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Structural Basis of Colchicine-Site targeting Acylhydrazones active against Multidrug-Resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. iScience 2019; 21:95-109. [PMID: 31655259 PMCID: PMC6820235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin is one of the best validated anti-cancer targets, but most anti-tubulin agents have unfavorable therapeutic indexes. Here, we characterized the tubulin-binding activity, the mechanism of action, and the in vivo anti-leukemia efficacy of three 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-acylhydrazones. We show that all compounds target the colchicine-binding site of tubulin and that none is a substrate of ABC transporters. The crystal structure of the tubulin-bound N-(1′-naphthyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzohydrazide (12) revealed steric hindrance on the T7 loop movement of β-tubulin, thereby rendering tubulin assembly incompetent. Using dose escalation and short-term repeated dose studies, we further report that this compound class is well tolerated to >100 mg/kg in mice. We finally observed that intraperitoneally administered compound 12 significantly prolonged the overall survival of mice transplanted with both sensitive and multidrug-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Taken together, this work describes promising colchicine-site-targeting tubulin inhibitors featuring favorable therapeutic effects against ALL and multidrug-resistant cells. 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-acylhydrazones bind to the colchicine site of tubulin 12 forms a single H-bond with αThr179 and causes steric hindrance of tubulin βT7 loop 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-acylhydrazones feature low toxicity 12 shows therapeutic effect against multidrug-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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2
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Austin CA, Lee KC, Swan RL, Khazeem MM, Manville CM, Cridland P, Treumann A, Porter A, Morris NJ, Cowell IG. TOP2B: The First Thirty Years. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092765. [PMID: 30223465 PMCID: PMC6163646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II DNA topoisomerases (EC 5.99.1.3) are enzymes that catalyse topological changes in DNA in an ATP dependent manner. Strand passage reactions involve passing one double stranded DNA duplex (transported helix) through a transient enzyme-bridged break in another (gated helix). This activity is required for a range of cellular processes including transcription. Vertebrates have two isoforms: topoisomerase IIα and β. Topoisomerase IIβ was first reported in 1987. Here we review the research on DNA topoisomerase IIβ over the 30 years since its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Austin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ka C Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Rebecca L Swan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Mushtaq M Khazeem
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Catriona M Manville
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Peter Cridland
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Achim Treumann
- NUPPA, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Andrew Porter
- NUPPA, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Nick J Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ian G Cowell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Gabra MM, Salmena L. microRNAs and Acute Myeloid Leukemia Chemoresistance: A Mechanistic Overview. Front Oncol 2017; 7:255. [PMID: 29164055 PMCID: PMC5674931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Up until the early 2000s, a functional role for microRNAs (miRNAs) was yet to be elucidated. With the advent of increasingly high-throughput and precise RNA-sequencing techniques within the last two decades, it has become well established that miRNAs can regulate almost all cellular processes through their ability to post-transcriptionally regulate a majority of protein-coding genes and countless other non-coding genes. In cancer, miRNAs have been demonstrated to play critical roles by modifying or controlling all major hallmarks including cell division, self-renewal, invasion, and DNA damage among others. Before the introduction of anthracyclines and cytarabine in the 1960s, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was considered a fatal disease. In decades since, prognosis has improved substantially; however, long-term survival with AML remains poor. Resistance to chemotherapy, whether it is present at diagnosis or induced during treatment is a major therapeutic challenge in the treatment of this disease. Certain mechanisms such as DNA damage response and drug targeting, cell cycling, cell death, and drug trafficking pathways have been shown to be further dysregulated in treatment resistant cancers. miRNAs playing key roles in the emergence of these drug resistance phenotypes have recently emerged and replacement or inhibition of these miRNAs may be a viable treatment option. Herein, we describe the roles miRNAs can play in drug resistant AML and we describe miRNA-transcript interactions found within other cancer states which may be present within drug resistant AML. We describe the mechanisms of action of these miRNAs and how they can contribute to a poor overall survival and outcome as well. With the precision of miRNA mimic- or antagomir-based therapies, miRNAs provide an avenue for exquisite targeting in the therapy of drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Marco Gabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gebregiworgis T, Purohit V, Shukla SK, Tadros S, Chaika NV, Abrego J, Mulder SE, Gunda V, Singh PK, Powers R. Glucose Limitation Alters Glutamine Metabolism in MUC1-Overexpressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3536-3546. [PMID: 28809118 PMCID: PMC5634392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Pancreatic cancer
cells overexpressing Mucin 1 (MUC1) rely on aerobic
glycolysis and, correspondingly, are dependent on glucose for survival.
