all patients were collected and analyzed. The tissue expression of MVD-CD105 and Ki-67 in primary and recurrent specimens was correlated with progression-free survival after temozolomide (PFS-1), progression-free survival after bevacizumab (PFS-2), and overall survival (OS).

Results

The immunohistochemical expression score for MVD-CD105 was similar in primary and recurrent tumoral specimens (mean scores of 15 and 16, respectively). Likewise, the mean Ki-67 expression was similar in primary (mean of 31% of tumor cells) and recurrent tumoral specimens (mean of 29% of tumor cells). MVD-CD105 expression in primary tumors had no impact on PFS-1, PFS-2, or OS. At recurrence, patients whose tumors showed increased MVD-CD105 had worse median PFS-2 (2 vs. 8 months, p = 0.045) and OS (17 vs. 26 months, p = 0.007) compared to those whose tumors showed lower MVD-CD105. CD105 tumoral pattern and localization had no impact on prognosis. Ki-67 expression was not associated with differences in survival outcomes.

Conclusion

In this study, higher MVD-CD105 expression in recurrent GBM patients seems to be associated with a worse PFS-2 and OS while portending no prognostic significance in the primary tumors. This highlights the importance of keeping track of the molecular evolution of the tumor over the course of the disease.

The Modeling Analysis and Effect of CHI3L1 and CD31-Marked Microvessel Density in the Occurrence and Development of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3Ll) has been identified as a novel tumor marker in several cancers. The objective of this study was to detect the expression of Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and CD31-labeled microvessel density (MVD) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and to assess its prognostic impact.

Methods

Elivision™ plus immunohistochemical method was used to detect CHI3L1 expression and MVD in different cervical tissues. We analyzed the relationship between CHI3L1 and MVD in CSCC tissues and investigated the relationship between CHI3L1, MVD, and clinicopathological parameters. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to assess the impact on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

The positive expression rate of CHI3L1 protein in CSCC tissues (69.9%, 72/103) was significantly higher than that in high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (53.3%, 32/60), low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions (25%, 15/60), and normal cervical tissues (16.7%, 10/60). MVD values ranged from 6 to 64 in CSCC, and no microvascular formation was observed in normal cervical tissues, high-grade intraepithelial lesions, or low-grade intraepithelial lesions. The high expression of CHI3L1 and MVD was significantly correlated with the invasion depth, differentiation degree, vascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis of CSCC (all P < 0.05). In CSCC, the expression of MVD in the CHI3L1 high-expression group (41.35 ± 9.056) was significantly higher than that in the CHI3L1 low-expression group (23.26 ± 11.000, P < 0.05). On univariate Kaplan–Meier analysis, FIGO stage, tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, CHI3L1, and MVD of CSCC were related to the prognosis of PFS and OS (all P < 0.05); however, CHI3L1 and MVD were not independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion

CHI3L1 may be involved in the progression of cervical cancer. Its high expression can promote neovascularization in the tumor microenvironment. CHI3L1 is a potential therapeutic target in the context of cervical cancer.

Prognostic Impact of the Angiogenic Gene POSTN and Its Related Genes on Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background

The function of angiogenesis-related genes (ARGs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains poorly documented. This study was designed to reveal ARGs in LUAD and related networks.

Methods

We worked with sequencing data and clinical information pertaining to LUAD from public databases. ARGs were retrieved from the HALLMARK_ANGIOGENESIS gene set. Differential analysis and Kaplan–Meier (K–M) analysis were performed to authenticate the ARGs associated with LUAD. Weighted gene correlation network analysis was performed on the mining hub genes linked to the abovementioned genes, and functional enrichment analysis was done. Subsequently, Cox regression analyses were used to construct the prognostic gene. POSTN and microvessel density were detected using immunohistochemistry.

Results

POSTN, an ARG that was highly expressed in patients with LUAD and was closely associated with their weak overall survival was identified. Differentially expressed genes associated with POSTN were mainly enriched in entries related to the tubulointerstitial system, immune response, and epithelial cells. A positive correlation was demonstrated between POSTN expression and tumor microvessel density in LUAD. Subsequently, a prognostic gene signature was constructed and revealed that 4 genes may predict the survival of LUAD patients. Furthermore, the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT analyses suggested that our risk scoring system may be implicated in altering the immune microenvironment of patients with LUAD. Finally, a ceRNA network was constructed based on the prognostic genes, and the regulatory networks were examined.

Conclusion

POSTN, a novel prognostic gene signature associated with ARGs, was constructed for the prognosis of patients with LUAD. This signature may alter the immune microenvironment by modulating the activation of the tubulointerstitial system, epithelial cells, and immune cells, ultimately affecting patient survival.

Tumor-stroma ratio, neoangiogenesis and prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma. A pilot study on preoperative biopsies and matched surgical specimens

OBJECTIVES

The interaction between tumor cells and stroma is critical in tumorigenesis, tumor neo-angiogenesis and cancer progression. The aims of this study were to: (i) evaluate the concordance between tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) and microvascular density (MVD) on paired biopsy and surgical specimens of laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC); (ii) investigate the association of TSR with angiogenesis (CD105- and CD31-assessed MVD); (iii) assess the prognostic role of TSR and MVD evaluated on preoperative biopsies and paired surgical specimens.

METHODS

TSR, CD105- and CD31-assessed MVD were analyzed in paired biopsies and surgical specimens of 43 consecutive cases.

