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Chu X, Li W, Hines MG, Lyakhov I, Mellors JW, Dimitrov DS. Human antibody V H domains targeting uPAR as candidate therapeutics for cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1194972. [PMID: 37876962 PMCID: PMC10593477 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1194972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The high expression of uPAR has been linked to tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis in several types of cancer. Such overexpression of uPAR makes it a potential target for immunotherapies across common cancers such as breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. In our study, two high-affinity and specific human VH domain antibody candidates, designed as clones 3 and 115, were isolated from a phage-displayed human VH antibody library. Domain-based bispecific T- cell engagers (DbTE) based on these two antibodies exhibited potent killing of uPAR-positive cancer cells. Thus, these two anti-uPAR domain antibodies are promising candidates for treating uPAR positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Margaret G. Hines
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - John W. Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Shantha Kumara H, Poppy A, Gamage DN, Mitra N, Yan X, Hedjar Y, Cekic V, Whelan RL. Compared to preoperative plasma levels post-operative urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1 levels are persistently elevated for 6 weeks after minimally invasive colorectal resection. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:187-197. [PMID: 36915462 PMCID: PMC10007942 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1 (uPA) is a serine protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin after binding to uPA receptor (uPAR). Plasmin catalyzes the regeneration of basement membrane, extracellular matrix, and other tissues. uPA alone and with plasmin leads to activation of angiogenic growth factors that impact tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. uPA over expression has been noted in colorectal cancer (CRC) and high tissue levels have been correlated with prognosis. uPA/uPAR promotes immune cell activation in healing surgical wounds and may alter perioperative uPA plasma levels. Postoperative (postop) plasma levels, if elevated, may impact the early growth of residual metastases. The impact of minimally invasive colorectal resection (MICR) surgery for CRC on plasma uPA levels is unknown. This study's aim was to measure plasma uPA levels during the first postop month. Methods CRC patients undergoing MICR who enrolled in an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved data/plasma bank for whom adequate plasma was available were included in the study. Patients who had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks, those who received blood transfusions perioperatively and immunosuppressed patients were excluded. Clinical and pathological data were prospectively collected as were blood samples preoperatively, postop day (POD) 1, 3 and at least 1 late time point between POD 7-41. Plasma was isolated and stored at -80 ℃. Late samples were bundled into 7-day blocks and considered as single time points. Total uPA levels (ng/mL) were analyzed in duplicate via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and results reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The Wilcoxon paired t-test was used for analysis. Results Ninety-three patients undergoing MICR for CRC [colonic 68%; rectal 32%; average age 65.6 years, laparoscopic 63%, hand-assisted minimally invasive surgery (MIS) 37%] who met criteria were studied. Cancer stage breakdown was; stage I, 30%, stage II, 29%, stage III, 34%, stage IV, 7%. The median preoperative (preop) uPA plasma level (ng/mL) was 529.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 462.8, 601.1] (n=93). Significant elevations in median levels vs. preop were present during POD 3 (542.8, 95% CI: 518.8, 597.3, n=86, P=0.003), POD 7-13 (688.1, 95% CI: 591.7, 753.0, n=72, P<0.001), POD 14-20 (764.9, 95% CI: 704.1, 911.6, n=27, P<0.001), POD 21-27 (685.6, 95% CI: 443.8, 835.8, n=15, P<0.001), and on POD 28-41 (800.3, 95% CI: 626.9, 940.6, n=21, P<0.001). The colon cancer subgroup's preop and POD 14-20 median results were significantly higher than the corresponding rectal cancer results; otherwise, at the other 5 postop time points there were no significant differences between the rectal and colon cancer subgroups. In addition, no association was found between cancer stage and preop uPA levels and no significant differences were found in postop uPA levels between the hand-assisted laparoscopic group and the lap assisted subgroup at any of the postop time points. Conclusions Persistently elevated plasma uPA levels at 5/6 postop time point (P<0.05), in combination with other previously demonstrated long duration proangiogenic plasma protein changes, may render the plasma proangiogenic within the period of the first month post-surgery and may promote angiogenesis within the residual tumor foci. The clinical significance pertaining to these changes, if any, is uncertain and remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hmc Shantha Kumara
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Addison Poppy
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dasuni N Gamage
- Nuvance Health, Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Neil Mitra
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanni Hedjar
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesna Cekic
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard L Whelan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY, USA
