1
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Testicular germ cell tumors: Genomic alternations and RAS-dependent signaling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103928. [PMID: 36717007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a common malignancy occurring in young adult men. The various genetic risk factors have been suggested to contribute to TGCT pathogenesis, however, they have a distinct mutational profile with a low rate of somatic point mutations, more frequent chromosomal gains, and aneuploidy. The most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers are RAS oncogenes, while their impact on testicular carcinogenesis and refractory disease is still poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on genetic alternations of RAS signaling-associated genes (the single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations) in this particular cancer type and highlight their link to chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. We also mention the impact of epigenetic changes on TGCT progression. Lastly, we propose a model for RAS-dependent signaling networks, regulation, cross-talks, and outcomes in TGCTs.
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2
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Bates M, Furlong F, Gallagher MF, Spillane CD, McCann A, O'Toole S, O'Leary JJ. Too MAD or not MAD enough: The duplicitous role of the spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2 in cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 469:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Holt GE, Daftarian P. Non-small-cell lung cancer homing peptide-labeled dendrimers selectively transfect lung cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:1349-1360. [PMID: 30474481 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Lung cancer gene therapies require reagents to selectively transfect lung tumors after systemic administration. MATERIALS & METHODS We created a reagent called NSCLC-NP by attaching a peptide with binding affinity for lung cancer to polyamidoamine dendrimers. The positively charged dendrimers electrostatically bind negatively charged nucleic acids, inhibit endogenous nucleases and transfect cells targeted by the attached peptide. RESULTS In vitro, NSCLC-NP complexed to DNA plasmids bound and transfected three human lung cancer cell lines producing protein expression of the plasmid's gene. In vivo, systemically administered NSCLC-NP selectively transfected lung cancer cells growing in RAG1KO mice. CONCLUSION The capability of NSCLC-NP to selectively transfect lung cancer allows its future use as a vehicle to implement human lung cancer gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Holt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, FL, USA.,JSR Micro Life Sciences, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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4
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Parimi S, Rauw JM, Ko JJ. Systemic Therapies for Metastatic Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Past, Present and Future. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180706150427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are unique to that of most other solid tumors because
they are highly curable in the metastatic setting. While the use of cisplatin-based chemotherapy
continues to drive cure in this patient population, important improvements in the delivery
of therapy, creation of risk-adjusted treatment paradigms, and salvage-therapy options have further
enhanced survival as well. The future holds promise for a more multidisciplinary approach to
care, through advancements in biochemical markers and a better understanding of how surgical
and radiotherapy approaches can integrate into our existing management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Parimi
- BC Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 4X1, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Rauw
- BC Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 4X1, Canada
| | - Jenny J. Ko
- BC Cancer Agency, 32900 Marshall Rd, Abbotsford, BC, V2S 0C2, Canada
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5
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BRCA1 and MAD2 Are Coexpressed and Are Prognostic Indicators in Tubo-ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 28:472-478. [PMID: 29465507 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BRCA1 and mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) protein expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry, and clinical outcomes in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). METHODS A tissue microarray consisting of 94 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded EOC with fully matched clinicopathological data were immunohistochemically stained with anti-BRCA1 and anti-MAD2 antibodies. The cores were scored in a semiquantitative manner evaluating nuclear staining intensity and extent. Coexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was evaluated, and patient survival analyses were undertaken. RESULTS Coexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was assessed in 94 EOC samples, and survival analysis was performed on 65 high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs). There was a significant positive correlation between BRCA1 and MAD2 expression in this patient cohort (P < 0.0001). Both low BRCA1 and low MAD2 are independently associated with overall survival because of HGSC. Low coexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was also significantly associated with overall survival and was driven by BRCA1 expression. CONCLUSION BRCA1 and MAD2 expressions are strongly correlated in EOC, but BRCA1 expression remains the stronger prognostic factor in HGSC.