RESULTS

TSR showed good agreement between biopsies and surgical specimens (AC1 statistic: 0.7957). In biopsies, TSR low/stroma-rich cases showed higher CD105-assessed MVD (p = 0.0380). In surgical specimens both median CD105- and CD31-assessed MVD were significantly higher in TSR low/stroma-rich than in TSR high/stroma-poor patients (p = 0.0089 and p = 0.0391). In the univariate Cox's model, TSR predicted disease-free survival (DFS) in both biopsies and surgical specimens (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0002). DFS was associated with CD105- and CD31-assessed MVD in biopsies (p < 0.0001 for both) and surgical specimens (p < 0.0001 for both). Considering biopsies, the multivariate analysis found both TSR (p = 0.0032; HR = 6.112, 95%CI: 1.833-20.378) and CD105-assessed MVD (p = 0.0002; HR = 1.201, 95%CI: 1.090-1.322) as DFS predictor. In paired surgical specimens, both TSR (p = 0.0074; HR = 6.137, 95%CI: 1.626-23.172) and CD105-assessed MVD (p = 0.0005; HR = 1.172 95 %CI 1.071-1.282) retained their significance in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

If confirmed by large prospective studies, TSR and MVD could be proposed as prognostic biomarkers of LSCC for a possible treatment intensification or targeted therapy.

A functional role of S100A4/non-muscle myosin IIA axis for pro-tumorigenic vascular functions in glioblastoma

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor and has vascular-rich features. The S100A4/non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) axis contributes to aggressive phenotypes in a variety of human malignancies, but little is known about its involvement in GBM tumorigenesis. Herein, we examined the role of the S100A4/NMIIA axis during tumor progression and vasculogenesis in GBM.

METHODS

We performed immunohistochemistry for S100A4, NMIIA, and two hypoxic markers, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), in samples from 94 GBM cases. The functional impact of S100A4 knockdown and hypoxia were also assessed using a GBM cell line.

RESULTS

In clinical GBM samples, overexpression of S100A4 and NMIIA was observed in both non-pseudopalisading (Ps) and Ps (-associated) perinecrotic lesions, consistent with stabilization of HIF-1α and CA9. CD34(+) microvascular densities (MVDs) and the interaction of S100A4 and NMIIA were significantly higher in non-Ps perinecrotic lesions compared to those in Ps perinecrotic areas. In non-Ps perinecrotic lesions, S100A4(+)/HIF-1α(-) GBM cells were recruited to the surface of preexisting host vessels in the vascular-rich areas. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA expression was found in S100A4(+)/HIF-1α(+) GBM cells adjacent to the vascular-rich areas. In addition, GBM patients with high S100A4 protein expression had significantly worse OS and PFS than did patients with low S100A4 expression. Knockdown of S100A4 in the GBM cell line KS-1 decreased migration capability, concomitant with decreased Slug expression; the opposite effects were elicited by blebbistatin-dependent inhibition of NMIIA.

CONCLUSION

S100A4(+)/HIF-1α(-) GBM cells are recruited to (and migrate along) preexisting vessels through inhibition of NMIIA activity. This is likely stimulated by extracellular VEGF that is released by S100A4(+)/HIF-1α(+) tumor cells in non-Ps perinecrotic lesions. In turn, these events engender tumor progression via acceleration of pro-tumorigenic vascular functions. Video abstract.

Potential benefit of osismertinib plus bevacizumab in leptomeningeal metastasis with EGFR mutant non-small-cell lung cancer

Background

EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is prone to leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) after Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment. Our previous study suggested that osimertinib plus bevacizumab was safe and effective in LM from EGFR-mutant NSCLC. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of osimertinib plus bevacizumab with osimertinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with LM.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data from 27 LM patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC who received osimertinib with or without bevacizumab at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Next, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of osimertinib plus bevacizumab in an LM xenograft model using the H1975 (EGFR exon20 T790M and exon21 L858R) cell line. We examined the ability of osimertinib plus bevacizumab compared with osimertinib to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and explored the potential mechanism.

Results

Our retrospective study observed the improved survival of LM patients in osimertinib plus bevacizumab group. The median overall survival (OS) of the patients who received osimertinib and bevacizumab (n = 16) compared with osimertinib group (n = 11) was 18.0 months versus 13.7 months (log-rank test, p = 0.046, HR = 2.867, 95% CI 1.007–8.162). The median intracranial Progression-free Survival (iPFS) was 10.6 months versus 5.5 months (log-rank test, p = 0.037, HR = 3.401, 95% CI 1.079–10.720). In the LM xenograft model with H1975 cells, the combined treatment significantly increased the effective intracranial concentration of osimertinib, modulated the level of E-cadherin and downregulated the levels of EGFR and downstream signaling pathways including p-AKT and reduced tumor microvessel density (TMD), indicated that combined osimertinib with bevacizumab may exhibit a synergistic effect in EGFR-mutant LM model possibly by modulating the level of E-cadherin.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate the potential benefit of osimertinib plus bevacizumab in LM with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, and more larger sample size research are still needed.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03331-9.