Our NMR metabolomics comparative analysis of control (S2–013.Neo)
and MUC1-overexpressing (S2–013.MUC1) cells demonstrates that
MUC1 reprograms glutamine metabolism upon glucose limitation. The
observed alteration in glutamine metabolism under glucose limitation
was accompanied by a relative decrease in the proliferation of MUC1-overexpressing
cells compared with steady-state conditions. Moreover, glucose limitation induces G1 phase arrest where S2–013.MUC1
cells fail to enter S phase and synthesize DNA because of a significant
disruption in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Our metabolomics
analysis indicates that glutamine is the major source of oxaloacetate
in S2–013.Neo and S2–013.MUC1 cells, where oxaloacetate
is converted to aspartate, an important metabolite for pyrimidine
nucleotide biosynthesis. However, glucose limitation impedes the flow
of glutamine carbons into the pyrimidine nucleotide rings and instead
leads to a significant accumulation of glutamine-derived aspartate
in S2–013.MUC1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklab Gebregiworgis
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott E Mulder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | | | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Kumar BK, Bhatia P, Trehan A, Singh AP, Kaul D, Bansal D. DNA Ploidy and S-phase Fraction Analysis in Paediatric B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cases: a Tertiary Care Centre Experience. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7917-22. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Melatonin/HPβCD complex: Microwave synthesis, integration with chitosan scaffolds and inhibitory effects on MG-63CELLS. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:801-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Reprogramming of primary human Philadelphia chromosome-positive B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells into nonleukemic macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4074-9. [PMID: 25775523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413383112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL1(+) precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCR-ABL1(+) B-ALL) is an aggressive hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by a block in differentiation due in part to the somatic loss of transcription factors required for B-cell development. We hypothesized that overcoming this differentiation block by forcing cells to reprogram to the myeloid lineage would reduce the leukemogenicity of these cells. We found that primary human BCR-ABL1(+) B-ALL cells could be induced to reprogram into macrophage-like cells by exposure to myeloid differentiation-promoting cytokines in vitro or by transient expression of the myeloid transcription factor C/EBPα or PU.1. The resultant cells were clonally related to the primary leukemic blasts but resembled normal macrophages in appearance, immunophenotype, gene expression, and function. Most importantly, these macrophage-like cells were unable to establish disease in xenograft hosts, indicating that lineage reprogramming eliminates the leukemogenicity of BCR-ABL1(+) B-ALL cells, and suggesting a previously unidentified therapeutic strategy for this disease. Finally, we determined that myeloid reprogramming may occur to some degree in human patients by identifying primary CD14(+) monocytes/macrophages in BCR-ABL1(+) B-ALL patient samples that possess the BCR-ABL1(+) translocation and clonally recombined VDJ regions.