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6
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Facchini G, Rossetti S, Cavaliere C, D'Aniello C, Di Franco R, Iovane G, Grimaldi G, Piscitelli R, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Veneziani BM, Berretta M, Montanari M. Exploring the molecular aspects associated with testicular germ cell tumors: a review. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1365-1379. [PMID: 29416701 PMCID: PMC5787445 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most common solid tumors affecting young men. They constitute a distinct entity because of their embryonic origin and their unique biological behavior. Recent preclinical data regarding biological signaling machinery as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with molecular patterns of tumors have contribute to explain the pathogenesis and the differentiation of TGCTs and to understand the mechanisms responsible for the development of resistance to treatment. In this review, we discuss the main genetic and epigenetic events associated with TGCTs development in order to better define their role in the pathogenesis of these tumors and in cisplatin-acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Facchini
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,S.S.D Oncologia Clinica Sperimentale Uro-Andrologica, Dipartimento Corp-S Assistenziale dei Percorsi Oncologici Uro-Genitale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,S.S.D Oncologia Clinica Sperimentale Uro-Andrologica, Dipartimento Corp-S Assistenziale dei Percorsi Oncologici Uro-Genitale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cavaliere
- Medical Oncology Unit, ASL NA 3 SUD, Ospedali Riuniti Area Nolana, Nola, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Aniello
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI "Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO", Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Franco
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Iovane
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,S.S.D Oncologia Clinica Sperimentale Uro-Andrologica, Dipartimento Corp-S Assistenziale dei Percorsi Oncologici Uro-Genitale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grimaldi
- Division of Urology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Piscitelli
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Paolo Muto
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Scientific Management, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Division of Urology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Micaela Montanari
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per l'Implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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7
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Chougule MB. The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy Scripts: Targeted Nanocarrier Based Systems for the Treatment of Lung Cancer. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 76:318-325. [PMID: 29164017 PMCID: PMC5694976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Hawai'i, lung cancer is among the top cancers diagnosed and a leading cause of death. Despite current understanding and modern surgery, radiology, and chemotherapy techniques, the survival of those suffering from lung cancer remains low. Current anticancer drugs have poor tumor tissue selectivity and toxicity issues that contribute to their overall low efficacy, detrimental effects to normal tissues, and drug resistance. A potential way of mitigating cancer is through RNA interference (RNAi) by the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target select proteins or genes involved in cancer progression, known as oncoproteins or oncogenes, respectively. However, the clinical utility of delivering unformulated siRNA has been hindered due to poor cell penetration, nonspecific effects, rapid degradation, and short half-life. As an alternate for conventional chemotherapy, nanoparticles (AKA nanocarriers) may be designed to localize within the tumor environment and increase targeted cell internalization, thus reducing systemic adverse effects and increasing efficacy. Nanoparticles play important roles in drug delivery and have been widely studied for cancer therapy and diagnostics, termed collectively as theranostics. Nanoparticles composed of natural and artificial polymers, proteins, lipids, metals, and carbon-based materials have been developed for the delivery of siRNA. Cancer targeting has been improved by nanoparticle surface modification or conjugation with biomolecules that are attracted to or stimulate therapeutic agent release within cancer tissues or cells. In this mini-review article, we present recent progress in nanocarrier-mediated siRNA delivery systems that include lipid, polymer, metallic and carbon-based nanoparticles for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R Youngren-Ortiz
- Translational Drug Delivery Research Laboratory (DDR), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (SRY-O, MBC)
| | - Mahavir B Chougule
- Translational Drug Delivery Research Laboratory (DDR), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (SRY-O, MBC)
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8
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Bhatt M, Ivan C, Xie X, Siddik ZH. Drug-dependent functionalization of wild-type and mutant p53 in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10905-10918. [PMID: 28038466 PMCID: PMC5355233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-Pt) resistance in tumor cells from p53 dysfunction is a significant clinical problem. Although mutation can inhibit p53 function, >60% of p53 mutants retain normal function according to literature reports. Therefore, we examined the status of p53 in cisplatin-resistant ovarian tumor models and its functional response to cis-Pt and the mechanistically-distinct non-cross-resistant oxaliplatin (oxali-Pt). Relative to sensitive A2780 cells harboring wild-type p53, the 2780CP/Cl-16, OVCAR-10, Hey and OVCA-433 cell lines were 10- to 30-fold resistant to cis-Pt, but was substantially circumvented by oxali-Pt. Mutant p53 in 2780CP/Cl-16 (p53V172F) and OVCAR-10 (p53V172F and p53G266R) cells, predicted as