Predictive value of microvascular density for response to anlotinib in advanced NSCLC

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. This study aimed to categorize the microvessels in advanced NSCLC and determine the relationship between intratumoral microvascular density (MVD) and the efficacy of anlotinib for NSCLC.The clinical data of 68 patients receiving anlotinib as third-line treatment or beyond for advanced NSCLC were retrospectively collected. Microvessels were stained for CD31 and CD34 by using immunohistochemical staining and were classified as undifferentiated (CD31+ CD34-) and differentiated vessels (CD31+ CD34+). The relationship between MVD and anlotinib efficacy and patient prognosis was analyzed.Patients were divided into the high or low MVD groups according to the median MVD of differentiated (9.4 vessels/field) and undifferentiated microvessels (6.5 vessels/field). There were significantly more patients with high undifferentiated-vessel MVD in the disease control group than in the disease progression group (72.7% vs 16.7%, P < .001). Patients with high undifferentiated-vessel MVD had significantly longer median progression-free survival than those with low undifferentiated-vessel MVD (7.1 vs 3.7 months, P < .001).Anlotinib as third- or beyond line therapy is safe and effective for advanced NSCLC. Patients with a higher density of undifferentiated microvessels have better response to anlotinib and longer progression-free survival.

Interrogating the interplay of angiogenesis and immunity in metastatic colorectal cancer

Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy and the fifth most frequent cause of death from neoplastic disease worldwide. At the time of diagnosis, more than 20% of patients already have metastatic disease. In the last 20 years, the natural course of the disease has changed due to major changes in the management of metastatic disease such as the advent of novel surgical and local therapy approaches as well as the introduction of novel chemotherapy drugs and targeted agents such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor, anti-BRAF and antiangiogenics. Angiogenesis is a complex biological process of new vessel formation from existing ones and is an integral component of tumor progression supporting cancer cells to grow, proliferate and metastasize. Many molecules are involved in this proangiogenic process, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors on endothelial cells. A well-standardized methodology that is applied to assess angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment is microvascular density by using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against endothelial CD31, CD34 and CD105 antigens. Even smaller molecules, such as the microRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs, are being studied for their usefulness as surrogate biomarkers of angiogenesis and prognosis. In this review, we will discuss recent advances regarding the investigation of angiogenesis, the crosstalk between elements of the immune microenvironment and angiogenesis and how a disorganized tumor vessel network affects the trafficking of CD8+ T cells in the tumor bed. Furthermore, we will present recent data from clinical trials that combine antiangiogenic therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.

Modified microvessel density based on perfusion distance: a preferable NSCLC prognostic factor

Background

Despite the vital role of blood perfusion in tumor progression, the prognostic value of typical blood perfusion markers, such as microvessel density (MVD) or microvessel area (MVA), in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. This study established a modified MVD (mMVD) measurement based on perfusion distance and determined its prognostic value in patients with NSCLC.

Methods

A total of 100 patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this retrospective study. The intratumor microvessels of NSCLC patients were visualized using immunohistochemical staining for CD31. The blood perfusion distance was evaluated as the distance from each vessel to its nearest cancer cell (D_mvcc), and the cutoff value for prognosis was determined. Apart from the total MVD (tMVD), microvessels near cancer cells within the cutoff-D_mvcc were counted as mMVD. Predictive values for mortality and recurrence were evaluated and compared.

Results

The D_mvcc ranged from 1.6 to 269.8 µm (median, 13.1 µm). The mMVD (range: 2-70; median 23) was counted from tMVD according to the cutoff-D_mvcc (~20 µm). Compared with tMVD, a larger fraction of mMVD (80% vs. 2.9%) played a significant role in overall survival, with an improved area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) (0.74 vs. 0.56). A high mMVD was an independent positive indicator of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In contrast, tMVD was only related to PFS at the optimal cutoff.

Conclusions

Perfusion-distance-based mMVD is a promising prognostic factor for NSCLC patients with superior sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability compared to tMVD. This study provides novel insights into the prognostic role of tumor vessel perfusion in patients with NSCLC.

Anti-Tumor Effect of Apatinib and Relevant Mechanisms in Liposarcoma

Background

Primary retroperitoneal liposarcomas (RLPSs) are rare heterogeneous tumors for which there are few effective therapies. Certain anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy against various solid tumors. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Apatinib against retroperitoneal liposarcoma cells and its underlying mechanism and to explore the anti-tumor efficacy of a combination of Apatinib and Epirubicin.

Methods

CD34 immunohistochemical staining was used to measure microvessel density (MVD) in 89 retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues. We used CCK-8 cell proliferation, clone formation, Transwell migration, invasion assays and flow cytometry to evaluate the effects of Apatinib alone and the combination of Apatinib and Epirubicin on liposarcoma cells. High-throughput RNA sequencing and western-blotting was used to identify key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SW872 cell line after application of Apatinib. Murine patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) was established to assess the efficacy and safety of Apatinib monotherapy and the combination of Apatinib and Epirubicin in RLPS.

Results

The microvessel density (MVD) varied widely among retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues. Compared with the low-MVD group, the high-MVD group had poorer overall survival. Apatinib inhibited the liposarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration, increased the proportion of apoptosis, and induced G1 phase arrest. In addition, the combination of Apatinib and Epirubicin enhanced the foregoing inhibitory effects. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that Apatinib downregulated the expression of TYMS and RRM2. Western blotting verified that Apatinib downregulated the TYMS/STAT3/PD-L1 pathway and inhibited liposarcoma proliferation by suppressing the RRM2/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In the murine PDX model of retroperitoneal liposarcoma, Apatinib and its combination with Epirubicin significantly inhibited microvessel formation and repressed tumor growth safely and effectively.

