Association of future cancer metastases with fibroblast activation protein-α: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) is a vital surface marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and its high expression is associated with a higher tumor grade and metastasis. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed to associate future metastasis with FAP-α expression in cancer.

Methods

In our meta-analysis, relevant studies published before 20 February 2024 were systematically searched through online databases that included PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The association between FAP-α expression and metastasis, including distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, blood vessel invasion, vascular invasion, and neural invasion, was evaluated. A pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was reported as the measure of association.

Results

A total of 28meta-analysis. The random-effects model for five parameters showed that a high FAP-α expression was associated with blood vessel invasion (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.54-5.99, I 2 = 63%, P = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 2.14-5.93, I 2 = 0.00%, P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.96-3.81, I 2 = 65%, P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.16-5.79, I 2 = 81%, P < 0.001). However, our analysis showed no statistically significant association between high FAP-α expression and neural invasion (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.84-2.93, I 2 = 38%, P = 0.161).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis indicated that cancer cells with a high FAP-α expression have a higher risk of metastasis than those with a low FAP-α expression. These findings support the potential importance of FAP-α as a biomarker for cancer metastasis prediction.

Neuroprotective effect of Potentilla reptans L. root in the rat brain global ischemia/reperfusion model

Stroke is the most common cause of death among neurological diseases. The protective effects of Potentilla reptans L. include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. In this study, the brain protection and beta-amyloid effects of P. reptans root extract were investigated in the rat brain ischemia/reperfusion (IR) model. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8), including IR, sham, and three groups receiving P. reptans with concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 (g/kg/b.w.), which were injected daily for 7 days. For the IR model, the common carotid artery was occluded bilaterally for 8 min. All injections were intraperitoneal (IP). The shuttle box test was used to measure passive avoidance memory. Then the brain tissue was extracted for the histological examination of neuron counts and β-amyloid plaques using a morphometric technique, and finally, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used for statistical analysis of the data. Pretreatment with P. reptans improved memory impairment. Also, by examining the tissues of the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus areas of the hippocampus, it was observed that the number of plaques in the groups receiving P. reptans extract was reduced compared to the IR group, especially at the concentration of 0.05 g/kg/b.w. Also, P. reptans improved the number of neurons at all concentrations, in which the concentration of 0.05 g/kg/b.w. showed more effective therapeutic results. Taken together, we found that P. reptans root extract has beneficial effects on memory impairment, neuronal loss, and β-amyloid accumulation.

Strategy of targeting the tumor microenvironment via inhibition of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling new era to cancer chemo-immunotherapy resistance

The use of repurposing drugs that may have neoplastic and anticancer effects increases the efficiency and decrease resistance to chemotherapy drugs through a biochemical and mechanical transduction mechanisms through modulation of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling in tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling plays a vital role in mediating cancer metastasis and drug resistance after immune chemotherapy. The most essential hypothesis for induction of chemo-immunotherapy resistance is via activation of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling and preventing the infiltration of T cells after is mainly due to the interference between cytoskeleton, mechanical, biochemical, metabolic, vascular, and remodeling signaling pathways in TME. The structural components of the tumor that can be targeted in the fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling include the depletion of the TME components, targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor associated macrophages, alleviating the mechanical stress within the ECM, and normalizing the blood vessels. It has also been found that during immune-chemotherapy, TME injury and fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling causes the up-regulation of inhibitory signals and down-regulation of activated signals, which results in immune escape or chemo-resistance of the tumor. In this regard, repurposing or neo-adjuvant drugs with various transduction signaling mechanisms, including anti-fibrotic effects, are used to target the TME and fibroblast/fibrosis signaling pathway such as angiotensin 2, transforming growth factor-beta, physical barriers of the TME, cytokines and metabolic factors which finally led to the reverse of the chemo-resistance. Consistent to many repurposing drugs such as pirfenidone, metformin, losartan, tranilast, dexamethasone and pentoxifylline are used to decrease immune-suppression by abrogation of TME inhibitory signal that stimulates the immune system and increases efficiency and reduces resistance to chemotherapy drugs. To overcome immunosuppression based on fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling, in this review, we focus on inhibitory signal transduction, which is the physical barrier, alleviates mechanical stress and prevents mechano-metabolic activation.

