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Singh S, Tian W, Severance ZC, Chaudhary SK, Anokhina V, Mondal B, Pergu R, Singh P, Dhawa U, Singha S, Choudhary A. Proximity-inducing modalities: the past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5485-5515. [PMID: 37477631 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Living systems use proximity to regulate biochemical processes. Inspired by this phenomenon, bifunctional modalities that induce proximity have been developed to redirect cellular processes. An emerging example of this class is molecules that induce ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of a protein of interest, and their initial development sparked a flurry of discovery for other bifunctional modalities. Recent advances in this area include modalities that can change protein phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation states, modulate gene expression, and recruit components of the immune system. In this review, we highlight bifunctional modalities that perform functions other than degradation and have great potential to revolutionize disease treatment, while also serving as important tools in basic research to explore new aspects of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameek Singh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Zachary C Severance
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Santosh K Chaudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Viktoriya Anokhina
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Basudeb Mondal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Rajaiah Pergu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Prashant Singh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Santanu Singha
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Wasim R, Ansari TM, Siddiqui MH, Ahsan F, Shamim A, Singh A, Shariq M, Anwar A, Siddiqui AR, Parveen S. Repurposing of Drugs for Cardiometabolic Disorders: An Out and Out Cumulation. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:7-24. [PMID: 36599357 DOI: 10.1055/a-1971-6965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) is a constellation of metabolic predisposing factors for atherosclerosis such as insulin resistance (IR) or diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic hypertension, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) continue to be the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing nations, accounting for over 32% of all fatalities globally each year. Furthermore, dyslipidemia, angina, arrhythmia, heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and diabetes mellitus are the major causes of death, accounting for an estimated 19 million deaths in 2012. CVDs will kill more than 23 million individuals each year by 2030. Nonetheless, new drug development (NDD) in CMDs has been increasingly difficult in recent decades due to increased costs and a lower success rate. Drug repositioning in CMDs looks promising in this scenario for launching current medicines for new therapeutic indications. Repositioning is an ancient method that dates back to the 1960s and is mostly based on coincidental findings during medication trials. One significant advantage of repositioning is that the drug's safety profile is well known, lowering the odds of failure owing to undesirable toxic effects. Furthermore, repositioning takes less time and money than NDD. Given these facts, pharmaceutical corporations are becoming more interested in medication repositioning. In this follow-up, we discussed the notion of repositioning and provided some examples of repositioned medications in cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Pharmacology, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Aditya Singh
- Pharmaceutics, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Aamir Anwar
- Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Saba Parveen
- Pharmacology, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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3
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Cantrell MS, Soto-Avellaneda A, Wall JD, Ajeti AD, Morrison BE, Warner LR, McDougal OM. Repurposing Drugs to Treat Heart and Brain Illness. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060573. [PMID: 34208502 PMCID: PMC8235459 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development is a complicated, slow and expensive process with high failure rates. One strategy to mitigate these factors is to recycle existing drugs with viable safety profiles and have gained Food and Drug Administration approval following extensive clinical trials. Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are difficult to treat, and there exist few effective therapeutics, necessitating the development of new, more efficacious drugs. Recent scientific studies have led to a mechanistic understanding of heart and brain disease progression, which has led researchers to assess myriad drugs for their potential as pharmacological treatments for these ailments. The focus of this review is to survey strategies for the selection of drug repurposing candidates and provide representative case studies where drug repurposing strategies were used to discover therapeutics for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on anti-inflammatory processes where new drug alternatives are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranda S. Cantrell
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.S.C.); (A.S.-A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (J.D.W.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Alejandro Soto-Avellaneda
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.S.C.); (A.S.-A.)
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - Jackson D. Wall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (J.D.W.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Aaron D. Ajeti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (J.D.W.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Brad E. Morrison
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Correspondence: (B.E.M.); (L.R.W.); (O.M.M.)
| | - Lisa R. Warner
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.S.C.); (A.S.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.E.M.); (L.R.W.); (O.M.M.)
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.S.C.); (A.S.-A.)
- Correspondence: (B.E.M.); (L.R.W.); (O.M.M.)
