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Jiang H, Lu J, Wang M. Clinical characteristics of delayed generalized erythema associated with cytarabine. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2024; 10:78-80. [PMID: 38450302 PMCID: PMC10914009 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- College of PharmacyAnhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiAnhuiChina
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Mei Wang
- College of PharmacyAnhui University of Chinese MedicineHefeiAnhuiChina
- Department of PharmacyChildren's Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
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2
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Al Barashdi MAS, Ali A, McMullin MF, Mills K. CD45 inhibition in myeloid leukaemia cells sensitizes cellular responsiveness to chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:73-88. [PMID: 37917373 PMCID: PMC10761371 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are a group of blood disorders characterized by the proliferation of one or more haematopoietic myeloid cell lineages, predominantly in the bone marrow, and are often caused by aberrant protein tyrosine kinase activity. The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a trans-membrane molecule expressed on all haemopoietic blood cells except that of platelets and red cells. CD45 regulates various cellular physiological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, and lymphocyte activation. However, its role in chemotherapy response is still unknown; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD45 in myeloid malignancies in terms of cellular growth, apoptosis, and response to chemotherapy. The expression of CD45 on myeloid leukaemia primary cells and cell lines was heterogeneous with HEL and OCI-AML3 cells showing the highest level. Inhibition of CD45 resulted in increased cellular sensitivity to cytarabine and ruxolitinib, the two main therapies for AML and MPN. Bioinformatics analysis identified genes whose expression was correlated with CD45 expression such as JAK2, ACTR2, THAP3 Serglycin, and PBX-1 genes, as well as licensed drugs (alendronate, allopurinol, and balsalazide), which could be repurposed as CD45 inhibitors which effectively increases sensitivity to cytarabine and ruxolitinib at low doses. Therefore, CD45 inhibition could be explored as a potential therapeutic partner for treatment of myeloid malignancies in combination with chemotherapy such as cytarabine especially for elderly patients and those showing chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmed S Al Barashdi
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ahlam Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mary Frances McMullin
- Haematology Department, C-Floor Tower Block, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ken Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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3
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Ligasová A, Piskláková B, Friedecký D, Koberna K. A new technique for the analysis of metabolic pathways of cytidine analogues and cytidine deaminase activities in cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20530. [PMID: 37993628 PMCID: PMC10665361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxycytidine analogues (dCas) are widely used for the treatment of malignant diseases. They are commonly inactivated by cytidine deaminase (CDD), or by deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase (dCMP deaminase). Additional metabolic pathways, such as phosphorylation, can substantially contribute to their (in)activation. Here, a new technique for the analysis of these pathways in cells is described. It is based on the use of 5-ethynyl 2'-deoxycytidine (EdC) and its conversion to 5-ethynyl 2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Its use was tested for the estimation of the role of CDD and dCMP deaminase in five cancer and four non-cancer cell lines. The technique provides the possibility to address the aggregated impact of cytidine transporters, CDD, dCMP deaminase, and deoxycytidine kinase on EdC metabolism. Using this technique, we developed a quick and cheap method for the identification of cell lines exhibiting a lack of CDD activity. The data showed that in contrast to the cancer cells, all the non-cancer cells used in the study exhibited low, if any, CDD content and their cytidine deaminase activity can be exclusively attributed to dCMP deaminase. The technique also confirmed the importance of deoxycytidine kinase for dCas metabolism and indicated that dCMP deaminase can be fundamental in dCas deamination as well as CDD. Moreover, the described technique provides the possibility to perform the simultaneous testing of cytotoxicity and DNA replication activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ligasová
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Piskláková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Friedecký
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Koberna
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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4
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Kagan AB, Garrison DA, Anders NM, Webster J, Baker SD, Yegnasubramanian S, Rudek MA. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor exposure-response: Challenges and opportunities. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1309-1322. [PMID: 37345219 PMCID: PMC10432879 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis), such as azacitidine and decitabine, are used extensively in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, there remain unanswered questions about DNMTi's mechanism of action and predictors of clinical response. Because patients often remain on single-agent DNMTis or DNMTi-containing regimens for several months before knowing whether clinical benefit can be achieved, the development and clinical validation of response-predictive biomarkers represents an important unmet need in oncology. In this review, we will summarize the clinical studies that led to the approval of azacitidine and decitabine, as well as the real-world experience with these drugs. We will then focus on biomarker development for DNMTis-specifically, efforts at determining exposure-response relationships and challenges that remain impacting the broader clinical translation of these methods. We will highlight recent progress in liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology that has allowed for the simultaneous measurement of decitabine genomic incorporation and global DNA methylation, which has significant potential as a mechanism-of-action based biomarker in patients on DNMTis. Last, we will cover important research questions that need to be addressed in order to optimize this potential biomarker for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Kagan
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dominique A. Garrison
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nicole M. Anders
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Webster
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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5
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Puris E, Fricker G, Gynther M. The Role of Solute Carrier Transporters in Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020364. [PMID: 36839686 PMCID: PMC9966068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug resistance is a major obstacle in anticancer drug delivery and a key reason for cancer drug therapy failure. Membrane solute carrier (SLC) transporters play a crucial role in the cellular uptake of drugs. The expression and function of the SLC transporters can be down-regulated in cancer cells, which limits the uptake of drugs into the tumor cells, resulting in the inefficiency of the drug therapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of low-SLC-transporter-expression-mediated drug resistance in different types of cancers. Recent advances in SLC-transporter-targeting strategies include the development of transporter-utilizing prodrugs and nanocarriers and the modulation of SLC transporter expression in cancer cells. These strategies will play an important role in the future development of anticancer drug therapies by enabling the efficient delivery of drugs into cancer cells.
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6
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Huang S, Bian Y, Huang C, Miao L. Is Monitoring of the Intracellular Active Metabolite Levels of Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogs Ready for Precision Medicine Applications? Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:761-775. [PMID: 35915365 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase and nucleoside analogs (NAs) play important roles in cancer therapy. Although there are obvious individual differences in NA treatments, most NAs lack direct relationships between their plasma concentration and efficacy or adverse effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that the intracellular active metabolite levels of NAs predict patient outcomes. This article reviewed the relationships between NA intracellular active metabolite levels and their efficacy or adverse effects. The factors affecting the formation of intracellular active metabolites and combination regimens that elevate intracellular active metabolite levels were also reviewed. Given the mechanism of NA cytotoxicity, NA intracellular active metabolite levels may be predictive of clinical outcomes. Many clinical studies support this hypothesis. Therefore, the monitoring of intracellular active metabolite levels is beneficial for individualized NA treatment. However, to perform clinical monitoring in practice, well-designed studies are needed to explore the optimal threshold or range and the appropriate regimen adjustment strategies based on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjia Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yicong Bian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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7
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Luo Y, Zhang W. WITHDRAWN: DNMT inhibitor (decitabine) attenuates tuberculosis-induced spine injury by modulating the expression of microRNA-155 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 via suppressing the hypermethylation of IDH mutant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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A Novel Cognition of Decitabine: Insights into Immunomodulation and Antiviral Effects. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061973. [PMID: 35335337 PMCID: PMC8950928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, as one of the major means of epigenesis change, makes a large difference in the spatial structure of chromatin, transposable element activity and, fundamentally, gene transcription. It has been confirmed that DNA methylation is closely related to innate immune responses. Decitabine, the most efficient available DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has demonstrated exhilarating immune activation and antiviral effects on multiple viruses, including HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV and EHV1. This review considers the role of decitabine in regulating innate immune responses and antiviral ability. Understanding the complex transcriptional and immune regulation of decitabine could help to identify and validate therapeutic methods to reduce pathogen infection-associated morbidity, especially virus infection-induced morbidity and mortality.