non-functional in p53 database, displayed attenuated response to cis-Pt, as did the polymorphic p53P72R (functionally equivalent to wild-type p53) in HEY and OVCA-433 cell lines. However, p53 was robustly activated by oxali-Pt in all cell lines, with resultant drug potency confirmed as p53-dependent by p53 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 system. This p53 activation by oxali-Pt was associated with phosphorylation at Ser20 by MEK1/2 based on inhibitor and kinase studies. Cis-Pt, however, failed to phosphorylate Ser20 due to downregulated Chk2, and its clinical impact validated by reduced overall survival of ovarian cancer patients according to TCGA database. In conclusion, cis-Pt resistance occurs in both wild-type and mutant p53 ovarian cancer cells, but is associated with loss of Ser20 phosphorylation. However, these mutant p53, like polymorphic p53, are functional and activated by oxali-Pt-induced Ser20 phosphorylation. Thus, the potential exists for repurposing oxali-Pt or similar drugs against refractory cancers harboring wild-type or specific mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bhatt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Byrne T, Coleman HG, Cooper JA, McCluggage WG, McCann A, Furlong F. The association between MAD2 and prognosis in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102223-102234. [PMID: 29254238 PMCID: PMC5731948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analyses investigates the expression of the cell checkpoint regulator, mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) in cancerous tissue and examines whether an association exists between MAD2 levels and cancer survival and recurrence. Studies investigating MAD2 expression in cancer tissue utilising immunohistochemistry (IHC) were identified by systematic literature searches of Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases by October 2015. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to generate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall and progression-free survival according to MAD2 expression. Forty-three studies were included in the overall review. In 33 studies investigating MAD2 expression by IHC in cancer tissue, a wide range of expression positivity (11–100%) was reported. Higher MAD2 expression was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in a range of cancers (pooled HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.97–1.87; P = 0.077, n = 15). However, when ovarian cancer studies were removed, a significant pooled HR of 1.59 for risk of all-cause mortality in other cancer patients with higher expressing MAD2 tumours was evident (95% CI, 1.17–2.17; P = 0.003, n = 12). In contrast, higher MAD2 expression was associated with significant decreased risk of all-cause mortality in ovarian cancer patients (pooled HR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25–0.97; P = 0.04, n = 3). In conclusion, with the exception of ovarian cancer, increased MAD2 expression is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and recurrence in cancer. For ovarian cancer, reduced levels of MAD2 are associated with poorer outcome. Further studies are critical to assess the clinical utility of a MAD2 IHC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Byrne
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Janine A Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Amanda McCann
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, UK.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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10
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López-Saavedra A, Ramírez-Otero M, Díaz-Chávez J, Cáceres-Gutiérrez R, Justo-Garrido M, Andonegui MA, Mendoza J, Downie-Ruíz Á, Cortés-González C, Reynoso N, Castro-Hernández C, Domínguez-Gómez G, Santibáñez M, Fabián-Morales E, Pruefer F, Luna-Maldonado F, González-Barrios R, Herrera LA. MAD2γ, a novel MAD2 isoform, reduces mitotic arrest and is associated with resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2066-76. [PMID: 27315568 PMCID: PMC4968973 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1198863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolonged mitotic arrest in response to anti-cancer chemotherapeutics, such as DNA-damaging agents, induces apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Disruptions in mitotic checkpoints contribute resistance to DNA-damaging agents in cancer. MAD2 has been associated with checkpoint failure and chemotherapy response. In this study, a novel splice variant of MAD2, designated MAD2γ, was identified, and its association with the DNA damage response was investigated. Methods: Endogenous expression of MAD2γ and full-length MAD2 (MAD2α) was measured using RT-PCR in cancer cell lines, normal foreskin fibroblasts, and tumor samples collected from patients with testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). A plasmid expressing MAD2γ was transfected into HCT116 cells, and its intracellular localization and checkpoint function were evaluated according to immunofluorescence and mitotic index. Results: MAD2γ was expressed in several cancer cell lines and non-cancerous fibroblasts. Ectopically expressed MAD2γ localized to the nucleus and reduced the mitotic index, suggesting checkpoint impairment. In patients with TGCTs, the overexpression of endogenous MAD2γ, but not MAD2α, was associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Likewise, cisplatin induced the overexpression of endogenous MAD2γ, but not MAD2α, in HCT116 cells. Conclusions: Overexpression of MAD2γ may play a role in checkpoint disruption and is associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Saavedra
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Miguel Ramírez-Otero
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Rodrigo Cáceres-Gutiérrez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Monserrat Justo-Garrido
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Marco A Andonegui
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Julia Mendoza
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Ángela Downie-Ruíz
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Carlo Cortés-González
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Nancy Reynoso