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4
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Lu T, Chen C, Wang A, Jiang Z, Qi Z, Hu Z, Hu C, Liu F, Wang W, Wu H, Wang B, Wang L, Qi S, Wu J, Wang W, Tang J, Yan H, Bai M, Liu Q, Liu J. Repurposing cabozantinib to GISTs: Overcoming multiple imatinib-resistant cKIT mutations including gatekeeper and activation loop mutants in GISTs preclinical models. Cancer Lett 2019; 447:105-114. [PMID: 30684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the great success of imatinib as the first-line treatment for GISTs, the majority of patients will develop drug-acquired resistance due to secondary mutations in the cKIT kinase. Sunitinib and regorafenib have been approved as the second and third line therapies to overcome some of these drug-resistance mutations; however, their limited clinical response, toxicity and resistance of the activation loop mutants still makes new therapies bearing different cKIT mutants activity spectrum profile highly demanded. Through a drug repositioning approach, we found that cabozantinib exhibited higher potency than imatinib against primary gain-of-function mutations of cKIT. Moreover, cabozantinib was able to overcome cKIT gatekeeper T670I mutation and the activation loop mutations that are resistant to imatinib or sunitinib. Cabozantinib demonstrated good efficacy in vitro and in vivo in the cKIT mutant-driven preclinical models of GISTs while displaying a long-lasting effect after treatment withdrawal. Furthermore, it also exhibited dose-dependent anti-proliferative efficacy in the GIST patient derived primary cells. Considering clinical safety and PK profile of cabozantinib, this report provides the basis for the future clinical applications of cabozantinib as an alternative anti-GISTs therapy in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Aoli Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Zongru Jiang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Ziping Qi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Zhenquan Hu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Chen Hu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Feiyang Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Hong Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Beilei Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Shuang Qi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Jun Tang
- The People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force No. 901 Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Hezhong Yan
- The People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force No. 901 Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, United States
| | - Qingsong Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.
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5
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Strategies to overcome resistance mutations of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:343-356. [PMID: 29347836 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib, as the first Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor, has been shown to have clinically significant activity in leukemias and lymphomas. However, the initially responsive tumors will develop resistance during the process of treatment in few patients. Here, we summarized the mechanism of acquired resistance and suggested the next-generation Btk inhibitors that override the target resistance. Moreover, the development of combination of selective antagonists or inhibitors targeting to multiple protein kinases have increased therapeutic potency to reduce the risk of the emergence of kinases inhibitor resistance. Thus, the reported combination of therapeutic drugs as an alternative therapy to overcome ibrutinib collapse or reduce the risk of the emergence of Btk inhibitor resistance also has been reviewed.
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6
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Shandiz SAS, Farasati S, Saeedi B, Baghbani-Arani F, Asl EA, Keshavarz-Pakseresht B, Rahimi A, Assadi A, Noorbazargan H, Hesari MR, Mirzaie A. Up regulation of KAI1 gene expression and apoptosis effect of imatinib mesylate in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Song L, Li Y, He B, Gong Y. Development of Small Molecules Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 14:133-45. [PMID: 25799881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) was ranked third in morbidity and mortality in the United States in 2013. Although substantial progress has been made in surgical techniques and postoperative chemotherapy in recent years, the prognosis for colon cancer is still not satisfactory, mainly because of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The latest studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play important roles in cancer recurrence and metastasis. Drugs that target CSCs might therefore have great therapeutic potential in prevention of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway in CSCs has been suggested to play crucial roles in colorectal carcinogenesis, and has become a popular target for anti-CRC therapy. Dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, mostly by inactivating mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor or oncogenic mutations of β-catenin, has been implicated as a key factor in colorectal tumorigenesis. Abnormal increases of β-catenin levels represents a common pathway in Wnt signaling activation and is also observed in other human malignancies. These findings highlight the importance of developing small-molecule drugs that target the Wnt pathway. Herein we provide an overview on the current development of small molecules that target the Wnt pathway in colorectal CSCs and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China; BioChain (Beijing) Science and Technology, Inc, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuemin Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoming He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between members of the Myc transcription factor network are potential targets of small molecule inhibitors and stabilizers. Diverse screening strategies, including fluorescence resonance energy transfer, fluorescence polarization, two hybrid and protein complementation assays have identified several lead compounds that inhibit Myc-Max dimerization and one compound that stabilizes the Max homodimer. Representative compounds interfere with Myc-induced transcriptional activation, Myc-mediated oncogenic transformation, Myc-driven cellular replication and DNA binding of Myc. For the best characterized compounds, specific binding sites have been determined, and molecular mechanisms of action have been documented. This knowledge of small molecule - protein interaction is currently applied to highly targeted approaches that seek to identify novel compounds with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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9
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Toxicity and phototoxicity of Hypocrellin A on malignant human cell lines, evidence of a synergistic action of photodynamic therapy with Imatinib mesylate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 99:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Targeting the WNT/beta-catenin/TCF/LEF1 axis in solid and haematological cancers: Multiplicity of therapeutic options. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2759-67. [PMID: 19729298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among aberrantly regulated signalling pathways in cancer the WNT/beta-catenin pathway plays an outstanding role, since it was shown to be critically involved in a wide range of neoplasias. While the underlying mechanisms vary, overexpression of WNTs was found to mediate active signalling in some of these diseases. Other cancers show a mutation in pathway members further downstream, such as APC, Axin or beta-catenin, leading to aberrant signalling activation. Another mechanism initiating activation of WNT/beta-catenin signalling is the silencing of expression of negative WNT/beta-catenin regulators, such as DKK and WIF1, by, for example, promoter hypermethylation. All these mechanisms result in a common consequence, the activation of TCF/LEF1 transcription factors and subsequent target gene expression. Several target genes are known to be key players in tumourigenesis, such as c-myc, cyclin D1 or survivin. The variety of possible underlying mechanisms leading to beta-catenin/TCF/LEF1 activation offers multiple options to target the aberrantly activated pathway in order to prevent target gene expression and/or their gene products to exert their tumourigenic function. Here, we summarise the physiological role of WNT/beta-catenin signalling and the consequences of its aberrant activation during tumourigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible strategies to target this pathway and their potential importance in cancer treatment.
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11
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Impact of early dose intensity on cytogenetic and molecular responses in chronic- phase CML patients receiving 600 mg/day of imatinib as initial therapy. Blood 2008; 112:3965-73. [PMID: 18768781 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-161737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a trial in 103 patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) using imatinib 600 mg/day, with dose escalation to 800 mg/day for suboptimal response. The estimated cumulative incidences of complete cytogenetic response (CCR) by 12 and 24 months were 88% and 90%, and major molecular responses (MMRs) were 47% and 73%. In patients who maintained a daily average of 600 mg of imatinib for the first 6 months (n = 60), MMR rates by 12 and 24 months were 55% and 77% compared with 32% and 53% in patients averaging less than 600 mg (P = .037 and .016, respectively). Dose escalation was indicated for 17 patients before 12 months for failure to achieve, or maintain, major cytogenetic response at 6 months or CCR at 9 months but was only possible in 8 patients (47%). Dose escalation was indicated for 73 patients after 12 months because their BCR-ABL level remained more than 0.01% (international scale) and was possible in 45 of 73 (62%). Superior responses achieved in patients able to tolerate imatinib at 600 mg suggests that early dose intensity may be critical to optimize response in CP-CML. The trial was registered at www.ANZCTR.org.au as #ACTRN12607000614493.