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9
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Yoshida K, Fujita A, Narazaki H, Asano T, Itoh Y. Drug resistance to nelarabine in leukemia cell lines might be caused by reduced expression of deoxycytidine kinase through epigenetic mechanisms. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 89:83-91. [PMID: 34825941 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drug resistance is a serious problem in leukemia therapy. A novel purine nucleoside analogue, nelarabine, is available for the treatment of children with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We investigated the mechanisms of drug resistance to nelarabine. METHODS Nelarabine-resistant cells were selected by stepwise and continuous exposure to nelarabine using the limiting dilution method in human B and T cell lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Expression analysis was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and epigenetic analysis was performed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The RNA expression level for deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) was decreased in nelarabine-resistant leukemia cells. There were no differences between the parental and nelarabine-resistant leukemia cells in the methylation status of the promoter region of the dCK gene. In the chromatin immune precipitation assay, decreased acetylation of histones H3 and H4 bound to the dCK promoter was seen in the nelarabine-resistant cells when compared to the parental cells. Furthermore, treatment with a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, promoted the cytotoxic effect of nelarabine along with increased expression of the dCK gene, and it increased acetylation of both histones H3 and H4 bound to the dCK promoter in nelarabine-resistant leukemia cells. The combination index showed that the effect of nelarabine and vorinostat was synergistic. CONCLUSION This study reports that nelarabine with vorinostat can promote cytotoxicity in nelarabine-resistant leukemia cells through epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Narazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asano
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Straube J, Lane SW, Vu T. Optimizing DNA hypomethylating therapy in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100125. [PMID: 34463368 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC) improve survival and transfusion independence in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and enable a low intensity cytotoxic treatment for aged AML patients unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy, particularly in combination with novel agents. The proposed mechanism of AZA and DAC relies on active DNA replication and therefore patient responses are only observed after multiple cycles of treatment. Although extended dosing may provide the optimal scheduling, the reliance of injectable formulation of the drug limits it to intermittent treatment. Recently, an oral formulation of AZA demonstrated significantly improved patient relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) when used as maintenance after chemotherapy for AML. In addition, both DAC and AZA were found to be highly effective to improve survival in elderly patients with AML through combination with other drugs. These recent exciting results have changed the therapeutic paradigm for elderly patients with AML. In light of this, we review current knowledge on HMA mechanism of action, clinical trials exploring dosing and scheduling, and recent HMA combination therapies to enhance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Straube
- Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven W Lane
- Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Therese Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado, Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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11
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Miller SR, Jilek JL, McGrath ME, Hau RK, Jennings EQ, Galligan JJ, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Testicular disposition of clofarabine in rats is dependent on equilibrative nucleoside transporters. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00831. [PMID: 34288585 PMCID: PMC8292784 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents. Although the 5-year survival rate is high, some patients respond poorly to chemotherapy or have recurrence in locations such as the testis. The blood-testis barrier (BTB) can prevent complete eradication by limiting chemotherapeutic access and lead to testicular relapse unless a chemotherapeutic is a substrate of drug transporters present at this barrier. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 facilitate the movement of substrates across the BTB. Clofarabine is a nucleoside analog used to treat relapsed or refractory ALL. This study investigated the role of ENTs in the testicular disposition of clofarabine. Pharmacological inhibition of the ENTs by 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was used to determine ENT contribution to clofarabine transport in primary rat Sertoli cells, in human Sertoli cells, and across the rat BTB. The presence of NBMPR decreased clofarabine uptake by 40% in primary rat Sertoli cells (p = .0329) and by 53% in a human Sertoli cell line (p = .0899). Rats treated with 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the NBMPR prodrug, 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P), or vehicle, followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus 10 mg/kg dose of clofarabine, showed a trend toward a lower testis concentration of clofarabine than vehicle (1.81 ± 0.59 vs. 2.65 ± 0.92 ng/mg tissue; p = .1160). This suggests that ENTs could be important for clofarabine disposition. Clofarabine may be capable of crossing the human BTB, and its potential use as a first-line treatment to avoid testicular relapse should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R. Miller
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Joseph L. Jilek
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Meghan E. McGrath
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Erin Q. Jennings
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - James J. Galligan
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of MedicineDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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12
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Fei W, Zhao Y, Wu X, Sun D, Yao Y, Wang F, Zhang M, Li C, Qin J, Zheng C. Nucleoside transporter-guided cytarabine-conjugated liposomes for intracellular methotrexate delivery and cooperative choriocarcinoma therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:184. [PMID: 34130695 PMCID: PMC8207694 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic tumors seriously endanger child productive needs and the health of women in childbearing age. Nanodrug-based therapy mediated by transporters provides a novel strategy for the treatment of trophoblastic tumors. Focusing on the overexpression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) on the membrane of choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3), cytarabine (Cy, a substrate of ENT1)-grafted liposomes (Cy-Lipo) were introduced for the targeted delivery of methotrexate (Cy-Lipo@MTX) for choriocarcinoma therapy in this study. ENT1 has a high affinity for Cy-Lipo and can mediate the endocytosis of the designed nanovehicles into JEG-3 cells. The ENT1 protein maintains its transportation function through circulation and regeneration during endocytosis. Therefore, Cy-Lipo-based formulations showed high tumor accumulation and retention in biodistribution studies. More importantly, the designed DSPE-PEG2k-Cy conjugation exhibited a synergistic therapeutic effect on choriocarcinoma. Finally, Cy-Lipo@MTX exerted an extremely powerful anti-choriocarcinoma effect with fewer side effects. This study suggests that the overexpressed ENT1 on choriocarcinoma cells holds great potential as a high-efficiency target for the rational design of active targeting nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yunchun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dongli Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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13
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Di Francia R, Crisci S, De Monaco A, Cafiero C, Re A, Iaccarino G, De Filippi R, Frigeri F, Corazzelli G, Micera A, Pinto A. Response and Toxicity to Cytarabine Therapy in Leukemia and Lymphoma: From Dose Puzzle to Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050966. [PMID: 33669053 PMCID: PMC7956511 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, the authors propose a crosswise examination of cytarabine-related issues ranging from the spectrum of clinical activity and severe toxicities, through updated cellular pharmacology and drug formulations, to the genetic variants associated with drug-induced phenotypes. Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside; Ara-C) in multiagent chemotherapy regimens is often used for leukemia or lymphoma treatments, as well as neoplastic meningitis. Chemotherapy regimens can induce a suboptimal clinical outcome in a fraction of patients. The individual variability in clinical response to Leukemia & Lymphoma treatments among patients appears to be associated with intracellular accumulation of Ara-CTP due to genetic variants related to metabolic enzymes. The review provides exhaustive information on the effects of Ara-C-based therapies, the adverse drug reaction will also be provided including bone pain, ocular toxicity (corneal pain, keratoconjunctivitis, and blurred vision), maculopapular rash, and occasional chest pain. Evidence for predicting the response to cytarabine-based treatments will be highlighted, pointing at their significant impact on the routine management of blood cancers. Abstract Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog, commonly used in multiagent chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, as well as for neoplastic meningitis. Ara-C-based chemotherapy regimens can induce a suboptimal clinical outcome in a fraction of patients. Several studies suggest that the individual variability in clinical response to Leukemia & Lymphoma treatments among patients, underlying either Ara-C mechanism resistance or toxicity, appears to be associated with the intracellular accumulation and retention of Ara-CTP due to genetic variants related to metabolic enzymes. Herein, we reported (a) the latest Pharmacogenomics biomarkers associated with the response to cytarabine and (b) the new drug formulations with optimized pharmacokinetics. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with detailed and comprehensive information on the effects of Ara-C-based therapies, from biological to clinical practice, maintaining high the interest of both researcher and clinical hematologist. This review could help clinicians in predicting the response to cytarabine-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Di Francia
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Stefania Crisci
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela De Monaco
- Clinical Patology, ASL Napoli 2 Nord, “S.M. delle Grazie Hospital”, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Concetta Cafiero
- Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati, Statte, 74010 Taranto, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.C.); (A.M.); Tel.:+39-34-0101-2002 (C.C.); +39-06-4554-1191 (A.M.)