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Patrad E, Khalighfard S, Amiriani T, Khori V, Alizadeh AM. Molecular mechanisms underlying the action of carcinogens in gastric cancer with a glimpse into targeted therapy. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1073-1117. [PMID: 36149600 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer imposes a substantial global health burden despite its overall incidence decrease. A broad spectrum of inherited, environmental and infectious factors contributes to the development of gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged compared to several other tumors with similar incidence and morbidity rates, owing to our limited knowledge of the role of carcinogens in this malignancy. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified gastric carcinogenic agents into four groups based on scientific evidence from human and experimental animal studies. This review aims to explore the potential comprehensive molecular and biological impacts of carcinogens on gastric cancer development and their interactions and interferences with various cellular signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we highlight recent clinical trial data reported in the literature dealing with different ways to target various carcinogens in gastric cancer. Moreover, we touch upon other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches such as surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Rational clinical trials focusing on identifying suitable patient populations are imperative to the success of single-agent therapeutics. Novel insights regarding signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer can potentially improve treatment responses to targeted therapy alone or in combination with other/conventional treatments. Preventive strategies such as control of H. pylori infection through eradication or immunization as well as dietary habit and lifestyle changes may reduce the incidence of this multifactorial disease, especially in high prevalence areas. Further in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the role of carcinogenic agents in gastric cancer development may offer valuable information and update state-of-the-art resources for physicians and researchers to explore novel ways to combat this disease, from bench to bedside. A schematic outlining of the interaction between gastric carcinogenic agents and intracellular pathways in gastric cancer H. pylori stimulates multiple intracellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Wnt, Shh, Ras/Raf, c-MET, and JAK/STAT, leading to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and inflammatory cytokine release. EBV can stimulate intracellular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, Notch, TGF-β, and NF-κB, leading to cell survival and motility, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine and alcohol can lead to angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, proliferation, pro-inflammatory, migration, and chemotactic by stimulating various intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, and JAK/STAT. Processed meat contains numerous carcinogenic compounds that affect multiple intracellular pathways such as sGC/cGMP, p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K/AKT, leading to anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, proliferation, and invasion. Lead compounds may interact with multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, DNA methylation-dependent, and epigenetic-dependent, leading to tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis, malignancy, angiogenesis, DNA hypermethylation, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, WNT, TGF-β, EGF, FGFR2, and E-cadherin through UV ionizing radiation leads to cell survival, proliferation, and immortalization in gastric cancer. The consequence of PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, JAK/STAT, and WNT signaling stimulation by the carcinogenic component of Pickled vegetables and salted fish is the Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, inflammatory response, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Patrad
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Vahid Khori
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Breast Disease Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lv T, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yuan H, Wang H, Cui X, Xu J, Zhao J, Wang J. uPAR: An Essential Factor for Tumor Development. J Cancer 2021; 12:7026-7040. [PMID: 34729105 PMCID: PMC8558663 DOI: 10.7150/jca.62281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is closely related to the loss of control of many genes. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a glycolipid-anchored protein on the cell surface, is controlled by many factors in tumorigenesis and is expressed in many tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effects of the uPAR signaling pathway on processes and factors related to tumor progression, such as tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, metastasis, glycolysis, tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. Overall, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that uPAR induction by tumor progression may be one of the most important factors affecting therapeutic efficacy. An improved understanding of the interactions between uPAR and its coreceptors in cancer will provide critical biomolecular information that may help to better predict the disease course and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 610500
| | - Hemei Yuan
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Xuelin Cui
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jiashun Xu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jingye Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