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12
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Ross D, Hughes T. Current and emerging tests for the laboratory monitoring of chronic myeloid leukaemia and related disorders. Pathology 2008; 40:231-46. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020801916172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is a disease of unknown aetiology, characterised by severe pressure and pain in the bladder area or lower pelvis that is frequently or typically relieved by voiding, along with urgency or frequency of urination in the absence of urinary tract infections. PBS/IC occurs primarily in women, is increasingly recognised in young adults, and may affect as many as 0.1-1% of adult women. PBS/IC is often comorbid with allergies, endometriosis, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and panic syndrome, all of which are worsened by stress. As a result, patients may visit as many as five physicians, including family practitioners, internists, gynaecologists, urologists and pain specialists, leading to confusion and frustration. There is no curative treatment; intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as oral amitriptyline, pentosan polysulfate and hydroxyzine have variable results, with success more likely when these drugs are given together. Pilot clinical trials suggest that the flavonoid quercetin may be helpful. Lack of early diagnosis and treatment can affect outcomes and leads to the development of hyperalgesia/allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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14
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Tsuneoka N, Kuroki T, Haraguchi M, Furui J. Predicting the antitumor effects of STI571 by analysis of c-kit gene mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: Report of a case. Surg Today 2006; 36:989-93. [PMID: 17072721 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-006-3288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a large gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), greater than 5 cm in diameter, in the stomach. Microscopically, high levels of mitosis were observed, indicative of a high-grade malignancy. We analyzed the c-kit gene mutations by a replication competent retrovirus assay and DNA sequencing, which revealed a c-kit mutation in exon 11. Liver metastases were detected 7 months after surgery. Patients with an exon 11 mutation of the c-kit gene are reported to have a high response to STI571 (imatinib mesylate, Glivec). Accordingly, a 1-month course of STI571 treatment clearly changed the characterization of the metastatic tumors radiographically. Thus, it may be important to analyze c-kit gene mutations in patients presenting with GISTs to predict the effectiveness of STI571 in suppressing GISTs, especially tumors thought to have malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritsugu Tsuneoka
- Department of Surgery, Goto Central Hospital, 205 Yoshikugi, Goto, Nagasaki, 853-8691, Japan
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15
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McCulloch CA, Downey GP, El-Gabalawy H. Signalling platforms that modulate the inflammatory response: new targets for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:864-76. [PMID: 17016427 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutically controlling inflammation is essential for the clinical management of many high-prevalence human diseases. Drugs that block the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 (IL-1) can improve outcomes for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases but many patients remain refractory to treatment. Here we explore the need for developing new types of anti-inflammatory drugs and the emergence of novel drug targets based on the clustering of IL-1 receptors into multi-protein aggregates associated with cell adhesions. Interference with receptor aggregation into multi-protein complexes effectively abrogates IL-1 signalling. The exploration of the crucial molecules required for receptor clustering, and therefore signal transduction, offers new targets and scope for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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16
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Abstract
At present, there are a wide variety of novel and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of asthma. Here, we will summarize these state-of-the-art approaches, including specific and nonspecific mediator inhibition-- a quest that has been on going for more than 25 years-- together with cytokine modulation in asthma (primarily attempting to modulate the Th2-Th1 balance in asthma), targeting cell recruitment, angiogenesis, signal transduction and gene transduction pathways. Finally, we will discuss the recently approved anti-IgE therapy for the treatment of allergic asthma and immune modulation using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Leath
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Immunological Diseases, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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17
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Green J, Ikram M, Vyas J, Patel N, Proby CM, Ghali L, Leigh IM, O'toole EA, Storey A. Overexpression of the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor in cutaneous SCC-derived cell lines and tumours. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1446-51. [PMID: 16641895 PMCID: PMC2361292 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of squamous cell skin cancers (SSC) are poorly understood. We have used oligonucleotide microarrays to compare the differences in cellular gene expression between a series of keratinocyte cell that mimic disease progression with the aim of identifying genes that may potentially contribute towards squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) progression in vivo, and in particular to identify markers that may serve as potential therapeutic targets for SCC treatment. Gene expression differences were corroborated by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We identified Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase with transforming potential that has also been shown to have a role in cell survival, adhesion and chemotaxis, was upregulated in vitro in SCC-derived cells compared to premalignant cells. Extending the investigation to tumour biopsies showed that the Axl protein was overexpressed in vivo in a series of SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Green
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - M Ikram
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - J Vyas
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - N Patel
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - C M Proby
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - L Ghali
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - I M Leigh
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - E A O'toole
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - A Storey
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Laboratory, London E1 2AT, UK. E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