| | - Agnese Re
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giancarla Iaccarino
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosaria De Filippi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Corazzelli
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS—Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.C.); (A.M.); Tel.:+39-34-0101-2002 (C.C.); +39-06-4554-1191 (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Fondazione “G. Pascale” IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (G.I.); (R.D.F.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
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14
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Barreca M, Spanò V, Montalbano A, Cueto M, Díaz Marrero AR, Deniz I, Erdoğan A, Lukić Bilela L, Moulin C, Taffin-de-Givenchy E, Spriano F, Perale G, Mehiri M, Rotter A, P. Thomas O, Barraja P, Gaudêncio SP, Bertoni F. Marine Anticancer Agents: An Overview with a Particular Focus on Their Chemical Classes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120619. [PMID: 33291602 PMCID: PMC7761941 DOI: 10.3390/md18120619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is a rich source of biologically active molecules for the treatment of human diseases, especially cancer. The adaptation to unique environmental conditions led marine organisms to evolve different pathways than their terrestrial counterparts, thus producing unique chemicals with a broad diversity and complexity. So far, more than 36,000 compounds have been isolated from marine micro- and macro-organisms including but not limited to fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, corals, mollusks and tunicates, with hundreds of new marine natural products (MNPs) being discovered every year. Marine-based pharmaceuticals have started to impact modern pharmacology and different anti-cancer drugs derived from marine compounds have been approved for clinical use, such as: cytarabine, vidarabine, nelarabine (prodrug of ara-G), fludarabine phosphate (pro-drug of ara-A), trabectedin, eribulin mesylate, brentuximab vedotin, polatuzumab vedotin, enfortumab vedotin, belantamab mafodotin, plitidepsin, and lurbinectedin. This review focuses on the bioactive molecules derived from the marine environment with anticancer activity, discussing their families, origin, structural features and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Ana R. Díaz Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Irem Deniz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45119 Manisa, Turkey;
| | - Ayşegül Erdoğan
- Research Center for Testing and Analysis (EGE MATAL), Ege University Application, 35100 İzmir, Turkey;
| | - Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Corentin Moulin
- Marine Natural Products Team, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France; (C.M.); (E.T.-d.-G.); (M.M.)
| | - Elisabeth Taffin-de-Givenchy
- Marine Natural Products Team, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France; (C.M.); (E.T.-d.-G.); (M.M.)
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Marine Natural Products Team, UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France; (C.M.); (E.T.-d.-G.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Rotter
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), H91TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.S.); (A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Susana P. Gaudêncio
- UCIBIO—Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.P.G.); (F.B.); Tel.: +351-21-2948300 (S.P.G.); +41-91-8200367 (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.P.G.); (F.B.); Tel.: +351-21-2948300 (S.P.G.); +41-91-8200367 (F.B.)
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15
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The Novel Phospholipid Mimetic KPC34 Is Highly Active Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Activated Protein Kinase C. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100780. [PMID: 32428837 PMCID: PMC7232109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes. Nucleoside analogs are subject to resistance mechanisms including downregulation of equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). KPC34 is a novel phospholipid mimetic that when cleaved by phospholipase C (PLC) liberates gemcitabine monophosphate and a diacylglycerol mimetic that inhibits the classical isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). KPC34 acts independently of ENT1 and dCK. KPC34 was active against all AML cell lines tested with IC50s in the nanomolar range. Enforced expression of PLC increased response to KPC34 in vivo. In an orthotopic, xenograft model, KPC34 treatment resulted in a significant increase in survival compared to control animals and those treated with high-dose cytarabine. In a PDX model with activated PKC, there was a significant survival benefit with KPC34, and at progression, there was attenuation of PKC activation in the resistant cells. In contrast, KPC34 was ineffective against a syngeneic, orthotopic AML model without activated PKC. However, when cells from that model were forced to express PKC, there were significantly increased sensitivity in vitro and survival benefit in vivo. These data suggest that KPC34 is active against AML and that the presence of activated PKC can be a predictive biomarker.
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16
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Harnessing Gene Expression Profiles for the Identification of Ex Vivo Drug Response Genes in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051247. [PMID: 32429253 PMCID: PMC7281398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment strategies are of paramount importance to improve clinical outcomes in pediatric AML. Since chemotherapy is likely to remain the cornerstone of curative treatment of AML, insights in the molecular mechanisms that determine its cytotoxic effects could aid further treatment optimization. To assess which genes and pathways are implicated in tumor drug resistance, we correlated ex vivo drug response data to genome-wide gene expression profiles of 73 primary pediatric AML samples obtained at initial diagnosis. Ex vivo response of primary AML blasts towards cytarabine (Ara C), daunorubicin (DNR), etoposide (VP16), and cladribine (2-CdA) was associated with the expression of 101, 345, 206, and 599 genes, respectively (p < 0.001, FDR 0.004–0.416). Microarray based expression of multiple genes was technically validated using qRT-PCR for a selection of genes. Moreover, expression levels of BRE, HIF1A, and CLEC7A were confirmed to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with ex vivo drug response in an independent set of 48 primary pediatric AML patients. We present unique data that addresses transcriptomic analyses of the mechanisms underlying ex vivo drug response of primary tumor samples. Our data suggest that distinct gene expression profiles are associated with ex vivo drug response, and may confer a priori drug resistance in leukemic cells. The described associations represent a fundament for the development of interventions to overcome drug resistance in AML, and maximize the benefits of current chemotherapy for sensitive patients.
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17
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Jaramillo AC, Hubeek I, Broekhuizen R, Pastor-Anglada M, Kaspers GJL, Jansen G, Cloos J, Peters GJ. Expression of the nucleoside transporters hENT1 (SLC29) and hCNT1 (SLC28) in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1379-1388. [PMID: 32312148 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1746803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of clinically important deoxynucleoside analogs is mediated by nucleoside transporters including the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and the concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hCNT1). These transporters are responsible for influx of cytarabine and reduced hENT1 expression is a major resistance mechanism in acute myeloid leukemia. We determined hENT1 and hCNT1 protein expression by immunocytochemistry in 50 diagnostic pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patient samples. All samples expressed hENT1 [9/43 (21%) low; 26/43 (60%) medium and 8/43 (19%) high] and hCNT1 [2/42 (5%) low; 35/42 (83%) medium and 5/42 (12%) high] at the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Statistical analysis showed a non-significant relationship between survival and transporter expression and in vitro drug sensitivity. In conclusion, the nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hCNT1 are broadly expressed in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Hubeek
- Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Broekhuizen
- Depts of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Cancer, Utrecht, and SKION, The Netherlands.,Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Reumatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Depts of Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Laboratory Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Phillips CL, Lane A, Gerbing RB, Alonzo TA, Wilkey A, Radloff G, Lange B, Gamazon ER, Dolan ME, Davies SM. Genomic Variants of Cytarabine Sensitivity Associated with Treatment-Related Mortality in Pediatric AML: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2891-2897. [PMID: 32122921 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytarabine is an effective treatment for AML with associated toxicities including treatment related mortality (TRM). The purpose is to determine the clinical relevance of SNPs identified through the use of HapMap lymphoblastoid cell-based models, in predicting cytarabine response and toxicity in AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested clinical significance of SNPs associated with cytarabine sensitivity in children with AML treated on Children's Oncology Group regimens (CCG 2941/2961). Endpoints included overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and TRM. Patients who received bone marrow transplant were excluded. We tested 124 SNPs associated with cytarabine sensitivity in HapMap cell lines in 348 children to determine whether any associated with treatment outcomes. In addition, we tested five SNPs previously associated with TRM in children with AML in our independent dataset of 385 children. RESULTS Homozygous variant genotypes of rs2025501 and rs6661575 had increased in vitro cellular sensitivity to cytarabine and were associated with increased TRM. TRM was particularly increased in children with variant genotype randomized to high-dose cytarabine (rs2025501: P = 0.0024 and rs6661575 P = 0.0188). In analysis of previously reported SNPs, only the variant genotype rs17202778 C/C was significantly associated with TRM (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We report clinical importance of two SNPs not previously associated with cytarabine toxicity. Moreover, we confirm that SNP rs17202778 significantly impacts TRM in pediatric AML. Cytarabine sensitivity genotypes may predict TRM and could be used to stratify to standard versus high-dose cytarabine regimens, warranting further study in prospective AML trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio. .,Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Todd A Alonzo