Conclusions

Apatinib and its combination with Epirubicin showed strong efficacy against liposarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. Apatinib might inhibit liposarcoma cell proliferation through the RRM2/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and downregulate PD-L1 via the TYMS/STAT3 signaling pathway.

The vascular landscape of human cancer

Tumors depend on a blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients, making tumor vasculature an attractive anticancer target. However, only a fraction of patients with cancer benefit from angiogenesis inhibitors. Whether antiangiogenic therapy would be more effective if targeted to individuals with specific tumor characteristics is unknown. To better characterize the tumor vascular environment both within and between cancer types, we developed a standardized metric - the endothelial index (EI) - to estimate vascular density in over 10,000 human tumors, corresponding to 31 solid tumor types, from transcriptome data. We then used this index to compare hyper- and hypovascular tumors, enabling the classification of human tumors into 6 vascular microenvironment signatures (VMSs) based on the expression of a panel of 24 vascular "hub" genes. The EI and VMS correlated with known tumor vascular features and were independently associated with prognosis in certain cancer types. Retrospective testing of clinical trial data identified VMS2 classification as a powerful biomarker for response to bevacizumab. Thus, we believe our studies provide an unbiased picture of human tumor vasculature that may enable more precise deployment of antiangiogenesis therapy.

Blood Vessels and Peripheral Nerves as Key Players in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance

Simple Summary

The interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding blood vessels and peripheral nerves are critical in all the phases of tumor development. Accordingly, therapies that specifically target vessels and nerves represent promising anticancer approaches. The first aim of this review is to document the importance of blood vessels and peripheral nerves in both cancer onset and local or distant growth of tumoral cells. We then focus on the state-of-the-art therapies that limit cancer progression through the impairment of blood vessels and peripheral nerves. The mentioned literature is helpful for the scientific community to appreciate the recent advances in these two fundamental components of tumors.

Abstract

Cancer cells continuously interact with the tumor microenvironment (TME), a heterogeneous milieu that surrounds the tumor mass and impinges on its phenotype. Among the components of the TME, blood vessels and peripheral nerves have been extensively studied in recent years for their prominent role in tumor development from tumor initiation. Cancer cells were shown to actively promote their own vascularization and innervation through the processes of angiogenesis and axonogenesis. Indeed, sprouting vessels and axons deliver several factors needed by cancer cells to survive and proliferate, including nutrients, oxygen, and growth signals, to the expanding tumor mass. Nerves and vessels are also fundamental for the process of metastatic spreading, as they provide both the pro-metastatic signals to the tumor and the scaffold through which cancer cells can reach distant organs. Not surprisingly, continuously growing attention is devoted to the development of therapies specifically targeting these structures, with promising initial results. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence that supports the importance of blood vessels and peripheral nerves in cancer pathogenesis, therapy resistance, and innovative treatments.

A bi-directional dialog between vascular cells and monocytes/macrophages regulates tumor progression

Cancer progression largely depends on tumor blood vessels as well on immune cell infiltration. In various tumors, vascular cells, namely endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, strongly regulate leukocyte infiltration into tumors and immune cell activation, hence the immune response to cancers. Recently, a lot of compelling studies unraveled the molecular mechanisms by which tumor vascular cells regulate monocyte and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) recruitment and phenotype, and consequently tumor progression. Reciprocally, TAMs and monocytes strongly modulate tumor blood vessel and tumor lymphatic vessel formation by exerting pro-angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effects, respectively. Finally, the interaction between monocytes/TAMs and vascular cells is also impacting several steps of the spread of cancer cells throughout the body, a process called metastasis. In this review, the impact of the bi-directional dialog between blood vascular cells and monocytes/TAMs in the regulation of tumor progression is discussed. All together, these data led to the design of combinations of anti-angiogenic and immunotherapy targeting TAMs/monocyte whose effects are briefly discussed in the last part of this review.

Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs: Regulatory and Therapeutic Target of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by most somatic cells, which can carry a variety of biologically active substances to participate in intercellular communication and regulate the pathophysiological process of recipient cells. Recent studies have confirmed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by tumor cell/non-tumor cell-derived exosomes have the function of regulating the cancerous derivation of target cells and remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, due to the unique low immunogenicity and high stability, exosomes can be used as natural vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic ncRNAs in vivo. This article aims to review the potential regulatory mechanism and the therapeutic value of exosomal ncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in order to provide promising targets for early diagnosis and precise therapy of HCC.

Endoglin Expression and Microvessel Density as Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma

(1) Background: The study proposed to analyze microvessel density (MVD) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) based on the expression of angiogenesis markers and define its prognostic role in this group of patients. (2) Methods: The study included forty-nine pediatric patients diagnosed with RMS. Tumor tissue expression of CD31, CD34, and CD105 was analyzed. MVD was calculated and correlated with clinical RMS prognostic parameters. (3) Results: CD31, CD34, and CD105 are expressed in all RMS cases. MVD/CD105 was significantly higher in the RMS group than in the control group. The mean and median values of MVD/CD105 in RMS were lower than MVD/CD31 and MVD/CD34. MVD/CD105 was significantly higher in patients with alveolar RMS and those with metastatic disease. Patients with higher levels of MVD/CD105 had a higher risk of death (HR = 1.009). (4) Conclusion: CD105 is a relevant angiogenesis marker in pediatric RMS, and MVD/CD105 is an independent risk factor of short overall survival in children with RMS.

The effects of vascularization on tumor development: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies

PURPOSE

This review aimed to systematize and quantify the existing evidence about the effect of tumor vascularization on its growth, in preclinical studies.