The advent of targeted therapy presents an unprecedented opportunity for advances in the treatment of cancer. A key challenge will be to translate the undoubted promise of targeted agents into tangible clinical benefits. Achieving this goal is likely to be dependent upon a number of factors. These include continued research to improve our understanding of the heterogeneity and complexity of the tumour microenvironment; refinement of clinical trial design to incorporate nontraditional end points such as the optimum biological dose and health-related quality of life; and the use of technological advancements in proteomics, genomics and biomarker development to better predict tumour types and patient subsets that may be particularly responsive to treatment, as well as enable a more accurate assessment of drug effect at the molecular level. In summary, the future success of targeted agents will require an integrated multidisciplinary approach involving all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ranson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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19
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Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are derived from mesenchymal cells, which under normal circumstances lead to the development of connective tissues such as bone, muscle, fat, and cartilage. During the past decade, insight has been gained regarding the aberrancies that occur during normal development that result in mesenchymal cells transforming into sarcomas. More recently, these insights have led to the development of successful therapies that target the specific mechanisms inherent to individual sarcomas. This overview discusses some of the aberrant molecular mechanisms shared in sarcomas and reviews several sarcoma subtypes in which the most advances have been made. Finally, the ways in which these advances in basic science are translating into and redefining clinical practice are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Matushansky
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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20
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Theoharides TC, Sant GR. Immunomodulators for treatment of interstitial cystitis. Urology 2005; 65:633-8. [PMID: 15833497 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Weiss
- MEDTAP International, 20 Bloomsbury Square, London WC1A 2NS, UK. E-mail:
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22
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Daub H, Specht K, Ullrich A. Strategies to overcome resistance to targeted protein kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 3:1001-10. [PMID: 15573099 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases is gaining importance as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of a wide range of human cancers. However, as extensively documented for the BCR-ABL oncogene in imatinib-treated leukaemia patients, clinical resistance caused by mutations in the targeted oncogene has been observed. Here, we look at how structural and mechanistic insights from imatinib-insensitive Bcr-Abl have been exploited to identify second-generation drugs that override acquired target resistance. These insights have created a rationale for the development of either multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitors or cocktails of selective antagonists as antitumour drugs that combine increased therapeutic potency with a reduced risk of the emergence of molecular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Daub
- Axxima Pharmaceuticals AG, Max-Lebsche-Platz 32, 81377 München, Germany.
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23
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Takashima M, Igaki N, Matsuda T, Ohyama M, Kanda S, Tamada F, Goto T. Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment with imatinib mesylate. Intern Med 2005; 44:114-9. [PMID: 15750270 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a patient who had a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after previous failed extensive therapy, including multiple surgeries and hepatic artery embolization. Within a few months of starting administration of imatinib mesylate, the patient exhibited a clinical response with grade 3 neutropenia, when pulmonary tuberculosis developed. A c-kit mutation in exon 11 was detected only in metastatic liver specimens. It is unclear whether or not pulmonary tuberculosis may be induced by imatinib mesylate treatment, but caution is warranted in immunocompromised GIST patients. This is the first report of tuberculosis associated with neutropenia during imatinib mesylate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Takashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Takasago Municipal Hospital, 33-1 Kamimachi, Arai-cho, Takasago 676-8585
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24
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Abstract
Aberrant expression of growth factor receptor systems and dysregulation of the downstream cell signalling molecules have been reported in a wide range of epithelial tumours including head and neck cancer. In some cases, such alterations have been associated with a poor prognosis. In the past 25 years, several antigen specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, mouse, chimeric, humanized and human versions), and small molecule kinase inhibitors have been developed that are at different stages of preclinical and clinical developments. Some of these agents (e.g. Herceptin, Iressa, cetuximab, avastin) have already been approved for the treatment of epithelial tumours and may also have potential in the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. This review discusses, the development and potential of these antigen specific agents, in particular the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, either as a single agent or in combination with other EGFR inhibitors, biological agents (e.g. inhibitors of cycloogenase-2, angiogenesis, insulin like growth factor-I receptor and others), and conventional forms of therapy in the prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer. From preclinical and clinical studies with some of these compounds, it is evident that further detailed studies of biopsies from cancer patients are needed in order to identify markers that can be used not only in the selection of the specific population of cancer patients who would benefit from such antigen specific therapeutic strategies, but also those factors which are responsible for the poor response and the development of a phenotype resistance to such inhibitors. The results of such studies could in turn facilitate the widespread use of such agents in the treatment of a wide range of human cancers including head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmout Modjtahedi
- Division of Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
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25
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Schultz RM. Dawn of a new era in molecular cancer therapeutics. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2005; 63:1-17. [PMID: 16265874 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7414-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Schultz
- Division of Cancer Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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