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alyss Wilkey
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Gretchen Radloff
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Beverly Lange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute and the Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Eileen Dolan
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stella M Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati Ohio
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19
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Hu SF, Lin X, Xu LP, Chen HG, Guo JF, Jin L. DCK is an Unfavorable Prognostic Biomarker and Correlated With Immune Infiltrates in Liver Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820934133. [PMID: 32588770 PMCID: PMC7325533 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820934133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological function of deoxycytidine kinase in tumor is not yet clear, and there are a few studies relating to the correlation of deoxycytidine kinase gene with the occurrence and development of liver cancer. METHODS The messenger RNA expression of deoxycytidine kinase was analyzed with the use of the UALCAN and GEPIA database. Moreover, we assessed the function of deoxycytidine kinase on clinical prognosis with Kaplan-Meier plotter database. The relationship between deoxycytidine kinase and cancer immune infiltrates was investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource site. Furthermore, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource was also used to evaluate the correlations between the expression of deoxycytidine kinase and gene marker sets of immune infiltrates. RESULTS The deoxycytidine kinase messenger RNA level significantly upregulated in patients with liver cancer compared to normal liver samples. Moreover, the increased expression of deoxycytidine kinase messenger RNA was closely associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival in all liver cancers. In addition, deoxycytidine kinase expression displayed a strong correlation with infiltrating levels of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in liver cancer, and deoxycytidine kinase expression was positively correlated with diverse immune marker sets in liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS All the above findings suggested that increased expression of deoxycytidine kinase was significantly related to unfavorable prognosis in patients with liver cancer. And deoxycytidine kinase is correlated with immune infiltrating levels, including those of B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in patients with liver cancer. These findings suggest that deoxycytidine kinase can be used as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in liver cancer. And deoxycytidine kinase is a potential target for liver cancer therapy, and these preliminary findings require further study to determine whether deoxycytidine kinase-targeting reagents might be developed for clinical application in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang Hu
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Lin
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lv Ping Xu
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Gang Chen
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Feng Guo
- The Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Duchmann M, Itzykson R. Clinical update on hypomethylating agents. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:161-169. [PMID: 31020568 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), azacitidine and decitabine, are standards of care in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and in acute myeloid leukemia patients ineligible for intensive therapy. Over the last 10 years, research efforts have sought to better understand their mechanism of action, both at the molecular and cellular level. These efforts have yet to robustly identify biomarkers for these agents. The clinical activity of HMAs in myeloid neoplasms has been firmly established now but still remains of limited magnitude. Besides optimized use at different stages of the disease, most of the expected clinical progress with HMAs will come from the development of second-generation compounds orally available and/or with improved pharmacokinetics, and from the search, so far mostly empirical, of HMA-based synergistic drug combinations.
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MESH Headings
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Azacitidine/administration & dosage
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/therapeutic use
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Decitabine/chemistry
- Decitabine/pharmacology
- Decitabine/therapeutic use
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Combinations
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Uridine/administration & dosage
- Uridine/analogs & derivatives
- Uridine/pharmacology
- Uridine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Duchmann
- INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Saint-Louis Research Institute, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Itzykson
- INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, Saint-Louis Research Institute, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France.
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21
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Cytarabine-Resistant FLT3-ITD Leukemia Cells are Associated with TP53 Mutation and Multiple Pathway Alterations-Possible Therapeutic Efficacy of Cabozantinib. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051230. [PMID: 30862120 PMCID: PMC6429333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 juxtamembrane domain (FLT3-ITD)-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) leads to poor clinical outcomes after chemotherapy. We aimed to establish a cytarabine-resistant line from FLT3-ITD-positive MV4-11 (MV4-11-P) cells and examine the development of resistance. The FLT3-ITD mutation was retained in MV4-11-R; however, the protein was underglycosylated and less phosphorylated in these cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, MEK1/2 and p53 increased in MV4-11-R. The levels of Mcl-1 and p53 proteins were also elevated in MV4-11-R. A p53 D281G mutant emerged in MV4-11-R, in addition to the pre-existing R248W mutation. MV4-11-P and MV4-11-R showed similar sensitivity to cabozantinib, sorafenib, and MK2206, whereas MV4-11-R showed resistance to CI-1040 and idarubicin. MV4-11-R resistance may be associated with inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, but not ERK phosphorylation, after exposure to these drugs. The multi-kinase inhibitor cabozantinib inhibited FLT3-ITD signaling in MV4-11-R cells and MV4-11-R-derived tumors in mice. Cabozantinib effectively inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival time in mice bearing MV4-11-R-derived tumors. Together, our findings suggest that Mcl-1 and Akt phosphorylation are potential therapeutic targets for p53 mutants and that cabozantinib is an effective treatment in cytarabine-resistant FLT3-ITD-positive AML.
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22
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Goldman SL, Hassan C, Khunte M, Soldatenko A, Jong Y, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. Epigenetic Modifications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prognosis, Treatment, and Heterogeneity. Front Genet 2019; 10:133. [PMID: 30881380 PMCID: PMC6405641 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is a common malignancy that can be differentiated into multiple subtypes based on leukemogenic history and etiology. Although genetic aberrations, particularly cytogenetic abnormalities and mutations in known oncogenes, play an integral role in AML development, epigenetic processes have been shown as a significant and sometimes independent dynamic in AML pathophysiology. Here, we summarize how tumors evolve and describe AML through an epigenetic lens, including discussions on recent discoveries that include prognostics from epialleles, changes in RNA function for hematopoietic stem cells and the epitranscriptome, and novel epigenetic treatment options. We further describe the limitations of treatment in the context of the high degree of heterogeneity that characterizes acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Goldman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Ciaran Hassan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mihir Khunte
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Arielle Soldatenko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yunji Jong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Yale College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Freiburghaus C, Emruli VK, Johansson A, Eskelund CW, Grønbæk K, Olsson R, Ek F, Jerkeman M, Ek S. Bortezomib prevents cytarabine resistance in MCL, which is characterized by down-regulation of dCK and up-regulation of SPIB resulting in high NF-κB activity. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:466. [PMID: 29695239 PMCID: PMC5918903 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The addition of high-dose cytarabine to the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has significantly prolonged survival of patients, but relapses are common and are normally associated with increased resistance. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for cytarabine resistance, and to create a tool for drug discovery investigations, we established a unique and molecularly reproducible cytarabine resistant model from the Z138 MCL cell line. Methods Effects of different substances on cytarabine-sensitive and resistant cells were evaluated by assessment of cell proliferation using [methyl-14C]-thymidine incorporation and molecular changes were investigated by protein and gene expression analyses. Results Gene expression profiling revealed that major transcriptional changes occur during the initial phase of adaptation to cellular growth in cytarabine containing media, and only few key genes, including SPIB, are deregulated upon the later development of resistance. Resistance was shown to be mediated by down-regulation of the deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) protein, responsible for activation of nucleoside analogue prodrugs. This key event, emphasized by cross-resistance to other nucleoside analogues, did not only effect resistance but also levels of SPIB and NF-κB, as assessed through forced overexpression in resistant cells. Thus, for the first time we show that regulation of drug resistance through prevention of conversion of pro-drug into active drug are closely linked to increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis in MCL. Using drug libraries, we identify several substances with growth reducing effect on cytarabine resistant cells. We further hypothesized that co-treatment with bortezomib could prevent resistance development. This was confirmed and show that the dCK levels are retained upon co-treatment, indicating a clinical use for bortezomib treatment in combination with cytarabine to avoid development of resistance. The possibility to predict cytarabine resistance in diagnostic samples was assessed, but analysis show that a majority of patients have moderate to high expression of dCK at diagnosis, corresponding well to the initial clinical response to cytarabine treatment. Conclusion We show that cytarabine resistance potentially can be avoided or at least delayed through co-treatment with bortezomib, and that down-regulation of dCK and up-regulation of SPIB and NF-κB are the main molecular events driving cytarabine resistance development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4346-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Sharma HP, Halder N, Singh SB, Velpandian T. Involvement of nucleoside transporters in the transcorneal permeation of topically instilled substrates in rabbits in-vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 114:364-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wang Y, Lamba JK. Retracted: Influence of genetic variants of IDH1, IDH2, TET2 and DNMT3A on cytarabine cytotoxicity in different populations. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017. [PMID: 29164635 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
'Influence of genetic variants of IDH1, IDH2, TET2 and DNMT3A on cytarabine cytotoxicity in different populations' by Y. Wang & J. K. Lamba1 The above article from the Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, published online on 21 November 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted following discussions with the authors, the Journal Editors and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Retraction has been agreed as this paper was submitted under the joint names of Yan Wang, Jatinder K. Lamba and a third co-author. After acceptance of the paper, Dr Wang wrote to the EiC asking for the name of the third co-author to be dropped because of insufficient contribution. The EiC asked that the request be signed by all three authors. When this arrived, the paper was published online with only Dr Wang and Dr Lamba. However, Dr Lamba wrote to the EiC after publication indicating that she had not previously seen the manuscript and that there were co-authors missing. As it is clear that Dr Lamba's signature was forged, we cannot rely on the integrity of the report. The retraction is with the agreement of Dr Lamba but not of Dr Wang. REFERENCE 1. Wang Y, Lamba JK. Influence of genetic variants of IDH1, IDH2, TET2 and DNMT3A on cytarabine cytotoxicity in different populations. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;00:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J K Lamba
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Gabra MM, Salmena L. microRNAs and Acute Myeloid Leukemia Chemoresistance: A Mechanistic Overview. Front Oncol 2017; 7:255. [PMID: 29164055 PMCID: PMC5674931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Up until the early 2000s, a functional role for microRNAs (miRNAs) was yet to be elucidated. With the advent of increasingly high-throughput and precise RNA-sequencing techniques within the last two decades, it has become well established that miRNAs can regulate almost all cellular processes through their ability to post-transcriptionally regulate a majority of protein-coding genes and countless other non-coding genes. In cancer, miRNAs have been demonstrated to play critical roles by modifying or controlling all major hallmarks including cell division, self-renewal, invasion, and DNA damage among others. Before the introduction of anthracyclines and cytarabine in the 1960s, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was considered a fatal disease. In decades since, prognosis has improved substantially; however, long-term survival with AML remains poor. Resistance to chemotherapy, whether it is present at diagnosis or induced during treatment is a major therapeutic challenge in the treatment of this disease. Certain mechanisms such as DNA damage response and drug targeting, cell cycling, cell death, and drug trafficking pathways have been shown to be further dysregulated in treatment resistant cancers. miRNAs playing key roles in the emergence of these drug resistance phenotypes have recently emerged and replacement or inhibition of these miRNAs may be a viable treatment option. Herein, we describe the roles miRNAs can play in drug resistant AML and we describe miRNA-transcript interactions found within other cancer states which may be present within drug resistant AML. We describe the mechanisms of action of these miRNAs and how they can contribute to a poor overall survival and outcome as well. With the precision of miRNA mimic- or antagomir-based therapies, miRNAs provide an avenue for exquisite targeting in the therapy of drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Marco Gabra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Resistance of leukemia cells to cytarabine chemotherapy is mediated by bone marrow stroma, involves cell-surface equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 removal and correlates with patient outcome. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23073-23086. [PMID: 28160570 PMCID: PMC5410286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML) with the bone marrow stroma cells (BMSCs) determines a protective environment that favors tumor development and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. We showed that BMSCs secrete soluble factors that protect AML cells from Ara-C induced cytotoxicity. This leukemia chemoresistance is associated with a decrease in the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) activity by inducing removal of ENT1 from the cell surface. Reduction of cell proliferation was also observed with activation of AKT and mTOR-dependent cell survival pathways, which may also contribute to the tumor chemoprotection. Analysis of primary BMSC cultures has demonstrated that AML patients with stroma capable to confer Ara-C resistance in vitro compared to AML patients without this stroma capacity were associated with a worse prognosis. The two year overall survival rate was 0% versus 80% respectively (p=0.0001). This is the first report of a chemoprotection mechanism based on the removal of a drug transporter from the cell surface and most importantly the first time that a stroma phenotype has correlated with prognostic outcome in cancer.
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Effects of DCK knockdown on proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:367-372. [PMID: 28820179 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the effect that deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) knockdown had on proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells. Human cervical cancer HeLa cells that had received no prior treatment were selected from the HeLa group. The HeLa-negative control (NC) group consisted of cells that had undergone an empty vector treatment, and finally the HeLa-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group included cells that were treated by means of shRNA-DCK expression. DCK expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in addition to western blotting assays. Cell proliferation was estimated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and cell cycle progression. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. BALB/c nude mice (n=24) were selected to establish transplanted tumor models, with gross tumor volume measured every 3 days. The results in vitro were as follows: compared with the HeLa group, the HeLa-shRNA group exhibited downregulation of DCK expression and inhibition of cell proliferation at 48, 72 and 96 h. Additionally, more cells in the HeLa-shRNA group were arrested in G0/G1 stage and less in S and G2/M stages, as well as in promotion of cell apoptosis. In vivo results are as follows: when comparing the HeLa and HeLa-NC groups, the gross tumor volume of the transplanted tumor in nude mice in the HeLa-shRNA group was found to have decreased in 13, 16, 19 and 22 days. Based on these findings, our study suggests that DCK knockdown facilitates apoptosis while inhibiting proliferation and tumorigenicity in vivo of cervical cancer HeLa cells.
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Li Z, Guo JR, Chen QQ, Wang CY, Zhang WJ, Yao MC, Zhang W. Exploring the Antitumor Mechanism of High-Dose Cytarabine through the Metabolic Perturbations of Ribonucleotide and Deoxyribonucleotide in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030499. [PMID: 28335578 PMCID: PMC6155342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the apparent clinical benefits of high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) over lower dose Ara-C in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy, the mechanism behind high-dose Ara-C therapy remains uncertain. In this study, a LC-MS-based method was carried out to investigate the metabolic alteration of ribonucleotide and deoxyribonucleotide in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) after treatment with Ara-C to reveal its antitumor mechanism. The metabolic results revealed that four nucleotides (ATP, ADP, CDP, and dCTP) could be used as potential biomarkers indicating the benefit of high-dose Ara-C over lower dose Ara-C treatment. Combining metabolic perturbation and cell cycle analysis, we conjectured that, apart from the acknowledged mechanism of Ara-C on tumor inhibition, high-dose Ara-C could present a specific action pathway. It was suggested that the pronounced rise in AMP/ATP ratio induced by high-dose Ara-C can trigger AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequently Forkhead Box, class O (FoxO), to promote cell cycle arrest. Moreover, the significant decrease in CDP pool induced by high-dose Ara-C might further accelerate the reduction of dCTP, which then aggravates DNA synthesis disturbance. As a result, all of these alterations led to heightened tumor inhibition. This study provides new insight in the investigation of potential mechanisms in the clinical benefits of high-dose Ara-C in therapy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Jian-Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou 510006, China.