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Clementina Castro-Hernández
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Guadalupe Domínguez-Gómez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Miguel Santibáñez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Eunice Fabián-Morales
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Franz Pruefer
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Fernando Luna-Maldonado
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Luis A Herrera
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
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11
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Pénzváltó Z, Lánczky A, Lénárt J, Meggyesházi N, Krenács T, Szoboszlai N, Denkert C, Pete I, Győrffy B. MEK1 is associated with carboplatin resistance and is a prognostic biomarker in epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:837. [PMID: 25408231 PMCID: PMC4247127 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary systemic treatment for ovarian cancer is surgery, followed by platinum based chemotherapy. Platinum resistant cancers progress/recur in approximately 25% of cases within six months. We aimed to identify clinically useful biomarkers of platinum resistance. METHODS A database of ovarian cancer transcriptomic datasets including treatment and response information was set up by mining the GEO and TCGA repositories. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed in R for each gene and these were then ranked using their achieved area under the curve (AUC) values. The most significant candidates were selected and in vitro functionally evaluated in four epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3-, CAOV-3, ES-2 and OVCAR-3), using gene silencing combined with drug treatment in viability and apoptosis assays. We collected 94 tumor samples and the strongest candidate was validated by IHC and qRT-PCR in these. RESULTS All together 1,452 eligible patients were identified. Based on the ROC analysis the eight most significant genes were JRK, CNOT8, RTF1, CCT3, NFAT2CIP, MEK1, FUBP1 and CSDE1. Silencing of MEK1, CSDE1, CNOT8 and RTF1, and pharmacological inhibition of MEK1 caused significant sensitization in the cell lines. Of the eight genes, JRK (p = 3.2E-05), MEK1 (p = 0.0078), FUBP1 (p = 0.014) and CNOT8 (p = 0.00022) also correlated to progression free survival. The correlation between the best biomarker candidate MEK1 and survival was validated in two independent cohorts by qRT-PCR (n = 34, HR = 5.8, p = 0.003) and IHC (n = 59, HR = 4.3, p = 0.033). CONCLUSION We identified MEK1 as a promising prognostic biomarker candidate correlated to response to platinum based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA-TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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Differential outcome of MEK1/2 inhibitor-platinum combinations in platinum-sensitive and -resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:212-24. [PMID: 24576622 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated pro-survival signalling plays a role in ovarian carcinoma drug resistance. Here, we show that cisplatin or oxaliplatin in combination with the MEK1/2 inhibitor CI-1040 resulted in a synergistic effect associated with enhanced apoptotic response in platinum-sensitive cells. The drug combinations were additive in platinum-resistant cells exhibiting increased phospho-ERK1/2, down-regulation of apoptosis-related factors (BAX, PUMA, FOXO1) and of phosphatases inhibiting ERK1/2 (DUSP5, DUSP6). Consistently, FOXO1 knockdown in sensitive cells reduced the efficacy of the combination treatment. Pharmacological targeting of ERK1/2 pathway increases cell sensitivity to platinum compounds by interfering with multiple events, ultimately favouring apoptosis induction in selected molecular backgrounds.
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Juliachs M, Muñoz C, Moutinho CA, Vidal A, Condom E, Esteller M, Graupera M, Casanovas O, Germà JR, Villanueva A, Viñals F. The PDGFRβ-AKT pathway contributes to CDDP-acquired resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:658-67. [PMID: 24277456 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether PI3K-AKT or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways could play a role in the development of cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in testicular germ cell tumor (TGT) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared AKT and ERK activation levels in CDDP-sensitive testicular tumor cells and in their corresponding CDDP-resistant-derived cells. We also analyzed these pathways in orthotopic testicular tumors and human patient samples. RESULTS Our results indicated that there was overactivation of AKT in CDDP-resistant cells compared with sensitive cells, but no effect on activated ERK levels. We observed an increase in mRNA and protein levels for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor β and PDGF-B ligand. These were responsible for AKT overactivation in CDDP-resistant cells. When PDGFRβ levels were decreased by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) treatment or its activation was blocked by pazopanib, CDDP-resistant cells behaved like sensitive cells. Moreover, CDDP-resistant cells were more sensitive to incubation with PDGFRβ inhibitors such as pazopanib or sunitinib than sensitive cells, a finding consistent with these cells being dependent on this signaling pathway. We also found overexpression of PDGFRβ and pAKT in CDDP-resistant choriocarcinoma orthotopic tumor versus their CDDP-sensitive counterparts. Finally, we found high PDGFRβ levels in human testicular tumors, and overexpression in CDDP-resistant testicular choriocarcinomas compared with the CDDP-sensitive and nontreated tumors. CONCLUSIONS The PDGFRβ-AKT pathway plays a critical role in the development of CDDP resistance in testicular tumoral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juliachs