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Armstrong SR, Narendrula R, Guo B, Parissenti AM, McCallum KL, Cull S, Lannér C. Distinct genetic alterations occur in ovarian tumor cells selected for combined resistance to carboplatin and docetaxel. J Ovarian Res 2012. [PMID: 23194409 PMCID: PMC3541348 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-5-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Current protocols for the treatment of ovarian cancer include combination chemotherapy with a platinating agent and a taxane. However, many patients experience relapse of their cancer and the development of drug resistance is not uncommon, making successful second line therapy difficult to achieve. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a cell line resistant to both carboplatin and docetaxel (dual drug resistant ovarian cell line) and to compare this cell line to cells resistant to either carboplatin or docetaxel. METHODS The A2780 epithelial endometrioid ovarian cancer cell line was used to select for isogenic carboplatin, docetaxel and dual drug resistant cell lines. A selection method of gradually increasing drug doses was implemented to avoid clonal selection. Resistance was confirmed using a clonogenic assay. Changes in gene expression associated with the development of drug resistance were determined by microarray analysis. Changes in the expression of selected genes were validated by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) and immunoblotting. RESULTS Three isogenic cell lines were developed and resistance to each drug or the combination of drugs was confirmed. Development of resistance was accompanied by a reduced growth rate. The microarray and QPCR analyses showed that unique changes in gene expression occurred in the dual drug resistant cell line and that genes known to be involved in resistance could be identified in all cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian tumor cells can acquire resistance to both carboplatin and docetaxel when selected in the presence of both agents. Distinct changes in gene expression occur in the dual resistant cell line indicating that dual resistance is not a simple combination of the changes observed in cell lines exhibiting single agent resistance.
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Methylated chrysin reduced cell proliferation, but antagonized cytotoxicity of other anticancer drugs in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:417-25. [PMID: 22205153 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834fb731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), a methylated analog of chrysin, as a therapeutic agent to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated. Using a panel of ALL cell lines, the IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of DMF varied between 2.8 and 7.0 μg/ml. DMF induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, concomitant with a decreased expression of phosphorylated retinoblastoma-associated protein 1. DMF increased the rate of apoptosis, although it was apparent only after a long period of exposure (96 h). The accumulation of oxidative stress was not involved in the growth-inhibitory effects of DMF. As DMF reduced the intracellular levels of glutathione, the combination effects of DMF with other anticancer drugs were evaluated using the improved Isobologram and the combination index method. In the simultaneous drug combination assay, DMF antagonized the cytotoxicity of 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, vincristine, and L-asparaginase in all tested ALL cells. This study demonstrated that DMF, a methylated flavone, was an effective chemotherapy agent that could inhibit cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis in ALL cell lines. However, combination therapy with DMF and other anticancer drugs is not recommended.
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Jung HJ, Chen Z, McCarty N. Stem-like tumor cells confer drug resistant properties to mantle cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1066-79. [PMID: 21599592 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.562570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified clonogenic malignant stem cell populations in human mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a particularly deadly subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We discovered that CD45+CD19- MCL cells, which we termed MCL-initiating cells (MCL-ICs), are highly tumorigenic and display self-renewal capacity in vivo; in contrast, CD45+CD19+ MCL cells, which constitute the vast majority of cells within the tumors, show no self-renewal capacity and greatly reduced tumorigenicity. Given the newly appreciated role of cancer-initiating cells in the drug resistance of cancers, it is critical to investigate whether CD45+CD19- MCL-ICs play a role in the drug resistance of human MCL. We discovered that MCL-ICs were more resistant to clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents, in combination or in a single regimen, compared to CD45+CD19+ cells, and that this drug resistance was largely due to quiescent properties with enriched ABC transporters. In conclusion, designing novel therapies to kill CD45+CD19- MCL-ICs may prevent relapse and increase patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jung
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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12