| | - Mei-Cun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou 510006, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Sripornsawan P, Okamoto Y, Nishikawa T, Kodama Y, Yamaki Y, Kurauchi K, Tanabe T, Nakagawa S, Shinkoda Y, Imuta N, Kawano Y. Gene expression ratio as a predictive determinant of nelarabine chemosensitivity in T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:250-253. [PMID: 27576612 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nelarabine has been used for the treatment of T-cell malignancies including T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)/T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. However, the mechanisms that underlie the susceptibility or resistance to nelarabine have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of nelarabine transport and metabolism in the context of nelarabine cytotoxicity. PROCEDURE The expression profiles of six genes in the nelarabine pathway were analyzed in blast cells from six patients with T-ALL as well as in three T-ALL cell lines. In vitro cytotoxicity (LC50 of 9-β-d-arabinofuranosylguanine [ara-G]) was evaluated. RESULTS The mRNA expression of ENT1, DCK, CDA, NT5C2, RRM1, and RRM2 in patients showed inter-individual variability and was not correlated with the LC50 of ara-G. However, the ratio of (ENT1 × DCK)/(CDA × RRM1) expression was significantly correlated with LC50 (r = -0.831, P = 0.0405). CONCLUSIONS Chemosensitivity to nelarabine is influenced by the balance of the expression of these four genes, and the ratio of their expression predicts the response of T-cell malignancies to nelarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpun Sripornsawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuni Yamaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kurauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shinkoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoko Imuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Duchmann M, Itzykson R. Choosing a hypomethylating agent in MDS: does gender matter? Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:1277-1278. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1283035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Duchmann
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Paris, France
| | - Raphael Itzykson
- Service d’Hématologie Adultes, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- CNRS/INSERM UMR 7212/944, Paris, France
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Szulc A, Pulaski L, Appelhans D, Voit B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Sugar-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as drug delivery agents for cytarabine to overcome drug resistance. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:572-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Català A, Pastor-Anglada M, Caviedes-Cárdenas L, Malatesta R, Rives S, Vega-García N, Camós M, Fernández-Calotti P. FLT3 is implicated in cytarabine transport by human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 in pediatric acute leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49786-49799. [PMID: 27391351 PMCID: PMC5226548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3 abnormalities are negative prognostic markers in acute leukemia. Infant leukemias are a subgroup with frequent MLL (KMT2A) rearrangements, FLT3 overexpression and high sensitivity to cytarabine, but dismal prognosis. Cytarabine is transported into cells by Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter-1 (hENT1, SLC29A1), but the mechanisms that regulate hENT1 in acute leukemia have been scarcely studied.We explored the expression and functional link between FLT3 and main cytarabine transporters in 50 pediatric patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and MLL rearrangement (ALL-MLL+) and other subtypes of leukemia, and in leukemia cell lines.A significant positive correlation was found between FLT3 and hENT1 expression in patients. Cytarabine uptake into cells was mediated mainly by hENT1, hENT2 and hCNT1. hENT1-mediated uptake of cytarabine was transiently abolished by the FLT3 inhibitor PKC412, and this effect was associated with decreased hENT1 mRNA and protein levels. Noticeably, the cytotoxicity of cytarabine was lower when cells were first exposed to FLT3 inhibitors (PKC412 or AC220), probably due to decreased hENT1 activity, but we observed a higher cytotoxic effect if FLT3 inhibitors were administered after cytarabine.FLT3 regulates hENT1 activity and thereby affects cytarabine cytotoxicity. The sequence of administration of cytarabine and FLT3 inhibitors is important to maintain their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Català
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- National Biomedical Research Institute on Rare Diseases (CIBER ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liska Caviedes-Cárdenas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Malatesta
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Rives
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- National Biomedical Research Institute on Rare Diseases (CIBER ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Vega-García
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Camós
- National Biomedical Research Institute on Rare Diseases (CIBER ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Calotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Kim JH, Lee C, Cheong HS, Koh Y, Ahn KS, Kim HL, Shin HD, Yoon SS. SLC29A1 (ENT1) polymorphisms and outcome of complete remission in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:533-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ciccolini J, Serdjebi C, Le Thi Thu H, Lacarelle B, Milano G, Fanciullino R. Nucleoside analogs: ready to enter the era of precision medicine? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:865-77. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1192128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ciccolini
- SMARTc Unit, Inserm S_911 CRO2 Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Cindy Serdjebi
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille. Multidisciplinary Oncology & Therapeutic Innovations dpt, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Hau Le Thi Thu
- SMARTc Unit, Inserm S_911 CRO2 Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lacarelle
- SMARTc Unit, Inserm S_911 CRO2 Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Gerard Milano
- Oncopharmacology Unit, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
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Anders NM, Liu J, Wanjiku T, Giovinazzo H, Zhou J, Vaghasia A, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, Rudek MA. Simultaneous quantitative determination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine genomic incorporation and DNA demethylation by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as exposure-response measures of nucleoside analog DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:38-45. [PMID: 27082761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic and anti-cancer activities of the nucleoside analog DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, DAC), azacitidine, and guadecitabine are thought to require cellular uptake, metabolism to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate, and incorporation into DNA. This genomic incorporation can then lead to trapping and degradation of DNMT enzymes, and ultimately, passive loss of DNA methylation. To facilitate measurement of critical exposure-response relationships of nucleoside analog DNMT inhibitors, a sensitive and reliable method was developed to simultaneously quantitate 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine genomic incorporation and genomic 5-methylcytosine content using LC-MS/MS. Genomic DNA was extracted and digested into single nucleosides. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Thermo Hyperpcarb porous graphite column (100mm×2.1mm, 5μm) and isocratic elution with a 10mM ammonium acetate:acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (70:30, v/v) mobile phase over a 5min total analytical run time. An AB Sciex 5500 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionization mode was used for the detection of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxycytidine, and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine. The assay range was 2-400ng/mL for 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 50-10,000ng/mL for 2'-deoxycytidine, and was 5-1000ng/mL for 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine. The assay proved to be accurate (93.0-102.2%) and precise (CV≤6.3%) across all analytes. All analytes exhibited long-term frozen digest matrix stability at -70°C for at least 117 days. The method was applied for the measurement of genomic 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine content following exposure of in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models to decitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Anders
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - Jianyong Liu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - Teresia Wanjiku
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - Hugh Giovinazzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - Jianya Zhou
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ajay Vaghasia
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - William G Nelson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA.
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA.
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Murase M, Iwamura H, Komatsu K, Saito M, Maekawa T, Nakamura T, Yokokawa T, Shimada Y. Lack of cross-resistance to FF-10501, an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, in azacitidine-resistant cell lines selected from SKM-1 and MOLM-13 leukemia cell lines. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00206. [PMID: 26977297 PMCID: PMC4777262 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to azacitidine is a major issue in the treatments of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and previous studies suggest that changes in drug metabolism are involved in the resistance. Therefore, drugs with mechanisms resistant or alternative to such metabolic changes have been desired for the treatment of resistant disease. We generated azacitidine‐resistant cells derived from SKM‐1 and MOLM‐13 leukemia cell lines in vitro, analyzed the mechanisms, and examined the impact on the efficacy of other antimetabolic drugs. It appeared that the cell growth‐inhibitory effect of azacitidine, expression levels of uridine–cytidine kinase 2, and the concentrations of azacitidine triphosphate were remarkably decreased in the resistant cells compared with those in parent cells. These results were consistent with previous observations that azacitidine resistance is derived from metabolic changes. Cross‐resistance of greater than 10‐fold (shift in IC50 value) was observed in azacitidine‐resistant cells for decitabine and for cytarabine, but not for gemcitabine or the inosine‐5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors FF‐10501 and mycophenolate mofetil (cross‐resistance to 5‐fluorouracil was cell line dependent). The IMPDH inhibitors maintained their cell growth‐inhibitory activities in the azacitidine‐resistant cell lines, in which the levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (which converts FF‐10501 to its active form, FF‐10501 ribosylmonophosphate [FF‐10501RMP]), FF‐10501RMP, and the target enzyme, IMPDH, were equivalent to those in the parent cell lines. These results suggest that an IMPDH inhibitor such as FF‐10501 could be an alternative therapeutic treatment for leukemia patients with acquired resistance to azacitidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Murase
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamura