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Experimental and Clinical Evidence Supports the Use of Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System Components as Clinically Relevant Biomarkers in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164097. [PMID: 34439251 PMCID: PMC8393967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas (GOCs) have short life expectancies as their tumours spread to other sites early. This is facilitated by the increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS); a feature of the majority of GOCs. There is increasing appreciation of the importance of uPAS expression in a range of cell types within the tumour microenvironment. Abundant clinical evidence indicates that altered expression of uPAS proteins is associated with worse outcomes, including time to tumour recurrence and patient survival. Emerging technologies, including liquid biopsy, suggest a role of uPAS for the detection of circulating tumour cells, which are responsible for the dissemination of cancers. We review and summarise pre-clinical and clinical data that supports the use of uPAS as a biomarker in GOC. Abstract Gastric and oesophageal cancers (GOCs) are lethal cancers which metastasise early and recur frequently, even after definitive surgery. The urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the invasion and metastasis of many aggressive tumours including GOCs. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) interaction with its receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), leads to proteolytic activation of plasminogen to plasmin, a broad-spectrum protease which enables tumour cell invasion and dissemination to distant sites. uPA, uPAR and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are overexpressed in some GOCs. Accumulating evidence points to a causal role of activated receptor tyrosine kinase pathways enhancing uPAS expression in GOCs. Expression of these components are associated with poorer clinicopathological features and patient survival. Stromal cells, including tumour-associated macrophages and myofibroblasts, also express the key uPAS proteins, supporting the argument of stromal involvement in GOC progression and adverse effect on patient survival. uPAS proteins can be detected on circulating leucocytes, circulating tumour cells and within the serum; all have the potential to be developed into circulating biomarkers of GOC. Herein, we review the experimental and clinical evidence supporting uPAS expression as clinical biomarker in GOC, with the goal of developing targeted therapeutics against the uPAS.
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Smaradhania N, Rahman S, Ardi Syamsu S, Prihantono P. Urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in metastasis of breast cancer. Breast Dis 2021; 40:S1-S7. [PMID: 34057113 DOI: 10.3233/bd-219001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasminogen urokinase activation system consists of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor uPAR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), which are considered to have a relationship with cancer aggressiveness. Several studies have found correlations between HER2 mRNA and uPAR in disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in breast cancer patients. They are associated with a more aggressive primary tumor phenotype and recurrence/metastasis. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the relationship between the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) with the incidence of distant metastases in breast cancer. METHODS This study was an observational study using a cross-sectional method and was conducted at Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital and the network. Immunohistochemical methods carry out examination of uPAR and HER2 expression from tissues of breast cancer patients. The relationship of uPAR, HER2 expression, and metastasis was tested with the Mann Whitney test. RESULTS The study results found that the proportion of patients with metastasis was significantly higher in high uPAR expression compared to low uPAR (77.8% compared to 36.8%). The negative HER2 expression was significantly higher in the low uPAR expression than the high uPAR (78.9% compared to 33.3%). In comparison, the positive HER2 expression was significantly higher in the high uPAR expression than the low uPAR (66.7% compared to 21.1%). In positive HER2 expression, the mean percentage of uPAR expression was significantly higher in metastases than those without metastasis (72.7% compared to 42.1%). CONCLUSIONS uPAR expression is associated with metastasis in HER2 positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilam Smaradhania
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Septiman Rahman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Salman Ardi Syamsu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Prihantono Prihantono
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
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SERPA MS, MAFRA RP, QUEIROZ SIML, SILVA LPD, SOUZA LBD, PINTO LP. Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e93. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Arigami T, Uenosono Y, Yanagita S, Okubo K, Kijima T, Matsushita D, Amatatsu M, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Clinical significance of circulating tumor cells in blood from patients with gastric cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2017; 1:60-68. [PMID: 29863113 PMCID: PMC5881297 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been focused on as a target for detecting occult tumors, predicting therapeutic responses and prognoses, and monitoring postoperative recurrence in the clinical management of patients with various malignancies, including gastric cancer. Recent advances in molecular diagnostic tools have contributed to high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CTC. A conspicuous disparity exists in the incidence of CTC among studies. However, a close relationship has been reported between positivity for CTC and well‐known prognostic clinicopathological factors including depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, stage, and lymphatic and venous invasion in patients with gastric cancer. According to most studies published on the clinical impact of CTC, the presence of CTC negatively affects the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, the study of CTC based on a meta‐analysis demonstrated their importance as a poor prognostic indicator. In clinical management, pre‐ and post‐therapeutic monitoring of CTC using liquid biopsy may be useful for early detection of subclinical patients or disease recurrence, prediction of tumor progression, and administrative control of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although their functional properties remain unclear, molecular profiling of CTC may contribute to the development of personalized treatment that effectively inhibits tumor progression in patients with advanced gastric cancer. We herein review the clinical significance of CTC as a promising blood marker and therapeutic target in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan.,Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Uenosono
- Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yanagita
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Keishi Okubo
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsushita
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Masahiko Amatatsu
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery Breast and Thyroid Surgery Field of Oncology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan.,Molecular Frontier Surgery Course of Advanced Therapeutics Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan
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Jing J, Zheng S, Han C, Du L, Guo Y, Wang P. Evaluating the value of uPAR of serum and tissue on patients with cervical cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 26:16-21. [PMID: 24833530 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in sera and tissues of patients with cervical cancer and the clinical and pathological features of the cancer. Immunohistochemistry (SABC method) was used to detect uPAR expression in cervical cancer and normal tissues; ELISA was employed to assay the uPAR levels in cervical cancer and normal tissues and the corresponding sera. The immunohistochemistry results showed that there were 37 cases of uPAR expression in 56 patients of cervical cancer with a positive expression rate of 66%, whereas there was no uPAR expression in normal cervical tissues. The uPAR levels in cancer tissue from patients with cervical cancer (70.92 ± 28.55 ng/100 mg protein) were significantly higher than those of adjacent tissues obtained from the cancer patients (11.01 ± 5.40 ng/100 mg protein) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the tissue uPAR levels are correlated with the TNM stages, lymph node metastasis, and the degree of differentiation instead of tumor-infiltrating and vessel thrombosis. Serum uPAR levels of patients (2.38 ± 0.29 ng/ml) were significantly increased compared with health control group (0.50 ± 0.16 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). Single-factor analysis shows that the serum uPAR levels of preoperative patients are related with clinical grade, lymph node metastasis, vein embolism, and the depth of infiltration instead of tumor differentiation. We conducted multiple regression analysis and found that the factors affecting preoperative serum suPAR include clinical stage (P = 0.000), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P = 0.000), and depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.001). The serum suPAR levels of patients with cervical cancer after surgery are significantly decreased compared with preoperation (P < 0.001). The uPAR levels of serum and tissue present a positive correlation (r = 0.705, P < 0.001). The soluble uPAR in serum (suPAR) may be a more convenient indicator to reflect the uPAR system activity in vivo. It could be a tumor marker for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis monitor of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexian Jing
- Etiology and Tumor Markers Laboratory, Shanxi Province Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Lan Y, Zhang D, Wang K, Wang Y, Hua ZC. SPRY1 promotes the degradation of uPAR and inhibits uPAR-mediated cell adhesion and proliferation. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:683-97. [PMID: 25520860 PMCID: PMC4266704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a GPI anchored cell surface protein that is closely associated with invasion, migration, and metastasis of cancer cells. Many functional extracellular proteins and transmembrane receptors interact with uPAR. However, few studies have examined the association of uPAR with cytoplasm proteins. We previously used yeast two-hybrid screening to isolate several novel uPAR-interacting cytoplasmic proteins, including Sprouty1 (SPRY1), an inhibitor of the (Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase) MAPK pathway. In this study, we show that SPRY1 interacts with uPAR and directs it toward lysosomal-mediated degradation. Overexpression of SPRY1 decreased the cell surface and cytoplasmic uPAR protein level. Moreover, SPRY1 overexpression augmented uPAR-induced cell adhesion to vitronectin as well as proliferation of cancer cells. Our results also further support the critical role of SPRY1 contribution to tumor growth. In a subcutaneous tumor model, overexpression of SPRY1 in HCT116 or A549 xenograft in athymic nude mice led to great suppression of tumor growth. These results show that SPRY1 may affect tumor cell function through direct interaction with uPAR and promote its lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yan Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Division of Critical Care and Surgery, St. George Hospital, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW2217, Australia