Folic acid-conjugated dextran-coated Zn0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4 nanoparticles as systemically delivered nano heaters with self-regulating temperature for magnetic hyperthermia therapy of liver tumors

Successful cancer treatment using magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) strongly depends on biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). They can effectively accumulate in tumor tissues after systemic injection and generate heat in the therapeutic temperature range (42-48 °C) by exposure to an AC magnetic field (AMF). For this purpose, folic acid-conjugated dextran-coated Zn0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4 (FA-Dex-ZMF) NPs were synthesized as smart nano heaters with self-regulating temperatures for MHT of liver tumors. Animal studies on BALB/c mice showed that the prepared NPs did not cause acute toxicity upon administration up to 100 mg kg-1. Likewise, no significant changes in hematological and biochemical factors were observed. FA-Dex-ZMF NPs were studied by exposing them to different safe AC magnetic fields (f = 150 kHz, H = 6, 8, and 10 kA m-1). Calorimetric experiments revealed that the NPs reached the desired temperature range (42-48 °C), which was suitable for MHT. Moreover, the efficacy of FA-Dex-ZMF NPs in MHT of liver tumors was investigated in vivo in liver-tumor-bearing mice. The obtained results revealed that the average volume of tumors in the control group increased 2.2 times during the study period. In contrast, the tumor volume remained almost constant during treatment in the MHT group. The results indicated that folic acid-conjugated dextran-coated Zn0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4 NPs with self-regulating temperature could be a promising tool for systemically delivered MHT.

Niosomal Curcumin Suppresses IL17/IL23 Immunopathogenic Axis in Skin Lesions of Psoriatic Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Psoriasis (PS) is characterized by hyperplasia of epidermis and infiltration of immune cells in the dermis. A negligible susceptibility of hypodermic permeation for local anti-inflammatory remedies is one of the major causes of medication failures. Although curcumin (CUR) has indicated effectiveness in treatment of inflammation, its successful permeation through the stratum corneum is yet a challenging issue. Therefore, niosome (NIO) nanoparticles were used as curcumin carriers to enhance its delivery and anti-inflammatory effects. Curcumin-niosome (CUR-NIO) formulations were constructed by the thin-film-hydration (TFH) technique and were added to hyaluronic acid and Marine-collagen gel-based formulation. Five mild-to-moderate PS patients (18-60 years) with PASI scores < 30 with symmetrical and similar lesions were included in the study. The prepared formulation (CUR 15 µM) was topically administered for 4 weeks on the skin lesions, in comparison to the placebo. Clinical skin manifestations were monitored and skin punches were obtained for further gene expression analyses. There was a significant reduction in redness, scaling, and an apparent improvement in CUR-NIO-treated group in comparison to the placebo-treated counterpart. The gene expression analyses resulted in significantly downregulation of IL17, IL23, IL22, and TNFα, S100A7, S100A12, and Ki67 in CUR-NIO-treated lesions. Consequently, CUR-NIO could provide therapeutic approaches for the patients with mild-to-moderate PS by suppressing the IL17/IL23 immunopathogenic axis.

Prime Solution and Administration of Albumin in Pediatric Heart Surgery

The Article Abstract is not available.  

Treatment of Organophosphorus Exposure and Precautions in Using Succinylcholine

The Article Abstract is not available.