- Pharmaceutical Products Division Fujifilm Corporation Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kensuke Komatsu
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Motoki Saito
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
| | | | - Takuya Yokokawa
- Pharmaceutical Products Division Fujifilm Corporation Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research Laboratories Fujifilm Corporation Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa Japan
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Patel PL, Rana NK, Patel MR, Kozuch SD, Sabatino D. Nucleic Acid Bioconjugates in Cancer Detection and Therapy. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:252-69. [PMID: 26663095 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside- and nucleotide-based chemotherapeutics have been used to treat cancer for more than 50 years. However, their inherent cytotoxicities and the emergent resistance of tumors against treatment has inspired a new wave of compounds in which the overall pharmacological profile of the bioactive nucleic acid component is improved by conjugation with delivery vectors, small-molecule drugs, and/or imaging modalities. In this manner, nucleic acid bioconjugates have the potential for targeting and effecting multiple biological processes in tumors, leading to synergistic antitumor effects. Consequently, tumor resistance and recurrence is mitigated, leading to more effective forms of cancer therapy. Bioorthogonal chemistry has led to the development of new nucleoside bioconjugates, which have served to improve treatment efficacy en route towards FDA approval. Similarly, oligonucleotide bioconjugates have shown encouraging preclinical and clinical results. The modified oligonucleotides and their pharmaceutically active formulations have addressed many weaknesses of oligonucleotide-based drugs. They have also paved the way for important advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer-targeting ligands such as small-molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibody fragments have all been successfully applied in oligonucleotide bioconjugation and have shown promising anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the application of bioorthogonal chemistry will, in all likelihood, continue to supply a promising pipeline of nucleic acid bioconjugates for applications in cancer detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar L Patel
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Inc., Analytical Research and Development, 270 Prospect Plains Road, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Niki K Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Mayurbhai R Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Stephen D Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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Wang Y, An X, Liu J, Zhang N, Liu Z, Liang S, Yu J. [NT5C2 expression in children with acute leukemia and its clinical significance]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:748-53. [PMID: 26462774 PMCID: PMC7342695 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression level and analyze the clinical significance of NT5C2, which is an nucleoside analogues metabolism related gene, in children with acute leukemia (AL). METHODS Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were presented to detect the level of NT5C2 mRNA and its protein product cN- Ⅱ in bone marrow samples of 63 patients initially diagnosed with AL, 15 patients who achieved complete remission, 7 patients who relapsed and 16 non- hematologic malignancie controls. The expression of NT5C2 mRNA in different groups of AL and its relevance with clinical indicators were analyzed. RESULTS ①The expression of NT5C2 mRNA in newly diagnosed B-ALL, TALL, AML and controls were 1.16 (0.89-2.25, 0.96 (0.74-1.25, 1.66 (0.84-3.15) and 0.88 (0.61-1.21), respectively. NT5C2 mRNA expression in AML (P<0.01) and B-ALL (P<0.05) cases were higher than that in controls; NT5C2 mRNA expression in T- ALL and in controls showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Changes of NT5C2 mRNA level were observed between preliminary diagnosis and complete remission in 15 patients. NT5C2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in complete remission stage than that in newly diagnosis AL (P<0.01). NT5C2 mRNA levels of relapsed-refractory group were higher than that of complete remission group and controls (P<0.01). ② Immunohistochemical staining results revealed that NT5C2 protein levels were consistent with the trend of mRNA levels. ③NT5C2 mRNA levels in AML (r=0.434) and T-ALL (r=0.389) were positively correlated with risk classification (P<0.05). ④ During chemotherapy of patients with AML, the NR rate of bone marrow in NT5C2 high expression group was higher than that of low expression group after 9 days induction chemotherapy (35.2% vs 0) and before consolidation therapy (25.0% vs 0); The positive rate of minimal-residual disease (36.4% vs 14.3%) and relapse rate of AL (38.5% vs 28.6%) were increased in NT5C2 high expressed patients than that in low expressed patients, but all the differences were insignificant (P>0.05). CONCLUSION High expression of NT5C2 was found to be a related risk factor of AL children with unfavourable prognosis. NT5C2 promises a new target for guiding individualized chemotherapy and evaluating the prognosis of childhood acute leukemia and monitoring recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Wang
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xizhou An
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhijuan Liu
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Shaoyan Liang
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Hematologic Neoplasm, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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Role of drug transport and metabolism in the chemoresistance of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2015; 30:55-64. [PMID: 26321049 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a clonal but heterogeneous disease differing in molecular pathogenesis, clinical features and response to chemotherapy. This latter frequently consists of a combination of cytarabine and anthracyclines, although etoposide, demethylating agents, and other drugs are also used. Unfortunately, chemoresistance is a common and serious problem. Multiple mechanisms account for impaired effectiveness of drugs and reduced levels of active agents in target cells. The latter can be due to lower drug uptake, increased export or decreased intracellular proportion of active/inactive agent due to changes in the expression/function of enzymes responsible for the activation of pro-drugs and the inactivation of active agents. Characterization of the "resistome", or profile of expressed genes accounting for multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype, would permit to predict the lack of response to chemotherapy and would help in the selection of the best pharmacological regime for each patient and moment, and to develop strategies of chemosensitization.
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Abraham A, Varatharajan S, Karathedath S, Philip C, Lakshmi KM, Jayavelu AK, Mohanan E, Janet NB, Srivastava VM, Shaji RV, Zhang W, Abraham A, Viswabandya A, George B, Chandy M, Srivastava A, Mathews V, Balasubramanian P. RNA expression of genes involved in cytarabine metabolism and transport predicts cytarabine response in acute myeloid leukemia. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:877-90. [PMID: 26083014 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in terms of outcome and toxic side effects of treatment exists among acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients on chemotherapy with cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunorubicin (Dnr). Candidate Ara-C metabolizing gene expression in primary AML cells is proposed to account for this variation. METHODS Ex vivo Ara-C sensitivity was determined in primary AML samples using MTT assay. mRNA expression of candidate Ara-C metabolizing genes were evaluated by RQPCR analysis. Global gene expression profiling was carried out for identifying differentially expressed genes between exvivo Ara-C sensitive and resistant samples. RESULTS Wide interindividual variations in ex vivo Ara-C cytotoxicity were observed among samples from patients with AML and were stratified into sensitive, intermediately sensitive and resistant, based on IC50 values obtained by MTT assay. RNA expression of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (ENT1) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) were significantly higher and cytidine deaminase (CDA) was significantly lower in ex vivo Ara-C sensitive samples. Higher DCK and RRM1 expression in AML patient's blast correlated with better DFS. Ara-C resistance index (RI), a mathematically derived quotient was proposed based on candidate gene expression pattern. Ara-C ex vivo sensitive samples were found to have significantly lower RI compared with resistant as well as samples from patients presenting with relapse. Patients with low RI supposedly highly sensitive to Ara-C were found to have higher incidence of induction death (p = 0.002; RR: 4.35 [95% CI: 1.69-11.22]). Global gene expression profiling undertaken to find out additional contributors of Ara-C resistance identified many apoptosis as well as metabolic pathway genes to be differentially expressed between Ara-C resistant and sensitive samples. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of evaluating expression of candidate Ara-C metabolizing genes in predicting ex vivo drug response as well as treatment outcome. RI could be a predictor of ex vivo Ara-C response irrespective of cytogenetic and molecular risk groups and a potential biomarker for AML treatment outcome and toxicity. Original submitted 22 December 2014; Revision submitted 9 April 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Abraham
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Chepsy Philip
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Kavitha M Lakshmi
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Nancy Beryl Janet
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aby Abraham
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Auro Viswabandya
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Vikram Mathews
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Role of Genetic Polymorphisms of Deoxycytidine Kinase and Cytidine Deaminase to Predict Risk of Death in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:309491. [PMID: 26090398 PMCID: PMC4450239 DOI: 10.1155/2015/309491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytarabine is one of the most effective antineoplastic agents among those used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. However, some patients develop resistance and/or severe side effects to the drug, which may interfere with the efficacy of the treatment. The polymorphisms of some Ara-C metabolizing enzymes seem to affect outcome and toxicity in AML patients receiving cytarabine. We conducted this study in a cohort of Mexican pediatric patients with AML to investigate whether the polymorphisms of the deoxycytidine kinase and cytidine deaminase enzymes are implicated in clinical response and toxicity. Bone marrow and/or peripheral blood samples obtained at diagnosis from 27 previously untreated pediatric patients with de novo AML were processed for genotyping and in vitro chemosensitivity assay, and we analyzed the impact of genotypes and in vitro sensitivity on disease outcome and toxicity. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, we found that age at diagnosis, wild-type genotype of the CDA A79C polymorphism, and wild-type genotype of the dCK C360G polymorphism were the most significant prognostic factors for predicting the risk of death.