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratori de Recerca Translacional and Servei d'Oncologia Mèdica, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals; Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Departaments de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental and Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL); Laboratori d'Oncologia Molecular and Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL); Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Ferreira HJ, Heyn H, Garcia del Muro X, Vidal A, Larriba S, Muñoz C, Villanueva A, Esteller M. Epigenetic loss of the PIWI/piRNA machinery in human testicular tumorigenesis. Epigenetics 2013; 9:113-8. [PMID: 24247010 PMCID: PMC3928173 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most cancer research has focused in mRNA, non-coding RNAs are also an essential player in tumorigenesis. In addition to the well-recognized microRNAs, recent studies have also shown that epigenetic silencing by CpG island hypermethylation of other classes of non-coding RNAs, such as transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) or small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), also occur in human neoplasia. Herein we have studied the putative existence of epigenetic aberrations in the activity of PIWI proteins, an Argonaute family protein subclass, and the small regulatory PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in testicular cancer, as the PIWI/piRNA pathway plays a critical role in male germline development. We have observed the existence of promoter CpG island hypermethylation-associated silencing of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL4, and TDRD1 in primary seminoma and non-seminoma testicular tumors, in addition to testicular germ cell tumor cell lines. Most importantly, these epigenetic lesions occur in a context of piRNA downregulation and loss of DNA methylation of the LINE-1 repetitive sequences, one of the target genomic loci where the PIWI/piRNA machinery acts as a caretaker in non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain; Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine; Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Holger Heyn
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Garcia del Muro
- Medical Oncology Department; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - August Vidal
- Pathology Department; University Hospital Bellvitge; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBEL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Larriba
- Human Molecular Genetics Group; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz
- Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC); Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences II; School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona, Spain
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Park PE, Jeong JY, Kim SZ, Park JY. MAD2 Expression in Ovarian Carcinoma: Different Expression Patterns and Levels among Various Types of Ovarian Carcinoma and Its Prognostic Significance in High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:418-25. [PMID: 24255629 PMCID: PMC3830988 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.5.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) is a key component of spindle assembly checkpoint function, which mediates cell apoptosis through microtubule kinetics. Aberrant expression of MAD2 is believed to be associated with the development of chromosome instability. MAD2 also has a signihicant role in cellular drug resistance to taxane chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Expression of MAD2 and p53 was investigated using immunohistochemistry in 85 cases of ovarian carcinomas. Clinicopathological data including progression-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS A significant (p=.035) association was observed between the grade of serous carcinoma and the expression level of MAD2. While low-grade serous carcinoma showed a low-level expression of MAD2, high-grade serous carcinoma showed a high-level expression of MAD2. We also determined that low-level expression of MAD2 was associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (p=.016) in high-grade serous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS MAD2 expression in ovarian carcinoma is related to the grade of serous carcinoma and PFS of high-grade serous carcinoma. Expression level of MAD2 detected by immunohistochemistry may serve as an indicator in predicting the response of microtubule-interfering chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Eun Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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NAKANO YUSUKE, SUMI TOSHIYUKI, TERAMAE MASATOMO, MORISHITA MASANARI, FUKUDA TAKESHI, TERADA HIROYUKI, YOSHIDA HIROYUKI, MATSUMOTO YOSHINARI, YASUI TOMOYO, ISHIKO OSAMU. Expression of the mitotic-arrest deficiency 2 is associated with chemotherapy resistance in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1200-4. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Furlong F, Fitzpatrick P, O'Toole S, Phelan S, McGrogan B, Maguire A, O'Grady A, Gallagher M, Prencipe M, McGoldrick A, McGettigan P, Brennan D, Sheils O, Martin C, W Kay E, O'Leary J, McCann A. Low MAD2 expression levels associate with reduced progression-free survival in patients with high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. J Pathol 2012; 226:746-55. [PMID: 22069160 PMCID: PMC3593171 DOI: 10.1002/path.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has an innate susceptibility to become chemoresistant. Up to 30% of patients do not respond to conventional chemotherapy [paclitaxel (Taxol®) in combination with carboplatin] and, of those who have an initial response, many patients relapse. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular chemotherapeutic responses in EOC cells has the potential to impact significantly on patient outcome. The mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2), is a centrally important mediator of the cellular response to paclitaxel. MAD2 immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 82 high-grade serous EOC samples. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of nuclear MAD2 IHC intensity adjusting for stage, tumour grade and optimum surgical debulking revealed that low MAD2 IHC staining intensity was significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0003), with a hazard ratio of 4.689. The in vitro analyses of five ovarian cancer cell lines demonstrated that cells with low MAD2 expression were less sensitive to paclitaxel. Furthermore, paclitaxel-induced activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and apoptotic cell death was abrogated in cells transfected with MAD2 siRNA. In silico analysis identified a miR-433 binding domain in the MAD2 3′ UTR, which was verified in a series of experiments. Firstly, MAD2 protein expression levels were down-regulated in pre-miR-433 transfected A2780 cells. Secondly, pre-miR-433 suppressed the activity of a reporter construct containing the 3′-UTR of MAD2. Thirdly, blocking miR-433 binding to the MAD2 3′ UTR protected MAD2 from miR-433 induced protein down-regulation. Importantly, reduced MAD2 protein expression in pre-miR-433-transfected A2780 cells rendered these cells less sensitive to paclitaxel. In conclusion, loss of MAD2 protein expression results in increased resistance to paclitaxel in EOC cells. Measuring MAD2 IHC staining intensity may predict paclitaxel responses in women presenting with high-grade serous EOC. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Furlong
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Expression of mitotic-arrest deficiency 2 predicts the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:341-346. [PMID: 22969893 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported satisfactory therapeutic results when using cisplatin-based cyclic balloon-occluded arterial infusion chemotherapy as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), which enabled hysterectomy to be performed for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (MAD2) is a key component of the mitotic spindle checkpoint pathway. The expression of MAD2 is associated with tumor progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether the expression of MAD2 is related to the efficacy of NAC for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. We reviewed 53 cases of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer (stage IIIa-IIIb; based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria). These patients were initially treated at Osaka City University Medical School Hospital, Japan, from 1995 to 2008 and were under 70 years old. Tumor samples were obtained by biopsy prior to NAC. Cases were divided into two groups: one group in which NAC was effective, surgery was possible and radiotherapy was performed (NAC+OP+R group; n=33), and another group in which NAC was ineffective and radiation therapy was performed (NAC+R group; n=20). MAD2 expression was examined in paraffin-embedded sections using the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The results showed that MAD2 expression was significantly higher in the NAC+R group compared to the NAC+OP+R group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups, although the prognosis for the NAC+OP+R group tended to be slightly better (P=0.064). Taken together, these results suggest that the expression of MAD2 may predict the efficacy of NAC as a treatment for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
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Hannisdal K, Burum-Auensen E, Schjølberg A, De Angelis PM, Clausen OPF. Correlation between reduced expression of the spindle checkpoint protein BubR1 and bad prognosis in tonsillar carcinomas. Head Neck 2011; 32:1354-62. [PMID: 20146332 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spindle checkpoint proteins such as Mad2 and BubR1 are important for chromosome segregation during mitosis. The aim of the present study was to examine their possible impact on prognosis in tonsillar carcinomas and their relation to clinical variables, the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), p53 status, and Ki-67 positivity. METHODS We examined the expression of Mad2 and BubR1 by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays from 105 patients with tonsillar carcinomas. RESULTS BubR1 and Mad2 were both expressed in tonsillar carcinomas. Expression of BubR1 was a significant prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis. In multivariate analyses, BubR1 was a significant prognostic factor together with stage, age, and HPV status p < .01), whereas Mad2 did not show any significant correlations. CONCLUSION We have shown that BubR1 expression is a novel and strong prognostic factor in tonsillar carcinomas, giving additional information to the TNM stage and other known prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hannisdal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Targeting anthracyclines in early breast cancer: new candidate predictive biomarkers emerge. Oncogene 2010; 29:5231-40. [PMID: 20676126 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The search for a predictive marker of sensitivity to anthracycline-based chemotherapy has proven challenging. Despite human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) being a strong prognostic marker in breast cancer, the only therapies with which there is a recognized functional link to the HER2 oncogene are those directly targeting the molecule itself. Despite this, HER2 has been extensively assessed as a predictive marker in a variety of chemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines. Analysis of anthracycline response in patients with HER2 amplification has given conflicting results. This led to the suggestion that HER2 amplification was acting as a surrogate for the gene encoding topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), a direct cellular target of anthracyclines. Despite an attractive functional link between TOP2A and anthracyclines, published studies have failed to show strong evidence of an interaction between TOP2A genetic aberrations and anthracycline response. A number of other biomarkers have also been assessed for their role in predicting anthracycline response, including TP53 (tumour protein 53) and BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset), together with an increasing emergence of gene expression profiling to produce predictive signatures of response. Moreover, recent evidence has emerged from presentations suggesting new candidate markers of response that warrant further investigation: Chr17CEP duplication and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1. This review will discuss research into HER2 and TOP2A as predictive markers of anthracycline response and will focus on current research into other possible candidate predictive markers.