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing University22 Han Kou Road, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc.Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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Zhou YQ, Lv XP, Li S, Bai B, Zhan LL. Synergy of urokinase‑type plasminogen activator receptor isomer (D1D2) and integrin α5β1 causes malignant transformation of hepatic cells and the occurrence of liver cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2568-74. [PMID: 25174715 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlations and possible synergy among the urokinase‑type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) isomer D1D2 and integrin α5β1 expression levels, malignant transformation in hepatic cells and the occurrence of liver cancer. The expression site and concentration of uPAR (D1D2) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization at the gene level in 60 samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, 60 samples of para‑carcinoma tissues and 25 samples of normal liver tissues. The mRNA levels of uPAR (D1D2) and integrin α5β1 were markedly increased para‑carcinoma tissue and liver cancer tissue as compared with those in normal tissue. The grey values of the three groups were significantly different (P<0.05). In situ hybridization revealed that the expression levels of uPAR (D1D2) and integrin α5β1 in the cytoplasm and the positive rate of the two molecules in the HCC tissue were significantly higher than those in the para-carcinoma and normal liver tissues, and the expression levels were positively correlated (rs1=0.257, P<0.05; rs2=0.261, P<0.05). The results suggested that uPAR (D1D2) mRNA overexpression may be due to changes in the conformation of the uPAR isomer. Synergy of uPAR (D1D2) mRNA and integrin α5β1 interaction may result in abnormal signal transduction in liver cells and ultimately liver cell abnormal clonal hyperplasia and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Wang S, Zheng G, Cheng B, Chen F, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xiong B. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detected by RT-PCR and its prognostic role in gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of published literature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99259. [PMID: 24901848 PMCID: PMC4047117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is controversial in gastric cancer (GC). We performed a meta-analysis of available studies to assess its prognostic value detected by RT-PCR for patients diagnosed with GC. Methods EMBase, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane library and Google Scholar database search was conducted on all studies reporting the outcomes of interest. The studies were set up according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed by using a random-effects model; hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were set as effect measures. The information about trial design, results from the data was independently extracted. Heterogeneity of the studies was tested for each pooled analysis. Results Nineteen studies published matched the selection criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. CTCs positivity was significantly associated with poor relapse free survival (RFS) (HR 2.42, 95% CI: [1.94–3.02]; P<0.001) and poor overall survival (OS) (HR 2.42, 95% CI: [1.94–3.02]; P<0.001). CTCs positivity were also significantly associated with regional lymph nodes (RLNs) metastasis (RR 1.42, 95% CI: [1.20–1.68]; p<0.0001), depth of infiltration (RR 1.51, 95% CI: [1.27–1.79]; p<0.0001), vascular invasion (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: [1.18–1.74], p = 0.0002) and TNM stage(I,II versus III) (RR 0.63, 95% CI [0.48–0.84]; p = 0.001). Conclusion Preoperative CTCs positivity indicates poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer, and associated with poor clinicopathological prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The 5 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Boran Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhenmeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Tsujiura M, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Otsuji E. Liquid biopsy of gastric cancer patients: Circulating tumor cells and cell-free nucleic acids. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3265-3286. [PMID: 24696609 PMCID: PMC3964398 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients, early detection and accurate monitoring of diseases are necessary. Numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to oncogenesis and cancer progression, and analyses of these changes have been increasingly utilized for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes in malignant diseases including gastric cancer (GC). Surgical and/or biopsy specimens are generally used to understand the tumor-associated alterations; however, those approaches cannot always be performed because of their invasive characteristics and may fail to reflect current tumor dynamics and drug sensitivities, which may change during the therapeutic process. Therefore, the importance of developing a non-invasive biomarker with the ability to monitor real-time tumor dynamics should be emphasized. This concept, so called “liquid biopsy”, would provide an ideal therapeutic strategy for an individual cancer patient and would facilitate the development of “tailor-made” cancer management programs. In the blood of cancer patients, the presence and potent utilities of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) such as DNA, mRNA and microRNA have been recognized, and their clinical relevance is attracting considerable attention. In this review, we discuss recent developments in this research field as well as the relevance and future perspectives of CTCs and cfNAs in cancer patients, especially focusing on GC.