METHODOLOGY

A computerized research on databases PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO was performed to identify studies that evaluate both the vascularization parameters and the development of the tumors in animal models and the mean differences were calculated through a random effects model.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review, of which, 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Besides tumor vascular density that all studies evaluated, 3 studies analysed the tumor perfusion, 2 studies the tumor hypoxia and 3 studies assessed the grade of vessel maturation. Most of the studies (11) related decreased tumor vascularization and a concomitant inhibition of tumor growth or metastasis development. Quantitatively, the decrease in tumor vascularization contributed to a significant decrease in the tumor growing rate of 5.23 (-9.20, -1.26).

CONCLUSION

A reduced level of tumor vascularization seems to be able to inhibit tumor growth and progression.

Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis: The Endothelial Cell as a Checkpoint for Immunological Patrolling

Simple Summary

A clinical decision and study design investigating the level and extent of angiogenesis modulation aimed at vascular normalization without rendering tissues hypoxic is key and represents an unmet medical need. Specifically, determining the active concentration and optimal times of the administration of antiangiogenetic drugs is crucial to inhibit the growth of any microscopic residual tumor after surgical resection and in the pre-malignant and smolder neoplastic state. This review uncovers the pre-clinical translational insights crucial to overcome the caveats faced so far while employing anti-angiogenesis. This literature revision also explores how abnormalities in the tumor endothelium harm the crosstalk with an effective immune cell response, envisioning a novel combination with other anti-cancer drugs and immunomodulatory agents. These insights hold vast potential to both repress tumorigenesis and unleash an effective immune response.

Abstract

Cancer-associated neo vessels’ formation acts as a gatekeeper that orchestrates the entrance and egress of patrolling immune cells within the tumor milieu. This is achieved, in part, via the directed chemokines’ expression and cell adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface that attract and retain circulating leukocytes. The crosstalk between adaptive immune cells and the cancer endothelium is thus essential for tumor immune surveillance and the success of immune-based therapies that harness immune cells to kill tumor cells. This review will focus on the biology of the endothelium and will explore the vascular-specific molecular mediators that control the recruitment, retention, and trafficking of immune cells that are essential for effective antitumor immunity. The literature revision will also explore how abnormalities in the tumor endothelium impair crosstalk with adaptive immune cells and how targeting these abnormalities can improve the success of immune-based therapies for different malignancies, with a particular focus on the paradigmatic example represented by multiple myeloma. We also generated and provide two original bio-informatic analyses, in order to sketch the physiopathology underlying the endothelial–neoplastic interactions in an easier manner, feeding into a vicious cycle propagating disease progression and highlighting novel pathways that might be exploited therapeutically.

Evaluation of Intra-Tumoral Vascularization in Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Intratumoral neovascularization has intricate effects on tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment. Over the last 30 years, Microvessel density (MVD) has been the standard method for laboratory and clinical evaluation of angiogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical hypervascularized tumor, and the predictive value of MVD for prognosis is still controversial. According to previous viewpoints, this has been attributed to the determination of hotspot, counting methods, vascular endothelial markers, and different definitions of high and low vascular density; however, the heterogeneity of tumor angiogenesis patterns should be factored. The breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and algorithm can improve the objectivity and repeatability of MVD measurement, thus saving a lot of manpower. Presently, anti-angiogenesis therapy is the only effective systematic treatment for liver cancer, and the use of imaging technology-assisted MVD measurement is expected to be a reliable index for evaluating the curative effect. MVD in multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma represents a subject area with huge understudied potential, and exploring it might advance our understanding of tumor heterogeneity.

Association of Low Tumor Endothelial Cell pY397-Focal Adhesion Kinase Expression With Survival in Patients With Neoadjuvant-Treated Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

IMPORTANCE

Determining the risk of relapse after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer is required to offer alternative therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether endothelial cell phosphorylated-focal adhesion kinase (EC-pY397-FAK) expression in patients with treatment-naive locally advanced breast cancer is a biomarker for chemotherapy sensitivity and is associated with survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

In this prognostic study, expression levels of EC-pY397-FAK and tumor cell (TC)-pY397-FAK were determined by immunohistochemistry in prechemotherapy core biopsies from 82 female patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated with anthracycline-based combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy at Nottingham City Hospital in Nottingham, UK. Median follow-up time was 67 months. The study was conducted from December 1, 2010, to September 28, 2019, and data analysis was performed from October 2, 2019, to March 31, 2020.

EXPOSURES

All women underwent surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and, if tumors were estrogen receptor-positive, 5-year tamoxifen treatment.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Outcomes were pathologic complete response and 5-year relapse-free survival examined using Kaplan-Meier, univariable logistic, multivariable logistic, and Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