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Burum-Auensen E, Skotheim RI, Schjølberg AR, Røislien J, Lothe RA, Clausen OPF. Spindle proteins are differentially expressed in the various histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors. J Carcinog 2010; 9:1. [PMID: 20411023 PMCID: PMC2856146 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.60358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are characterized by an aneuploid DNA content. Aberrant expression of spindle proteins such as the Aurora kinases and the spindle checkpoint proteins MAD2 and BUB1B, are thought to contribute to the development of chromosomal instability and DNA aneuploidy in cancer. The importance of these spindle proteins remains unknown in the development of TGCTs, thus we have explored the expression levels of these proteins in normal and malignant testicular tissues. Materials and Methods: Using tissue microarrays the expression levels of Aurora kinase A (AURKA), Aurora kinase B (AURKB), BUB1B and MAD2 were measured in normal, preneoplastic and malignant testicular tissues of different histological subtypes from 279 orchidectomy specimens by means of immunohistochemistry. Results: All the spindle proteins except for AURKB were expressed in normal testis. Sixty-eight and 36%, respectively, of the primary spermatocytes in the normal testis were positive for BUB1B and MAD2, while only 5% of the cells were positive for AURKA. There was a significantly lower expression of the spindle checkpoint proteins in carcinoma in situ compared to normal testis (P=0.008 and P=0.043 for BUB1B and MAD2, respectively), while the level of AURKA was increased, however, not significantly (P=0.18). The extent of spindle protein expression varied significantly within the different histological subtypes of TGCTs (P<0.001 for AURKB, BUB1B and MAD2, P=0.003 for AURKA). The expression of AURKA was significantly elevated in both non-seminomas (P=0.003) and seminomas (P=0.015). The level of BUB1B was significantly decreased in non-seminomas (P<0.001). A similar tendency was observed for MAD2 (P=0.11). Conclusions: In carcinoma in situ of TGCTs the spindle checkpoint proteins MAD2 and BUB1B are significantly less expressed compared to normal testis, while the expression of AURKA is increased. We suggest that these changes may be of importance in the transition from in situ to invasive testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Burum-Auensen
- Division of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fung MKL, Han HY, Leung SCL, Cheung HW, Cheung ALM, Wong YC, Ling MT, Wang X. MAD2 interacts with DNA repair proteins and negatively regulates DNA damage repair. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:24-34. [PMID: 18597777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MAD2 (mitotic arrest deficient 2) is a key regulator of mitosis. Recently, it had been suggested that MAD2-induced mitotic arrest mediates DNA damage response and that upregulation of MAD2 confers sensitivity to DNA-damaging anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. In this study, we report a potential novel role of MAD2 in mediating DNA nucleotide excision repair through physical interactions with two DNA repair proteins, XPD (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D) and ERCC1. First, overexpression of MAD2 resulted in decreased nuclear accumulation of XPD, a crucial step in the initiation of DNA repair. Second, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that MAD2 was able to bind to XPD, which led to competitive suppression of binding activity between XPD and XPA, resulting in the prevention of physical interactions between DNA repair proteins. Third, unlike its role in mitosis, the N-terminus domain seemed to be more important in the binding activity between MAD2 and XPD. Fourth, phosphorylation of H2AX, a process that is important for recruitment of DNA repair factors to DNA double-strand breaks, was suppressed in MAD2-overexpressing cells in response to DNA damage. These results suggest a negative role of MAD2 in DNA damage response, which may be accounted for its previously reported role in promoting sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in cancer cells. However, the interaction between MAD2 and ERCC1 did not show any effect on the binding activity between ERCC1 and XPA in the presence or absence of DNA damage. Our results suggest a novel function of MAD2 by interfering with DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie K L Fung
- Department of Anatomy, Cancer Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Ramírez-Camacho R, Esteban Fernández D, Verdaguer J, Gómez Gómez M, Trinidad A, García-Berrocal J, Palacios Corvillo M. Cisplatin-induced hearing loss does not correlate with intracellular platinum concentration. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128:505-9. [PMID: 18421602 DOI: 10.1080/00016480701635167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be applied to organic tissues obtained from experimental animals. Hearing loss does not correlate with the platinum (Pt) concentration found in the inner ear. Drug structure and affinity to inner ear proteins could explain ototoxicity caused by cisplatin. OBJECTIVES To analyse Pt affinity for brain and ear tissues (of similar embryologic origin) in the Wistar rat and clearance gradient after a single dose, and to correlate these findings with hearing changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed after obtaining auditory brain responses (ABRs) at 3, 7, 30 and 90 days (nine, seven, seven and nine animals, respectively). Brain and both temporal bones were extracted from each animal and analysed by ICP-MS to determine the absolute concentrations of the metal. Eight non-treated animals were employed as a control group. RESULTS The ABR thresholds were significantly elevated in animals from all groups after cisplatin treatment. A maximum accumulation of Pt for inner ear and brain was revealed around the first week: 3.175 (57%) and 0.342 (72%), respectively. Pt significantly accumulated in greater quantities in ear than in brain (p<0.01) and was cleared at a higher rate in brain than in ear (p<0.01) following cochlea/brain ratio analysis. No statistically significant correlation was found between amounts of Pt and hearing loss in the study animals.