Breast tumor metastasis following filgrastim administration due to the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway

Filgrastim, a recombinant type of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), has a high potential to manage chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. It can increase stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) which may stimulate C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) to migrate bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells to the bloodstream. Here, we aimed to investigate in vitro and in vivo effects of filgrastim on cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. A lentivirus vector of the anti-CXCR4 receptor was first used for the CXCR4 knockout. Effects of filgrastim on cell proliferation and migration were then investigated on 4T1 cells by Transwell migration and wound healing assay. At last, the effects of filgrastim on cell metastasis and the possible involved mechanisms have been investigated in a metastatic murine breast tumor. The knockout of the CXCR4 receptor could lead to a decrease in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of the 4T1 cells. Filgrastim could directly target SDF-1 and upregulate the expression of the CXCR4 receptor. The knockout of the CXCR4 receptor reduced cell metastasis in an animal model of breast cancer. CXCR4 receptor stimulation by the filgrastim-affected pathways is a conserved evolutionary response that could increase cancer cell proliferation and consequent cell metastasis. Our results suggest that the activation of the CXCR4 receptor is a conserved evolutionary response that can increase cell proliferation, migration, and consequent metastasis. It seems that filgrastim may increase the chance of cancer cell metastasis in people continuously receiving it to increase the number of neutrophils. Filgrastim induces the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on tumor cell growth. SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 are vital targets for filgrastim. The CXCR4 can stimulate the PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. The SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway promotes cell chemotaxis and proliferation via MAPKs signaling. It also enhances cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis, increasing tumor cell metastasis. The STAT3-mediated inflammation is essential for tumorigenesis processes, and Akt, Wnt, STAT3, and CXCR4 signaling pathways are all correlated. CXCR4 = C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, SDF-1 = stromal-derived-factor-1, MAPK = mitogen activated protein kinase; NF-κB = nuclear factor-κB, PI3K = phosphoinositide 3-kinase, JAK = Janus kinase, STAT = signal transducer and activator of transcription, PLC = phospholipase C, PKC = Protein kinase C, GRK = G protein-coupled receptor kinase.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the action of carcinogens in gastric cancer with a glimpse into targeted therapy

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer imposes a substantial global health burden despite its overall incidence decrease. A broad spectrum of inherited, environmental and infectious factors contributes to the development of gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged compared to several other tumors with similar incidence and morbidity rates, owing to our limited knowledge of the role of carcinogens in this malignancy. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified gastric carcinogenic agents into four groups based on scientific evidence from human and experimental animal studies. This review aims to explore the potential comprehensive molecular and biological impacts of carcinogens on gastric cancer development and their interactions and interferences with various cellular signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

In this review, we highlight recent clinical trial data reported in the literature dealing with different ways to target various carcinogens in gastric cancer. Moreover, we touch upon other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches such as surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Rational clinical trials focusing on identifying suitable patient populations are imperative to the success of single-agent therapeutics. Novel insights regarding signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer can potentially improve treatment responses to targeted therapy alone or in combination with other/conventional treatments. Preventive strategies such as control of H. pylori infection through eradication or immunization as well as dietary habit and lifestyle changes may reduce the incidence of this multifactorial disease, especially in high prevalence areas. Further in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the role of carcinogenic agents in gastric cancer development may offer valuable information and update state-of-the-art resources for physicians and researchers to explore novel ways to combat this disease, from bench to bedside. A schematic outlining of the interaction between gastric carcinogenic agents and intracellular pathways in gastric cancer H. pylori stimulates multiple intracellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Wnt, Shh, Ras/Raf, c-MET, and JAK/STAT, leading to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and inflammatory cytokine release. EBV can stimulate intracellular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, Notch, TGF-β, and NF-κB, leading to cell survival and motility, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine and alcohol can lead to angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, proliferation, pro-inflammatory, migration, and chemotactic by stimulating various intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, and JAK/STAT. Processed meat contains numerous carcinogenic compounds that affect multiple intracellular pathways such as sGC/cGMP, p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K/AKT, leading to anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, proliferation, and invasion. Lead compounds may interact with multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, DNA methylation-dependent, and epigenetic-dependent, leading to tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis, malignancy, angiogenesis, DNA hypermethylation, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, WNT, TGF-β, EGF, FGFR2, and E-cadherin through UV ionizing radiation leads to cell survival, proliferation, and immortalization in gastric cancer. The consequence of PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, JAK/STAT, and WNT signaling stimulation by the carcinogenic component of Pickled vegetables and salted fish is the Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, inflammatory response, and migration.