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Mekkawy AH, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:918-56. [PMID: 24549574 DOI: 10.1002/med.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Laboratories, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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Ding Y, Zhang H, Zhong M, Zhou Z, Zhuang Z, Yin H, Wang X, Zhu Z. Clinical significance of the uPA system in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis. Eur J Med Res 2013; 18:28. [PMID: 23985164 PMCID: PMC3766264 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-18-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is involved in tumor cell metastasis by degrading the extracellular matrix. However, there is little direct evidence of clinical uPA system expression in peritoneal metastatic tissues of gastric cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate uPA system expression in peritoneal tissues of peritoneal and nonperitoneal metastasis patients, and to explore the diagnostic value of the uPA system. METHODS Expressions of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. uPA activity was detected using a uPA activity kit. RESULTS There was no significant difference in uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 expression in two types of peritoneal tissue in seven patients with peritoneal metastasis. However, uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 expressions in peritoneal metastatic lesions were significantly higher than those in normal peritoneal tissues of 24 nonperitoneal metastasis patients (P <0.05). Moreover, no statistical discrepancy of uPA activity was observed in various different tissues. CONCLUSIONS The expression of the uPA system positively correlates with peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer. This expression difference in peritoneal or nonperitoneal metastasis patients may provide a reference for diagnosis of peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Noh H, Hong S, Huang S. Role of urokinase receptor in tumor progression and development. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:487-95. [PMID: 23843896 PMCID: PMC3706692 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated level of urokinase receptor (uPAR) is detected in various aggressive cancer types and is closely associated with poor prognosis of cancers. Binding of uPA to uPAR triggers the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and the subsequent activation of metalloproteinases. These events confer tumor cells with the capability to degrade the components of the surrounding extracellular matrix, thus contributing to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. uPA-uPAR interaction also elicits signals that stimulate cell proliferation/survival and the expression of tumor-promoting genes, thus assisting tumor development. In addition to its interaction with uPA, uPAR also interacts with vitronectin and this interaction promotes cancer metastasis by activating Rac and stimulating cell migration. Although underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, uPAR has been shown to facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induce cancer stem cell-like properties in breast cancer cells. The fact that uPAR lacks intracellular domain suggests that its signaling must be mediated through its co-receptors. Indeed, uPAR interacts with diverse transmembrane proteins including integrins, ENDO180, G protein-coupled receptors and growth factor receptors in cancer cells and these interactions are proven to be critical for the role of uPAR in tumorigenesis. Inhibitory peptide that prevents uPA-uPAR interaction has shown the promise to prolong patients' survival in the early stage of clinical trial. The importance of uPAR's co-receptor in uPAR's tumor-promoting effects implicate that anti-cancer therapeutic agents may also be developed by disrupting the interactions between uPAR and its functional partners.
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Ma YY, Tao HQ. Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:285-90. [PMID: 22702495 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer research have led to major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable. Thus, further insights into tumor markers and subsequent development of targeted therapies are urgently needed. For decades the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system has been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells. Intervention with this proteolysis by targeting of uPA receptor (uPAR) has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in gastric cancer progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor also appears to mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. In this review, we discuss uPAR expression in gastric cancer, the relationship between uPAR and Helicobacter pylori, and recent insights into uPAR-signaling mechanisms. The role of uPAR as a cancer target in gastric cancer is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jensen K, Afroze S, Munshi MK, Guerrier M, Glaser SS. Mechanisms for nicotine in the development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. TRANSLATIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER 2012; 1:81-87. [PMID: 22701817 PMCID: PMC3371638 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-4778.2011.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-term smoking is major risk factor for a variety of cancers, including those of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historically, nicotine and its derivatives are well known for their role in addiction, and have more recently been documented for their carcinogenic role in a number of human cancers. The cellular and molecular pathways activated by nicotine mimic physiological and environmental carcinogenesis in cancers throughout the GI tract potentiating cancer growth and/or inducing the formation of cancer on their own. Thus, it is important to unlock the carcinogenic mechanisms induced by nicotine in these systems, and underscore nicotine's potential as an environmental hazard. This review outlines the specific pathways demonstrated to mediate nicotine's carcinogenic mechanism in the GI tract. The abundance of cell and animal evidence calls for increased epidemiologic and case-control evaluation of nicotine's role in cancer.