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To-Ho KW, Cheung HW, Ling MT, Wong YC, Wang X. MAD2ΔC induces aneuploidy and promotes anchorage-independent growth in human prostate epithelial cells. Oncogene 2007; 27:347-57. [PMID: 17621272 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) is suggested to play a key role in a functional mitotic checkpoint because of its inhibitory effect on anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) during mitosis. The binding of MAD2 to mitotic checkpoint regulators MAD1 and Cdc20 is thought to be crucial for its function and loss of which leads to functional inactivation of the MAD2 protein. However, little is known about the biological significance of this MAD2 mutant in human cells. In this study, we stably transfected a C-terminal-deleted MAD2 gene (MAD2DeltaC) into a human prostate epithelial cell line, Hpr-1 and studied its effect on chromosomal instability, cell proliferation, mitotic checkpoint control and soft agar colony-forming ability. We found that MAD2DeltaC was able to induce aneuploidy through promoting chromosomal duplication, which was a result of an impaired mitotic checkpoint and cytokinesis, suggesting a crucial role of MAD2-mediated mitotic checkpoint in chromosome stability in human cells. In addition, the MAD2DeltaC-transfected cells displayed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar after challenged by 7,12-dimethylbenz[A]anthracene (DMBA), demonstrating a cancer-promoting effect of a defective mitotic checkpoint in human cells. Furthermore, the DMBA-induced transformation was accompanied by a complete loss of DNA damage-induced p53 response and activation of the MAPK pathway in MAD2DeltaC cells. These results indicate that a defective mitotic checkpoint alone is not a direct cause of tumorigenesis, but it may predispose human cells to carcinogen-induced malignant transformation. The evidence presented here provides a link between MAD2 inactivation and malignant transformation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W To-Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Fung MKL, Cheung HW, Wong HL, Yuen HF, Ling MT, Chan KW, Wong YC, Cheung ALM, Wang X. MAD2 expression and its significance in mitotic checkpoint control in testicular germ cell tumour. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:821-32. [PMID: 17467818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a common characteristic in testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT). A functional mitotic checkpoint control is important for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) is a key component of this checkpoint and inactivation of MAD2 is correlated with checkpoint impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of mitotic checkpoint control in TGCT cells and to study its association with MAD2 expression using 8 TGCT cell lines as well as 23 TGCT tissue samples. We found that in response to microtubule disruption, 6 of 8 TGCT cell lines (75%) failed to arrest in mitosis demonstrated by the decreased mitotic index and aberrant expression of mitosis regulators, indicating that mitotic checkpoint defect is a common event in TGCT cells. This loss of mitotic checkpoint control was correlated with reduced MAD2 protein expression in TGCT cell lines implicating that downregulation of MAD2 may play a critical role in an impaired mitotic checkpoint control in these cells. In addition, immunohistochemistry studies on 23 seminomas and 12 normal testis tissues demonstrated that nuclear expression of MAD2 was much lower in seminomas (p<0.0001) but cytoplasmic MAD2 expression was higher in seminomas (p=0.06) than normal samples. Our results suggest that aberrant MAD2 expression may play an essential role in a defective mitotic checkpoint in TGCT cells, which may contribute to CIN commonly observed in TGCT tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie K-L Fung
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Schweyer S, Bachem A, Bremmer F, Steinfelder HJ, Soruri A, Wagner W, Pottek T, Thelen P, Hopker WW, Radzun HJ, Fayyazi A. Expression and function of protein phosphatase PP2A in malignant testicular germ cell tumours. J Pathol 2007; 213:72-81. [PMID: 17590861 DOI: 10.1002/path.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) represent the most common malignancy in young males. We reported previously that two prototype members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, the MAPK ERK kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), are inactive in malignant testicular germ cells and become active after drug stimulation, leading to apoptosis of tumour cells. In this study, we asked whether the protein phosphatase PP2A, a known inhibitor of the MEK-ERK pathway, participates in the proliferation and/or apoptosis of primary TGCT (n = 48) as well as two TGCT cell lines (NTERA and NCCIT). Quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot analyses and phosphatase assay indicate that primary TGCT as well as TGCT cell lines express PP2A and that PP2A is active in TGCT cell lines. The inhibition of PP2A by application of two PP2A inhibitors, cantharidic acid (CA) and okadaic acid (OA), results in a significant increase in caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of TGCT cell lines. Thereby, PP2A inhibition was accompanied by phosphorylation and activation of MEK and ERK. Functional assays using the MEK inhibitor PD98059 demonstrated that the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was required for the induction of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of malignant germ cells. Thus, our data suggest that inhibition of PP2A mediates its apoptosis-inducing effect on TGCT through activation of the MEK-ERK signalling pathway that leads to caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of tumour cells. In addition our results support previous observations that PP2A exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on malignant tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schweyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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