A total of 82 women (age, 29-76 years) with locally advanced breast cancer (stage IIA-IIIC) were included. Of these, 21 women (26%) had high EC-pY397-FAK expression that was associated with estrogen receptor positivity (71% vs 46%; P = .04), progesterone receptor positivity (67% vs 39%; P = .03), high Ki67 (86% vs 41%; P < .001), 4-immunohistochemically stained luminal-B (52% vs 8%; P < .001), higher tumor category (T3/T4 category: 90% vs 59%; P = .01), high lymph node category (N2-3 category: 43% vs 5%; P < .001), and high tumor node metastasis stage (IIIA-IIIC: 90% vs 66%; P = .03). Of 21 patients with high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, none showed pathologic complete response, compared with 11 of 61 patients with low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels who showed pathologic complete response (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82; P = .04). High EC-pY397-FAK expression levels and high blood vessel density (BVD) were associated with shorter 5-year relapse-free survival compared with those with low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.17-4.20; P = .01) and low BVD (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.15-4.35; P = .02). High TC-pY397-FAK expression levels in 15 of 82 women (18%) were not associated significantly with pathologic complete response or 5-year relapse-free survival. A multivariable Cox regression model for 5-year relapse-free survival indicated that high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels was an independent poor prognostic factor after controlling for other validated prognostic factors (HR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.42-10.74; P = .01). Combined analysis of EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, TC-pY397-FAK expression levels, and BVD improved prognostic significance over individually tested features.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The findings of this study suggest that low EC-pY397-FAK expression levels are associated with chemotherapy sensitivity and improved 5-year relapse-free survival after systemic therapy. Combined analysis of high EC-pY397-FAK expression levels, high TC-pY397-FAK expression levels, and high BVD appeared to identify a high-risk population.

A Multitargeted Approach: Organorhodium Anticancer Agent Based on Vorinostat as a Potent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor

The combination of more than one bioactive moiety in a multitargeted anticancer agent may result in synergistic activity of its components. Using this concept, bioorganometallic compounds were designed to feature a metal center, a 2-pyridinecarbothioamide (PCA), and a hydroxamic acid, which is found in the anticancer drug vorinostat (SAHA). The organometallics showed inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range against histone deacetylases (HDACs) as the key target for SAHA. In particular, the Rh complex was a potent inhibitor of HDAC6 over HDAC1 and HDAC8. Whereas this complex was highly cytotoxic in human cancer cells, it showed low toxicity in hemolysis studies and zebrafish, demonstrating the role of the metal center. For this complex a slightly reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was established, which was upregulated by SAHA. This finding indicates that the new organometallics display different modes of action than their bioactive components.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in an Animal Model of Chronic Peritoneal Exposure

Objectives

Acute infection in an animal model of chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) induces structural changes in the peritoneum and alters functional characteristics of transport. These changes may compromise observations of the chronic effects of dialysis solutions. To test the hypothesis that antibiotics would prevent acute infection without affecting transport and structural properties, we characterized the frequency of infection in our rat model of PD and examined whether the inclusion of antibiotics in the dialysis solution altered the transport and structural properties of the peritoneum.

Design

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were aseptically injected daily under gas anesthesia with 30 – 40 mL of a sterile solution for 2 months via a peritoneal catheter tunneled to a subcutaneous port. Solutions used were Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) alone, KRB with antibiotics (cefazolin 200 mg/L and gentamicin 2 mg/L), KRB with 4% glucose, and KRB with both glucose and antibiotics. After 2 months, osmotic filtration and solute transport were assessed in each animal and peritoneal fluid was collected for bacterial culture. Angiogenesis was evaluated by quantitative image analysis of tissue sections stained with CD31. Tissue content of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan was determined.

Results

Technique survival (successful PD for 2 months) and infection rate were comparable among all treated groups. There were no differences between the groups in transport properties. Structural changes were comparable between groups, with or without antibiotics.

Conclusions

Addition of antibiotics to the dialysis solution did not affect the transport characteristics of the peritoneum or the pathologic reaction of the tissue to the PD solution.

Efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with sorafenib in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis in a rabbit VX2 liver cancer model

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with sorafenib on tumor angiogenesis.

Materials and methods

Thirty New Zealand rabbit VX2 liver cancer model animals were divided into five groups, which received either normal saline (A), TACE (B), sorafenib (C), sorafenib followed by TACE (D), or TACE followed by sorafenib (E). Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured before and after TACE via ELISA. Immunohistochemistry for CD34 was performed to evaluate microvessel density (MVD), and ultrasonography was used to access tumor volume.

Results

VEGF levels declined in group C but increased significantly on the 3rd post-operative day in groups B, D, and E. Levels decreased after the 7th post-operative day. Peak levels were significantly lower in group D than in groups B and E. On the 14th post-operative day, VEGF levels were the lowest in group C, followed by those in groups D and B. MVD was the lowest in group C followed by that in group D and E, and was the highest in group B. Group D had the smallest tumor volume. HE staining of tumor tissues from group C showed apoptosis in a scattered patchy pattern, whereas in groups B, D, and E, large areas of tumor cell necrosis were visible.

Conclusion

TACE can up-regulate serum VEGF levels, which in turn accelerates the formation of new blood vessels. Thus, TACE combined with sorafenib inhibits VEGF and angiogenesis, and pre-operative administration of sorafenib has a more superior anti-angiogenic effect than post-operative administration.

Low Numbers of Vascular Vessels Correlate to Progression in Hormone-Naïve Prostate Carcinomas Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy

Vascularization influences tumor development by supporting the nutrition and dissemination of tumor cells. On the other hand, a low number of vascular vessels (VV^low) may induce hypoxia, accounting for selection of resistant clone(s) of tumor cells. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of vascular (VV) and lymphatic vessels (LV) in prostate cancer (PCa). Tumor samples from 400 PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) were prepared in duplex as tissue microarrays. Numbers of VV and LV were evaluated using immunohistochemistry detecting CD34 and podoplanin, respectively, and correlated to clinical data, biochemical recurrence (BR), and proteins analyzed in tumor cells. VV^low and LV were found in 32% and 43% of patients with informative PCa samples, respectively. VV^low correlated with a shorter time to BR 3, 5, and 10 years after RP in hormone-naïve patients (p = 0.028, p = 0.027 and p = 0.056, respectively). It was also shown to be an independent prognostic factor 5 years after surgery (multivariate analysis, p = 0.046). Tumors characterized by VV^low expressed the epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM, less frequently (p = 0.016) and revealed a borderline correlation to increased levels of tumor cell invasion marker Loxl-2 (p = 0.059). No correlations were found for LV. In summary, VV^low in hormone-naïve patients undergoing RP has prognostic potential and seems to be related to an aggressive phenotype of tumor cells.