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Grunder E, D'Ambrosio R, Fiaschetti G, Abela L, Arcaro A, Zuzak T, Ohgaki H, Lv SQ, Shalaby T, Grotzer M. MicroRNA-21 suppression impedes medulloblastoma cell migration. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2479-90. [PMID: 21775132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumour in children, is characterised by a high risk of leptomeningeal dissemination. But little is known about the molecular mechanisms that promote cancer cell migration in MB. Aberrant expression of miR-21 is recognised to be causatively linked to metastasis in a variety of human neoplasms including brain tumours; however its function in MB is still unknown. In this study we investigated the expression level and the role of miR-21 in MB cell migration. miR-21 was found to be up-regulated, compared to normal cerebellum, in 29/29 MB primary samples and 6/6 MB-derived cell lines. Inverse correlation was observed between miR-21 expression and the metastasis suppressor PDCD4, while miR-21 repression increased the release of PDCD4 protein, suggesting negative regulation of PDCD4 by miR-21 in MB cells. Anti-miR-21 decreased protein expression of the tumour cell invasion mediators MAP4K1 and JNK, which are also known to be negatively regulated by PDCD4, and down-regulated integrin protein that is essential for MB leptomeningeal dissemination. Moreover miR-21 knockdown in MB cells increased the expression of two eminent negative modulators of cancer cell migration, E-Cadherin and TIMP2 proteins that are known to be positively regulated by PDCD4. Finally and importantly, suppression of miR-21 decreased the motility of MB cells and reduced their migration across basement membranes in vitro. Together, these compelling data propose miR-21 pathway as a novel mechanism impacting MB cell dissemination and raises the possibility that curability of selected MB may be improved by pharmaceutical strategies directed towards microRNA-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Grunder
- Oncology Department, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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Alpízar-Alpízar W, Christensen IJ, Santoni-Rugiu E, Skarstein A, Ovrebo K, Illemann M, Laerum OD. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor on invasive cancer cells: A prognostic factor in distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E329-36. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kotzsch M, Magdolen V, Greither T, Kappler M, Bache M, Lautenschläger C, Füssel S, Eckert AW, Luther T, Baretton G, Würl P, Taubert H. Combined mRNA expression levels of members of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system correlate with disease-associated survival of soft-tissue sarcoma patients. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:273. [PMID: 21702998 PMCID: PMC3152967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system are up-regulated in various solid malignant tumors. High antigen levels of uPA, its inhibitor PAI-1 and its receptor uPAR have recently been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) patients. However, the mRNA expression of uPA system components has not yet been comprehensively investigated in STS patients. Methods The mRNA expression level of uPA, PAI-1, uPAR and an uPAR splice variant, uPAR-del4/5, was analyzed in tumor tissue from 78 STS patients by quantitative PCR. Results Elevated mRNA expression levels of PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 were significantly associated with clinical parameters such as histological subtype (P = 0.037 and P < 0.001, respectively) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.017 and P = 0.003, respectively). In addition, high uPAR-del4/5 mRNA values were significantly related to higher tumor stage of STS patients (P = 0.031). On the other hand, mRNA expression of uPA system components was not significantly associated with patients' survival. However, in STS patients with complete tumor resection (R0), high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels were associated with a distinctly increased risk of tumor-related death (RR = 6.55, P = 0.054 and RR = 6.00, P = 0.088, respectively). Strikingly, R0 patients with both high PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA expression levels showed a significant, 19-fold increased risk of tumor-related death (P = 0.044) compared to the low expression group. Conclusion Our results suggest that PAI-1 and uPAR-del4/5 mRNA levels may add prognostic information in STS patients with R0 status and distinguish a subgroup of R0 patients with low PAI-1 and/or low uPAR-del4/5 values who have a better outcome compared to patients with high marker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kotzsch