Innovative targets of the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in response to low-dose aspirin in breast cancer patients

This study aimed to investigate innovative targets in breast cancer patients by considering the interaction of the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in response to low-dose aspirin. The candidate miRs were first taken from the GEO and TCGA databases. Then, the candidate network was constructed using the high-throughput sequencing data. The expression levels of candidate targets were finally measured using Real-Time PCR in luminal A breast cancer patients undergoing aspirin (80 mg daily for three months) and non-aspirin groups during chemotherapy after surgery. The expression levels of TGFβ, IL-17, IFNγ, and IL-β proteins were measured using the ELISA technique. 5 lncRNAs, 12 miRs, and 10 genes were obtained in the bioinformatic phase. A significant expression increase of the candidate tumor suppressor lncRNAs, miRs, and genes and a substantial expression decrease of the candidate onco-lncRNAs, oncomiRs, and oncogenes were achieved after the aspirin consumption. Unlike the non-aspirin group, the expression levels of TGFβ, IL-17, IFNγ, and IL-β proteins were significantly decreased following aspirin consumption. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a longer overall survival rate in the patients after aspirin consumption. Our results showed that the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network might be a significant target for aspirin; their expression changes may be a new strategy with potential efficacy for cancer therapy or prevention.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); where do they stand in tumorigenesis and how they can change the face of cancer therapy?

The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its components have recently attracted tremendous attention in cancer treatment strategies, as alongside the genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells, TME could also provide a fertile background for malignant cells to survive and proliferate. Interestingly, TME plays a vital role in the mediation of cancer metastasis and drug resistance even against immunotherapeutic agents. Among different cells that are presenting in TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have shown to have significant value in the regulation of angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and drug-resistance through manipulating the composition as well as the organization of extracellular matrix (ECM). Evidence has shown that the presence of both TAMs and CAFs in TME is associated with poor prognosis and failure of chemotherapeutic agents. It seems that these cells together with ECM form a shield around tumor cells to protect them from the toxic agents and even the adaptive arm of the immune system, which is responsible for tumor surveillance. Given this, targeting TAMs and CAFs seems to be an essential approach to potentiate the cytotoxic effects of anti-cancer agents, either conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or immunotherapies. In the present review, we aimed to take a deep look at the mechanobiology of CAFs and TAMs in tumor progression and to discuss the available therapeutic approaches for harnessing these cells in TME.

Novel targets in rectal cancer by considering lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in response to Lactobacillus acidophilus consumption: a randomized clinical trial

We aimed to explore the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in response to Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) consumption in rectal cancer patients. The candidate miRs were first taken from the GEO and TCGA databases. We constructed the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network using the high-throughput sequencing data. At last, we created a heatmap based on the experimental data to show the possible correlation of the selected targets. The expression levels of selected targets were measured in the samples of 107 rectal cancer patients undergoing placebo and probiotic consumption and 10 noncancerous subjects using Real-Time PCR. Our analysis revealed a group of differentially expressed 12 miRs and 11 lncRNAs, and 12 genes in rectal cancer patients. A significant expression increase of the selected tumor suppressor miRs, lncRNAs, and genes and a substantial expression decrease of the selected oncomiRs, onco-lncRNAs, and oncogenes were obtained after the probiotic consumption compared to the placebo group. There is a strong correlation between some network components, including miR-133b and IGF1 gene, miR-548ac and MSH2 gene, and miR-21 and SMAD4 gene. In rectal cancer patients, L. acidophilus consumption was associated with improved expression of the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network, which may provide novel monitoring and therapeutic approaches.