Prognostic value of microvessel density in stage II and III colon cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Microvessel density (MVD), as a derived marker for angiogenesis, has been associated with poor outcome in several types of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of MVD in stage II and III colon cancer and its relation to tumour-stroma-percentage (TSP) and expression of HIF1A and VEGFA.

Methods

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) colon cancer tissues were collected from 53 stage II and 54 (5-fluorouracil-treated) stage III patients. MVD was scored by digital morphometric analysis of CD31-stained whole tumour sections. TSP was scored using haematoxylin-eosin stained slides. Protein expression of HIF1A and VEGFA was determined by immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue microarrays.

Results

Median MVD was higher in stage III compared to stage II colon cancers (11.1% versus 5.6% CD31-positive tissue area, p < 0.001). High MVD in stage II patients tended to be associated with poor disease free survival (DFS) in univariate analysis (p = 0.056). In contrast, high MVD in 5FU-treated stage III patients was associated with better DFS (p = 0.006). Prognostic value for MVD was observed in multivariate analyses for both cancer stages.

Conclusions

MVD is an independent prognostic factor associated with poor DFS in stage II colon cancer patients, and with better DFS in stage III colon cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-019-1063-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Searching for the link; mechanisms underlying liver regeneration and recurrence of colorectal liver metastasis post partial hepatectomy

Despite excellent treatment of primary colorectal cancer, the majority of deaths occur as a result of metastasis to the liver. Recent population studies have estimated that one quarter of patients with colorectal cancer will incur synchronous or metachronous colorectal liver metastasis. However, only one quarter of these patients will be eligible for potentially curative resection. Tumor recurrence occurs in reportedly 60% of patients undergoing hepatic resection, and the majority of intrahepatic recurrence occurs within the first 6 months of surgery. The livers innate ability to restore its homeostatic size, and volume facilitates major hepatic resection that currently offers the only chance of cure to patients with extensive hepatic metastases. Experimental and clinical evidence supports the notion that following partial hepatectomy, liver regeneration (LR) paradoxically drives tumor progression and increases the risk of recurrence. It is becoming increasingly clear that the processes that drive liver organogenesis, regeneration, and tumor progression are inextricably linked. This presents a major hurdle in the management of colorectal liver metastasis and other hepatic malignancies because therapies that reduce the risk of recurrence without hampering LR are sought. The processes and pathways underlying these phenomena are multiple, complex, and cross-communicate. In this review, we will summarize the common mechanisms contributing to both LR and tumor recurrence.

Abnormal vascularization of soft-tissue sarcomas on conventional MRI: Diagnostic and prognostic values

PURPOSE

To assess the prevalence of abnormal vessels inside and surrounding soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) on conventional MRIs so as to evaluate their correlations with particular histotypes, histological grades, and prognosis.

METHOD

This single-center retrospective study included 157 adult patients (median age: 61) with histologically-proven non-metastatic STS. All had pre-treatment conventional contrast-enhanced MRI. Two radiologists reported: presence of abnormal flow-voids, number and distribution (peri-tumoral and/or intra-tumoral), percentage of tumor circumference it covered, maximal diameter. The radiological findings were correlated with histopathology. Associations were evaluated with Chi-2 or t-tests. Survival analysis (for metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS)) included log-rank tests and multivariate Cox-model.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine of 157 (18.5%) STS showed abnormal flow-voids that were peri-tumoral (9/157, 5.7%), intra-tumoral (5/157, 3.2%) or both intra- and peri-tumoral (15/157, 9.6%). Ten STS had more than 5 flow-voids, all being grade II-III, namely: 4 undifferentiated sarcomas, 2 solitary fibrous tumors, 1 alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS), 2 leiomyosarcomas and 1 pleomorphic liposarcoma. The distribution of flow-voids was associated with survivals in the univariate analysis: patients with abnormal peritumoral flow-voids (APTFV) showed poorer OS and MFS (p = 0.039 and 0.014, respectively). These associations did not remain significant in multivariate analysis. Radio-pathological correlations revealed large tortuous tumoral neo-vessels with intra-vascular thrombi of tumor cells in ASPS and in one case of undifferentiated sarcoma displaying enrichment in genes involved in neo-angiogenesis at transcriptional level.

CONCLUSIONS

APTFV on conventional MRIs may be associated with a higher risk of metastatic relapse and poorer OS in STS patients.

Gluconeogenesis in cancer cells - Repurposing of a starvation-induced metabolic pathway?