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Elsayed GM, Ismail MM, Moneer MM. Expression of P-glycoprotein, Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Relation with Induction Chemotherapy and Overall Survival. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2011; 27:157-63. [PMID: 22942566 PMCID: PMC3155713 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-011-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that non-cycling cells have a higher multidrug resistance (MDR) expression, which may be down-regulated by proliferation induction. Triggering these cells into proliferation down-regulates high MDR expression. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of P-glycoprotein (PGP) and cell cycle parameters (cyclin D1 and Ki-67) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis, and to evaluate the correlation between the expressions of each marker, and the clinical significance of such expression with response to induction chemotherapy and overall survival. A total of 78 newly diagnosed ALL patients were enrolled in our study. PGP, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 were determined by flow cytometry. PGP expression was encountered in 10/78 (12.8%) of ALL cases. Cyclin D1 and Ki-67 were expressed in 16/77 (20.6%) and 27/76 (34.6%) of ALL cases, respectively. None of the parameters were associated with response to induction chemotherapy and overall survival. Based on the current analysis, we conclude that a joint immunophenotypic evaluation of PGP and cell cycle parameters like that adopted in this study is unlikely to reveal mechanisms of multidrug resistance associated with the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M. Elsayed
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 3, Bin Hagar Street, Saraya Elqoba Post Office, P.O. Box 68, Hiliopolis, Cairo, 11712 Egypt
| | - Manar M. Ismail
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 3, Bin Hagar Street, Saraya Elqoba Post Office, P.O. Box 68, Hiliopolis, Cairo, 11712 Egypt
| | - Manar M. Moneer
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Hiliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
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Štajdohar M, Mramor M, Zupan B, Demšar J. FragViz: visualization of fragmented networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:475. [PMID: 20860802 PMCID: PMC2955700 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers in systems biology use network visualization to summarize the results of their analysis. Such networks often include unconnected components, which popular network alignment algorithms place arbitrarily with respect to the rest of the network. This can lead to misinterpretations due to the proximity of otherwise unrelated elements. RESULTS We propose a new network layout optimization technique called FragViz which can incorporate additional information on relations between unconnected network components. It uses a two-step approach by first arranging the nodes within each of the components and then placing the components so that their proximity in the network corresponds to their relatedness. In the experimental study with the leukemia gene networks we demonstrate that FragViz can obtain network layouts which are more interpretable and hold additional information that could not be exposed using classical network layout optimization algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Network visualization relies on computational techniques for proper placement of objects under consideration. These algorithms need to be fast so that they can be incorporated in responsive interfaces required by the explorative data analysis environments. Our layout optimization technique FragViz meets these requirements and specifically addresses the visualization of fragmented networks, for which standard algorithms do not consider similarities between unconnected components. The experiments confirmed the claims on speed and accuracy of the proposed solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Štajdohar
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Minca Mramor
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Zupan
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX, USA
| | - Janez Demšar
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yen TH, Chen Y, Fu JF, Weng CH, Tian YC, Hung CC, Lin JL, Yang CW. Proliferation of myofibroblasts in the stroma of renal oncocytoma. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:287-96. [PMID: 20412129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myofibroblasts are a vital component of stroma of many malignant neoplasms, but it is not yet established whether stromal myofibroblasts also exist in benign tumours such as oncocytoma of the kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of 16 renal oncocytomas diagnosed at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, has been performed. RESULTS Renal oncocytomas were composed of oncocytes, large cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, arranged mostly in sheets, in tubulocystic or combined pattern. Few oncocytes appeared to be undergoing proliferation or apoptosis. MIB-1 and active caspase 3 indices were low, but higher in tumour than in surrounding non-tumour parenchyma (MIB-1: 0.93 +/- 0.09 versus 0.46 +/- 0.07, P < 0.001 and active caspase 3: 0.76 +/- 0.08 versus 0.41 +/- 0.09, P < 0.001). Wnt/beta-catenin signalling was not implicated in this neoplasm, as there was no loss of E-cadherin membranous localization or expression of intranuclear beta-catenin in the cells. Clumps of oncocytes were stained with periodic acid Schiff and had collagen I-, collagen III- and fibronectin-positive, but desmin- and human caldesmon-negative stromas. Importantly, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-immunostaining established the myofibroblastic nature of many of the stromal cells. Some of the myofibroblasts were also positive for MIB-1, indicating a proliferative role for them in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS Renal oncocytomas were composed of two independent compartments: benign oncocytes and pronounced fibrotic stroma, which consisted of proliferating myofibroblasts (SMA- and MIB-1-positive) which were associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (periodic acid Schiff-component, collagen I-, collagen III- and fibronectin-positive, and desmin- and human caldesmon-negative).