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Song JH, Cho KM, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Kim NY, Kim HJ, Lee TH, Hwang SY, Kim TS. Concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 as a prognostic indicator for favorable outcome of t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia patients after cytarabine-based chemotherapy. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:488-94. [PMID: 25955569 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits diverse responses to chemotherapy, patients harboring the t(8;21) translocation are part of a favorable risk group. However, the reason why this subgroup is more responsive to cytarabine-based therapy has not been elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed expression levels of cytarabine metabolism-related genes in patients diagnosed with AML with or without t(8;21) and investigated their correlation with clinical outcomes after cytarabine-based therapy. Among the 8 genes studied, expression of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) gene was significantly higher in t(8;21)-positive patients compared to the others in the test population and the validation cohort (P<0.001 in Mann-Whitney U test; P<0.002 in Pearson's correlation analysis). Additionally, in both multivariate and univariate analyses, t(8;21)-positive patients categorized in a higher CNT3 expression tertile had longer disease-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.025-0.557; P=0.008] and overall survival (HR, 0.062; 95% CI, 0.007-0.521; P=0.010) compared to t(8;21)-positive patients in a lower CNT3 expression tertile. Notably, these trends did not occur in t(8;21)-negative patients. Our results demonstrate that CNT3 expression is associated with overall favorable outcomes and is predictive of clinical outcomes in AML patients with t(8;21). This suggests that CNT3 expression can be used to optimize treatment strategies for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han Song
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Kyeoung Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyang Lee
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yong Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Science and GenoCheck Co., Ltd., Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gabor KM, Schermann G, Lautner-Csorba O, Rarosi F, Erdelyi DJ, Endreffy E, Berek K, Bartyik K, Bereczki C, Szalai C, Semsei AF. Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms of cytarabine metabolic genes on drug toxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:622-8. [PMID: 25557962 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ara-C) is a chemotherapeutical agent used in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Adverse drug reactions, such as interpatient variability in sensitivity to ara-C, are considerable and may cause difficulties during chemotherapy. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can play a significant role in modifying nucleoside-drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and thus the development of adverse effects. Our aim was to determine whether polymorphisms in genes encoding transporters and enzymes responsible for the metabolism of ara-C are associated with toxicity and clinical outcome in a patient population with childhood ALL. PROCEDURE We studied 8 SNPs in the CDA, DCK, DCTD, SLC28A3, and SLC29A1 genes in 144 patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated according to ALLIC BFM 1990, 1995 and 2002 protocols. RESULTS DCK rs12648166 and DCK rs4694362 SNPs were associated with hematologic toxicity (OR = 2.63, CI 95% = 1.37-5.04, P = 0.0036 and OR = 2.53, CI 95% = 1.34-4.80, P = 0.0044, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DCK polymorphisms might be important genetic risk factors for hematologic toxicity during ALL treatment with ara-C. Individualized chemotherapy based on genetic profiling may help to optimize ara-C dosing, leading to improvements in clinical outcome and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Mita Gabor
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Care Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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Plotnik DA, Wu S, Linn GR, Yip FCT, Comandante NL, Krohn KA, Toyohara J, Schwartz JL. In vitro analysis of transport and metabolism of 4'-thiothymidine in human tumor cells. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:470-474. [PMID: 25659855 PMCID: PMC4387014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The use of thymidine (TdR) and thymidine analogs such as 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) as positron emission tomography (PET)-based proliferation markers can provide information on tumor response to treatment. Studies on another TdR analog, 4'-thiothymidine (4DST), suggest that it might be a better PET-based proliferation tracer than either TdR or FLT. 4DST is resistant to the catabolism that complicates analysis of TdR in PET studies, but unlike FLT, 4DST is incorporated into DNA. Methods To further evaluate 4DST, the kinetics of 4DST transport and metabolism were determined and compared to FLT and TdR. Transport and metabolism of FLT, TdR and 4DST were examined in the human adenocarcinoma cell line A549 under exponential-growth conditions. Single cell suspensions were incubated in buffer supplemented with radiolabeled tracer in the presence or absence of nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR), an inhibitor of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT). Kinetics of tracer uptake was determined in whole cells and tracer metabolism measured by high performance liquid chromatography of cell lysates. Results TdR and 4DST were qualitatively similar in terms of ENT-dependent transport, shapes of uptake curves, and relative levels of DNA incorporation. FLT did not incorporate into DNA, showed a significant temperature effect for uptake, and its transport had a significant NBMPR-resistant component. Overall 4DST metabolism was significantly slower than either TdR or FLT. Conclusions 4DST provides a good alternative for TdR in PET and has advantages over FLT in proliferation measurement. However, slow 4DST metabolism and the short half-life of the 11C label might limit widespread use in PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Plotnik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Geoffrey R Linn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Kenneth A Krohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey L Schwartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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Rein LAM, Rizzieri DA. Clinical potential of elacytarabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2014; 5:211-20. [PMID: 25469211 DOI: 10.1177/2040620714552615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been treated for over four decades with standard induction chemotherapy including seven days of cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine, ara-C) infusion. Cytarabine, while effective in killing leukemic cells, is subject to development of several resistance mechanisms rendering the drug ineffective in many patients. Elacytarabine, a lipophilic 5'-elaidic acid ester or nucleoside analogue of cytosine arabinoside, was created with the intent of overcoming resistance mechanisms including reduced expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) required for cytarabine entry into cells, as well as increased activity of cytidine deaminase (CDA) which breaks down the active metabolite of cytarabine, ara-CTP. Elacytarabine enters cells independently of transporters, has a longer half life compared with cytarabine and is not subject to deactivation by CDA. Preclinical data were encouraging although subsequent clinical studies have failed to show superiority of elacytarabine compared with standard of care as monotherapy in patients with AML. Clinical trials utilizing elacytarabine in combination with anthracyclines are ongoing. Use of hENT1 expression as a predictive marker for cytarabine or elacytarabine response has been studied with no conclusive validation to date. Despite promising early results, the jury is still out in regards to this novel agent as an effective alternative to standard cytarabine therapy in acute leukemias, especially in combination with additional agents such as anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Rizzieri
- Duke University Medical Center - Medicine, 1149 North Pavilion Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Wan H, Zhu J, Chen F, Xiao F, Huang H, Han X, Zhong L, Zhong H, Xu L, Ni B, Zhong J. SLC29A1 single nucleotide polymorphisms as independent prognostic predictors for survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia: an in vitro study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:90. [PMID: 25398670 PMCID: PMC4234887 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The mechanism behind poor survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with 1-barabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) based treatment remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the pharmacogenomic effects of Ara-C metabolic pathway in patients with AML. Methods The genotypes of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DCK, CDA and SLC29A1from 100 AML patients treated with Ara-C were examined. All the SNPs were screened with ligase detection reaction assay. The transcription analysis of genes was examined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. The association between clinical outcome and gene variants was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results Genotypes of rs9394992 and rs324148 for SLC29A1 in remission patients were significantly different from those in relapsed ones. Post-induction overall survival (OS) significantly decreased in patients with the CC genotype of rs324148 compared with CT and TT genotypes (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.997 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-5.27]). As compared with CT and TT genotype, patients with the CC genotype of rs9394992 had longer survival time (HR = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.075-0.81]; HR = 0.43 [95% CI: 0.24-0.78]) and longer disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.29-0.93]; HR = 0.15 [95% CI: 0.05-0.47]) as well As compared with CT and TT genotype, patients with the CC genotype of rs324148 had shorter DFS (HR = 3.18 [95% CI: 1.76-5.76]). Additionally, patients with adverse karyotypes had shorter DFS (HR = 0.17 [95% CI: 0.05-0.54]) and OS (HR = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.05-0.68]). Conclusions AML patients with low activity of SLC29A1 genotype have shorter DFS and OS in Ara-C based therapy. Genotypes of rs9394992 and rs324148 may be independent prognostic predictors for the survival of AML patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-014-0090-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wan
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jianyi Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Honghui Huang
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Lu Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Beiwen Ni
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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