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Qiu MZ, Li ZH, Zhou ZW, Li YH, Wang ZQ, Wang FH, Huang P, Aziz F, Wang DY, Xu RH. Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA in blood using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to predict recurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2010; 8:107. [PMID: 21040522 PMCID: PMC2989934 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood as an indicator of tumor recurrence has not been clearly established, particularly for gastric cancer patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the relationship between CTCs in peripheral blood at initial diagnosis and clinicopathologic findings in patients with gastric carcinoma. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 123 gastric carcinoma patients at initial diagnosis. mRNA was extracted and amplified for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA detection using real-time RT-PCR. Periodic 3-month follow-up examinations included serum CEA measurements and imaging. Results The minimum threshold for corrected CEA mRNA score [(CEA mRNA/GAPDH mRNA) × 106] was set at 100. Forty-five of 123 patients (36.6%) were positive for CEA mRNA expression. CEA mRNA expression significantly correlated with T stage and postoperative recurrence status (P = 0.001). Recurrent disease was found in 44 of 123 cases (35.8%), and 25 of these (56.8%) were positive for CEA mRNA. Of these patients, CEA mRNA was more sensitive than serum CEA in indicating recurrence. Three-year disease-free survival of patients positive for CEA mRNA was significantly poorer than of patients negative for CEA mRNA (P < 0.001). Only histological grade and CEA mRNA positivity were independent factors for disease-free survival using multivariate analysis. Conclusions CEA mRNA copy number in peripheral blood at initial diagnosis was significantly associated with disease recurrence in gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Real-time RT-PCR detection of CEA mRNA levels at initial diagnosis appears to be a promising predictor for disease recurrence in gastric adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Activation of 5-lipoxygenase is required for nicotine mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor cell growth. Cancer Lett 2010; 292:237-45. [PMID: 20061081 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is shown to be one of the carcinogenic agents for gastric cancer. Perturbation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) results in loss of intracellular adhesions leading to tumor progression. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanism of the long-term effects of nicotine on tumor progression in human gastric cancer cells. Nicotine activated 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in three gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45, MKN-28 and AGS). Cells treated with nicotine dose- and time-dependently induced cell proliferation, invasion and suppressed apoptosis. In addition, cell cycle progression analysis revealed that activation of 5-LOX modulated the G1/S phase transition regulatory proteins and caused cell proliferation. MK886 (5-LOX activating protein inhibitor) mediated the induction of apoptosis by elevation of caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Abrogation of 5-LOX repressed featured molecular markers of EMT (inactivation of E-cadherin and activation of transcriptional repressor Snail). Blockade of 5-LOX signaling resulted in downregulation of cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-7, -9), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), and pro-apoptotic proteins. Furthermore, suppression of Snail and induction of E-cadherin is extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-dependent. Thus, we conclude that the promotion effect of nicotine on cancer cell progression and EMT is mediated by Erk/5-LOX signaling pathway.
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Fukagawa T, Katai H, Sasako M. Isolated Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes of Patients with Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chang W, Ma L, Lin L, Gu L, Liu X, Cai H, Yu Y, Tan X, Zhai Y, Xu X, Zhang M, Wu L, Zhang H, Hou J, Wang H, Cao G. Identification of novel hub genes associated with liver metastasis of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2844-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Circulating tumor cells in gastrointestinal cancer. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2009; 17:577-82. [PMID: 19812887 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-009-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report in the nineteenth century, there have been numerous reports on the isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood in patients with various carcinomas. In general, CTCs have been observed in the peripheral blood of cancer patients at very low concentrations of 10(-7)-10(-8) of normal peripheral blood cells. The characterization is of considerable biomedical interest in order to understand how these cells can travel via the blood stream to anatomically distant sites and form metastatic disease. Recent progress in molecular oncology enables us to detect the CTCs in blood with highly sensitivity and specificity, and several studies have indicated the prognostic value of CTC detection in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Detection and measurement of CTCs in patients with gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers can be useful as a promising tool for judging tumor stage, predicting the distant metastasis and patient survival, and monitoring the response to cancer therapy. Standard procedures for CTC detection have to be established, and the clinical relevance should be verified in large-scale clinical trials. However, CTC detection is suggested to provide useful information for the tumor staging and anticancer treatments in clinical practices in the near future.
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