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Affiliation(s)
- T-H Yen
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Rakha EA, Mohammed RA, Elsheikh SE, Powe DG, Paish EC, Macmillan RD, Chan S, Ahmed SI, Ellis IO. Growth fraction as a predictor of response to chemotherapy in node-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1761-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kang SH, Kang KW, Kim KH, Kwon B, Kim SK, Lee HY, Kong SY, Lee ES, Jang SG, Yoo BC. Upregulated HSP27 in human breast cancer cells reduces Herceptin susceptibility by increasing Her2 protein stability. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:286. [PMID: 18834540 PMCID: PMC2567332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which tumors become resistant to Herceptin is critical for the treatment of Her2-overexpressed metastatic breast cancer. METHODS To further understand Herceptin resistance mechanisms at the molecular level, we used comparative proteome approaches to analyze two human breast cancer cell lines; Her2-positive SK-BR-3 cells and its Herceptin-resistant SK-BR-3 (SK-BR-3 HR) cells. RESULTS Heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) expression was shown to be upregulated in SK-BR-3 HR cells. Suppression of HSP27 by specific siRNA transfection increased the susceptibility of SK-BR-3 HR cells to Herceptin. In the presence of Herceptin, Her2 was downregulated in both cell lines. However, Her2 expression was reduced by a greater amount in SK-BR-3 parent cells than in SK-BR-3 HR cells. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HSP27 can bind to Her2. In the absence of Herceptin, HSP27 expression is suppressed and Her2 expression is reduced, indicating that downregulation of Her2 by Herceptin can be obstructed by the formation of a Her2-HSP27 complex. CONCLUSION Our present study demonstrates that upregulated HSP27 in human breast cancer cells can reduce Herceptin susceptibility by increasing Her2 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hun Kang
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Republic of Korea.
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Zou GM, Maitra A. Small-molecule inhibitor of the AP endonuclease 1/REF-1 E3330 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2012-21. [PMID: 18645011 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AP endonuclease 1 (APE1; also known as REF-1) contains a DNA repair domain and a redox regulation domain. APE1 is overexpressed in several human cancers, and disruption of APE1 function has detrimental effects on cancer cell viability. However, the selective contribution of the redox and the DNA repair domains to maintenance of cellular homeostasis in cancer has not been elucidated. In the present study, we used E3330, a small-molecule inhibitor of APE1 redox domain function, to interrogate the functional relevance of sustained redox function in pancreatic cancer. We show that E3330 significantly reduces the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. This phenomenon was further confirmed by a small interfering RNA experiment to knockdown APE1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Further, the growth-inhibitory effects of E3330 are accentuated by hypoxia, and this is accompanied by striking inhibition in the DNA-binding ability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, a hypoxia-induced transcription factor. E3330 exposure promotes endogenous reactive oxygen species formation in pancreatic cancer cells, and the resulting oxidative stress is associated with higher levels of oxidized, and hence inactive, SHP-2, an essential protein tyrosine phosphatase that promotes cancer cell proliferation in its active state. Finally, E3330 treatment inhibits pancreatic cancer cell migration as assessed by in vitro chemokine assays. E3330 shows anticancer properties at multiple functional levels in pancreatic cancer, such as inhibition of cancer cell growth and migration. Inhibition of the APE1 redox function through pharmacologic means has the potential to become a promising therapeutic strategy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Ming Zou
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-2, M341, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Sorich MJ, Pottier N, Pei D, Yang W, Kager L, Stocco G, Cheng C, Panetta JC, Pui CH, Relling MV, Cheok MH, Evans WE. In vivo response to methotrexate forecasts outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and has a distinct gene expression profile. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e83. [PMID: 18416598 PMCID: PMC2292747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children, and can now be cured in approximately 80% of patients. Nevertheless, drug resistance is the major cause of treatment failure in children with ALL. The drug methotrexate (MTX), which is widely used to treat many human cancers, is used in essentially all treatment protocols worldwide for newly diagnosed ALL. Although MTX has been extensively studied for many years, relatively little is known about mechanisms of de novo resistance in primary cancer cells, including leukemia cells. This lack of knowledge is due in part to the fact that existing in vitro methods are not sufficiently reliable to permit assessment of MTX resistance in primary ALL cells. Therefore, we measured the in vivo antileukemic effects of MTX and identified genes whose expression differed significantly in patients with a good versus poor response to MTX. METHODS AND FINDINGS We utilized measures of decreased circulating leukemia cells of 293 newly diagnosed children after initial "up-front" in vivo MTX treatment (1 g/m(2)) to elucidate interpatient differences in the antileukemic effects of MTX. To identify genomic determinants of these effects, we performed a genome-wide assessment of gene expression in primary ALL cells from 161 of these newly diagnosed children (1-18 y). We identified 48 genes and two cDNA clones whose expression was significantly related to the reduction of circulating leukemia cells after initial in vivo treatment with MTX. This finding was validated in an independent cohort of children with ALL. Furthermore, this measure of initial MTX in vivo response and the associated gene expression pattern were predictive of long-term disease-free survival (p < 0.001, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Together, these data provide new insights into the genomic basis of MTX resistance and interpatient differences in MTX response, pointing to new strategies to overcome MTX resistance in childhood ALL. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS Total XV, Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00137111); Total XIIIBH, Phase III Randomized Study of Antimetabolite-Based Induction plus High-Dose MTX Consolidation for Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia at Intermediate or High Risk of Treatment Failure (NCI-T93-0101D); Total XIIIBL, Phase III Randomized Study of Antimetabolite-Based Induction plus High-Dose MTX Consolidation for Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia at Lower Risk of Treatment Failure (NCI-T93-0103D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sorich
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- EA2679, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pole Recherche, Lille, France
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Leo Kager
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Burlo Garofolo and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John C Panetta
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mary V Relling
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Agents Research Group, National Institutes of Health Pharmacogenetics Research Network, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America, and Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meyling H Cheok
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William E Evans
- Hematological Malignancies Program and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Agents Research Group, National Institutes of Health Pharmacogenetics Research Network, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America, and Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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19
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Kirschner-Schwabe R, Lottaz C, Tödling J, Rhein P, Karawajew L, Eckert C, von Stackelberg A, Ungethüm U, Kostka D, Kulozik AE, Ludwig WD, Henze G, Spang R, Hagemeier C, Seeger K. Expression of Late Cell Cycle Genes and an Increased Proliferative Capacity Characterize Very Early Relapse of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4553-61. [PMID: 16899601 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), approximately 25% of patients suffer from relapse. In recurrent disease, despite intensified therapy, overall cure rates of 40% remain unsatisfactory and survival rates are particularly poor in certain subgroups. The probability of long-term survival after relapse is predicted from well-established prognostic factors (i.e., time and site of relapse, immunophenotype, and minimal residual disease). However, the underlying biological determinants of these prognostic factors remain poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Aiming at identifying molecular pathways associated with these clinically well-defined prognostic factors, we did gene expression profiling on 60 prospectively collected samples of first relapse patients enrolled on the relapse trial ALL-REZ BFM 2002 of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster study group. RESULTS We show here that patients with very early relapse of ALL are characterized by a distinctive gene expression pattern. We identified a set of 83 genes differentially expressed in very early relapsed ALL compared with late relapsed disease. The vast majority of genes were up-regulated and many were late cell cycle genes with a function in mitosis. In addition, samples from patients with very early relapse showed a significant increase in the percentage of S and G(2)-M phase cells and this correlated well with the expression level of cell cycle genes. CONCLUSIONS Very early relapse of ALL is characterized by an increased proliferative capacity of leukemic blasts and up-regulated mitotic genes. The latter suggests that novel drugs, targeting late cell cycle proteins, might be beneficial for these patients that typically face a dismal prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kirschner-Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin, Robert-Roessle-Clinic, Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Nakamura Y, Sato H, Motokura T. Development of multidrug resistance due to multiple factors including P-glycoprotein overexpression underK-selection afterMYC andHRAS oncogene activation. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2448-54. [PMID: 16353156 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multistep tumorigenesis is a form of microevolution consisting of mutation and selection. To clarify the role of selection modalities in tumor development, we examined two alternative evolutionary conditions, r-selection in sparse culture, which allows cells to proliferate rapidly, and K-selection in confluent culture, in which overcrowding constrains cell proliferation. Using MYC- and EJ-RAS-transformed rat embryo fibroblasts, we found that K-selected cells acquired and stably maintained multidrug resistance (MDR) to DOX, VCR, MTX and Ara-C. Then, we examined the involvement of a number of factors potentially causal of the development of MDR, that is, ploidy, Tp53 mutation, doubling time and the expression levels of genes related to drug resistance. Although ploidy status and Tp53 mutations did not correlate with MDR, we found that Abcb1/Mdr1, encoding P-glycoprotein (Pgp), was significantly upregulated after K-selection. Cyclosporin A, a competitive inhibitor of Pgp, increased the intracellular accumulation of DOX and reduced the resistance to it. Indeed, the population of Pgp-transfected cells significantly expanded under K-, but not under r-selection. In addition to Pgp upregulation, altered expression of other genes such as Cda/cytidine deaminase and Slc29a1/equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and prolonged doubling times were associated with MDR. This system reproduces events associated with MDR in vivo and would be useful for analysis of MDR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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21
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Rickardson L, Fryknäs M, Dhar S, Lövborg H, Gullbo J, Rydåker M, Nygren P, Gustafsson MG, Larsson R, Isaksson A. Identification of molecular mechanisms for cellular drug resistance by combining drug activity and gene expression profiles. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:483-92. [PMID: 16012520 PMCID: PMC2361589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment. To explore the genes involved in chemosensitivity and resistance, 10 human tumour cell lines, including parental cells and resistant subtypes selected for resistance against doxorubicin, melphalan, teniposide and vincristine, were profiled for mRNA expression of 7400 genes using cDNA microarray technology. The drug activity of 66 cancer agents was evaluated on the cell lines, and correlations between drug activity and gene expression were calculated and ranked. Hierarchical clustering of drugs based on their drug–gene correlations yielded clusters of drugs with similar mechanism of action. Genes correlated with drug sensitivity and resistance were imported into the PathwayAssist software to identify putative molecular pathways involved. A substantial number of both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and focal adhesion kinase were found to be associated to drug resistance, whereas genes linked to cell cycle control and proliferation, such as cell division cycle 25A and signal transducer of activator of transcription 5A, were associated to general drug sensitivity. The results indicate that combined information from drug activity and gene expression in a resistance-based cell line panel may provide new knowledge of the genes involved in anticancer drug resistance and become a useful tool in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rickardson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Fryknäs
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Dhar
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Lövborg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Rydåker
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Nygren
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M G Gustafsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - A Isaksson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Palle J, Frost BM, Forestier E, Gustafsson G, Nygren P, Hellebostad M, Jonsson OG, Kanerva J, Schmiegelow K, Larsson R, Lönnerholm G. Cellular drug sensitivity in MLL-rearranged childhood acute leukaemia is correlated to partner genes and cell lineage. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:189-98. [PMID: 15813846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangements in the 11q23 region, the site of the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene, are found in both childhood acute myeloid (AML) and lymphoblastic (ALL) leukaemia. We studied the in vitro drug resistance by the fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay (FMCA) in 132 children with AML and 178 children with ALL (aged 0-17 years). In AML, children with t(9;11) (n = 10) were significantly more sensitive to cytarabine (P < 0.001) and doxorubicin (P = 0.005) than non-11q23 rearranged patients (n = 108). Children with other 11q23 rearrangements (n = 14) differed less from non-rearranged children. The 'AML-profile' common to all three groups included relative resistance to glucocorticoids and vincristine. In ALL, children with 11q23 rearrangement (n = 22) were significantly more sensitive to cytarabine (P = 0.026) than children without 11q23 rearrangement (n = 156), also after stratification for white blood cell count. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the cellular drug resistance is correlated to both the cell lineage and the type of 11q23 rearrangement. High cellular sensitivity to cytarabine and doxorubicin might explain the excellent treatment results in children with AML and t(9;11). The present study supports the strategy of contemporary protocols to include high-dose cytarabine in the treatment of 11q23-positive patients both in AML and ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Lineage
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Fluorometry
- Gene Rearrangement
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Male
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Prospective Studies
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J Palle
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Cooperman J, Neely R, Teachey DT, Grupp S, Choi JK. Cell division rates of primary human precursor B cells in culture reflect in vivo rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:1111-20. [PMID: 15536200 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-6-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stroma-based cultures provide a powerful model for studying cell division and apoptosis of primary human precursor B cells. Studies using this model are elucidating the mechanisms by which stromal cells inhibit apoptosis of cultured normal precursor B cells and have demonstrated that the apoptotic rate of cultured leukemic precursor B cells can predict clinical outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In contrast to apoptosis, cell division in this model has not been well characterized. In this study, we quantified the rates of cell division in cultured primary human normal and leukemic precursor B cells by labeling precursor B cells with the fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimyl ester. Based on the rate of decreasing fluorescent signal over 3 weeks, normal CD19(+), CD10(+) precursor B cells divided once every 90.5 hours, a number that correlates well with the known in vivo rate of 65.5 hours. The division rates were similar among different cultures and constant throughout the 3 weeks of culture, suggesting that the variable expansions of precursor B cells seen among different samples and culture durations are not secondary to different cell division rates. Unlike normal cells, cultured leukemic B cells had a heterogeneous division rate that ranged from once every 26-240 hours. These rates correlated well with their respective in vivo proliferation index. These findings indicate that the stroma-based cultures faithfully replicate in vivo cell division rates and can be used to elucidate the pathways that regulate cell division of primary human precursor B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cooperman
- Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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24
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Liem NLM, Papa RA, Milross CG, Schmid MA, Tajbakhsh M, Choi S, Ramirez CD, Rice AM, Haber M, Norris MD, MacKenzie KL, Lock RB. Characterization of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenograft models for the preclinical evaluation of new therapies. Blood 2004; 103:3905-14. [PMID: 14764536 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Continuous xenografts from 10 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were established in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Relative to primary engrafted cells, negligible changes in growth rates and immunophenotype were observed at second and third passage. Analysis of clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements in 2 xenografts from patients at diagnosis showed that the pattern of clonal variation observed following tertiary transplantation in mice exactly reflected that in bone marrow samples at the time of clinical relapse. Patients experienced diverse treatment outcomes, including 5 who died of disease (median, 13 months; range, 11-76 months, from date of diagnosis), and 5 who remain alive (median, 103 months; range, 56-131 months, following diagnosis). When stratified according to patient outcome, the in vivo sensitivity of xenografts to vincristine and dexamethasone, but not methotrexate, differed significantly (P = .028, P = .029, and P = .56, respectively). The in vitro sensitivity of xenografts to dexamethasone, but not vincristine, correlated significantly with in vivo responses and patient outcome. This study shows, for the first time, that the biologic and genetic characteristics, and patterns of chemosensitivity, of childhood ALL xenografts accurately reflect the clinical disease. As such, they provide powerful experimental models to prioritize new therapeutic strategies for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L M Liem
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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