Cancer cells constantly face a fluctuating nutrient supply and interference with adaptive responses might be an effective therapeutic approach. It has been discovered that in the absence of glucose, cancer cells can synthesize crucial metabolites by expressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, PCK1 or PCK2) using abbreviated forms of gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis, which in essence is the reverse pathway of glycolysis, uses lactate or amino acids to feed biosynthetic pathways branching from glycolysis. PCK1 and PCK2 have been shown to be critical for the growth of certain cancers. In contrast, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), a downstream gluconeogenesis enzyme, inhibits glycolysis and tumor growth, partly by non-enzymatic mechanisms. This review sheds light on the current knowledge of cancer cell gluconeogenesis and its role in metabolic reprogramming, cancer cell plasticity, and tumor growth.

Microvessel Density and Impact of Angiogenesis on Survival of Resected Pancreatic Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor progression and metastasis; however, its role in pancreatic cancer (PC) remains unclear. The aim of the study was to explore the cumulative evidence concerning the impact of microvessel density (MVD), an estimator of angiogenesis, on resected PC patients.

METHODS

A systematic review of literature and a meta-analysis of relevant reports were performed. Overall survival and disease-free survival were scrutinized.

RESULTS

One thousand five hundred patients were analyzed. Overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.57-2.54; P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-3.2; P = 0.004) were in favor of the low-MVD group. Use of CD105 antibody and of a computerized image analysis system was found to significantly reduce the heterogeneity. Disease staging, tumor location, and grading showed significant effect on survival.

CONCLUSIONS

High-MVD expression was strongly associated with poorer survival and recurrence among resected PC patients, demonstrating a negative prognostic value. Use of CD105 antibody and of a computerized image analysis system is recommended in future studies because they reduce heterogeneity of results. The potential role of MVD as a marker to select PC patients who would benefit from antiangiogenetic treatment should be further explored in clinical trials.

Roles of Nrf2/HO-1 and HIF-1α/VEGF in lung tissue injury and repair following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) leads to injury in distant organs, most commonly the lungs, although limited studies have examined self-protective mechanisms during CIRI-induced lung injury. Here, we investigated self-protective mechanisms that attenuate stress-related injury and promote the angiogenetic repair of epithelial function during CIRI-induced lung injury by measuring nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels. A CIRI model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats by blocking the middle cerebral artery. Rats were divided into five subgroups based on the reperfusion time (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr). Lung injury was assessed using a semiquantitative score and a thiobarbituric acid-based method of determining malonaldehyde production. Lung tissue angiogenesis was detected by CD34 and CD31 immunolabeling. Changes in Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HIF-1α, vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and phospho-ERK1/2 ( p-ERK1/2) protein- and mRNA-expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, respectively. Oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) caused lung injury. Expression of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidative stress pathway in lung tissues increased following CI/R, peaking after 24 hr. PI3K, ERK, and p-ERK1/2, which act upstream of Nrf2/HO-1, were expressed at higher levels in the CI/R-model group, consistent with the general trends observed for Nrf2/HO-1. Within 72 hr post-CI/R, HIF-1α, and VEGF expression significantly increased versus the sham group. Thus, during CIRI-induced lung injury, the body may upregulate antioxidative stress activities and promote angiogenesis to repair the endothelial barrier through the Nrf2/HO-1 and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathways, enabling self-protection.

TIE2-expressing monocytes and M2-polarized macrophages impact survival and correlate with angiogenesis in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Introduction

M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) are associated with angiogenesis and have been identified as a potential prognostic marker in several solid tumors, including hepatobiliary malignancies. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and patient survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Results

Patients with tumors characterized by the presence of CD163⁺ TAMs or TEMs in TCA or TIF, respectively, showed a significantly decreased 1-, 3- and 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival compared to patients without CD163⁺ TAMs or TEMs (all ρ < 0.05). Patients with TEMs in TCA showed a higher incidence of tumor recurrence (ρ < 0.05). Furthermore, the presence of CD163⁺ TAMs was associated with a higher tumor MVD (ρ < 0.05).

Conclusions

Presence of M2-polarized TAMs and TEMs is associated with a decreased overall and recurrence-free survival of patients with PDAC.

Materials and methods

The localization and density of CD163⁺ M2-polarized TAMs and TEMs were quantified in the tumor central area (TCA) and tumor-infiltrating front (TIF) in human PDAC tissue (n = 106) and correlated to clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence rates and patient survival. In parallel, tumor microvascular density (MVD) and the density of angiopoietin-positive tumor cells were quantified. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.

Relationship between the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and different histologic types of canine mammary tumors

Mammary neoplasms are the tumors with higher incidence in female dogs. Among the factors that contribute for the development of this and other neoplasms, the inflammatory tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role. Several studies reported important roles for lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells in this context. In the present study, our aim was to evaluate the number of profile cells of inflammatory cells and area of tumor fibrosis and the relation of these features with canine mammary tumors of different histologic and clinical presentation (benign mixed tumor, carcinoma in mixed tumor, solid carcinoma and tubular carcinoma) Counting and staining of inflammatory cells and tumor fibrosis were performed through histochemistry, while counting and staining of CD4⁺, TCD8⁺ and FOXP3⁺ lymphocytes were performed through immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis of the association between densities of inflammatory cells, tumor fibrosis and histologic types revealed significant difference for plasma cells (p = .035), neutrophils (p = .0113), macrophages (p = .0047), and tumor fibrosis (p = .05). The found data suggest associations between high number of neutrophils and aggressive mammary tumors, between high densities of plasma cells, macrophages and CD8⁺ cells and between low number of profile cells of CD4⁺ cells and less aggressive tumors. Larger areas of tumor fibrosis showed relation to more aggressive canine mammary tumors.