Prediction of COVID-19 manipulation by selective ACE inhibitory compounds of Potentilla reptant root: In silico study and ADMET profile

In the novel SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as a global emergency event, the main reason of the cardiac injury from COVID-19 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) targeting in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The inhibition of ACE2 induces an increase in the angiotensin II (Ang II) and the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) leading to impaired cardiac function or cardiac inflammatory responses. The ethyl acetate fraction of Potentilla reptans L. root can rescue heart dysfunction, oxidative stress, cardiac arrhythmias and apoptosis. Therefore, isolated components of P. reptans evaluated to identify natural anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents via molecular docking.

In silico molecular docking study were carried out using the Auto Dock software on the isolated compounds of Potentilla reptans root. The protein targets of selective ACE and others obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB). The best binding pose between amino acid residues involved in active site of the targets and compounds was discovered via molecular docking. Furthermore, ADMET properties of the compounds were evaluated.

The triterpenoids of P. reptans showed more ACE inhibitory potential than catechin in both domains. They were selective on the nACE domain, especially compound 5. Also, the compound 5 & 6 had the highest binding affinity toward active site of nACE, cACE, AT1R, ACE2, and TNF-α receptors. Meanwhile, compound 3 showed more activity to inhibit TXA2. Drug likeness and ADMET analysis showed that the compounds passed the criteria of drug likeness and Lipinski rules. The current study depicted that P. reptans root showed cardioprotective effect in COVID-19 infection and manipulation of angiotensin II-induced side effects.

An innovative systematic approach introduced the involved lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in cell cycle and proliferation after conventional treatments in breast cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

The present study aimed to explore the involved lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in the cell cycle and proliferation after conventional treatments in Luminal A breast cancer patients.

METHODS

The candidate miRNAs (miRs), lncRNAs, and mRNAs were first taken from the Gene Expression Omnibus and TCGA databases. The lncRNA-miR-mRNA network was then constructed using the high-throughput sequencing data. The expression levels of selected targets were measured in the breast cancer and healthy samples by the Real-Time PCR technique and compared with the clinical outcomes by the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Our analysis revealed a group of differentially expressed 3 lncRNAs, 9 miRs, and 14 mRNAs in breast cancer patients. A significant expression decrease of the selected tumor suppressor lncRNAs, miRs, and genes and a substantial expression increase of the selected onco-lncRNAs, oncomiRs, and oncogenes were obtained in the patients compared to the healthy group. The plasma levels of the lncRNAs, miRs, and mRNAs were more significant after the operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy than the pre-treatment. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the patients with a high expression of miR-21, miR-20b, IGF1R, and E2F2 and a low expression of miR-125a, PDCD4, and PTEN had exhibited a shorter overall survival rate.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that the underlying mechanisms of the lncRNA, miRs, and mRNAs and relevant signaling pathways may be considered predictive and therapeutic targets for breast cancer.

Potentilla reptans L. postconditioning protects reperfusion injury via the RISK/SAFE pathways in an isolated rat heart

Background

Our previous study indicated that Potentilla reptans root has a preconditioning effect by its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects in an isolated rat heart ischemia/reperfusion (IR) model. In the present study, we investigated the post-conditioning cardio-protective effects of Potentilla reptans and its active substances.

Methods

The ethyl acetate fraction of P. reptans root (Et) was subjected to an IR model under 30 min of ischemia and 100 min of reperfusion. To investigate the postconditioning effect, Et was perfused for 15 min at the early phase of reperfusion. RISK/SAFE pathway inhibitors, 5HD and L-NAME, were applied individually 10 min before the ischemia, either alone or in combination with Et during the early reperfusion phase. The hemodynamic factors and ventricular arrhythmia were calculated during the reperfusion. Oxidative stress, apoptosis markers, GSK-3β and SGK1 proteins were assessed at the end of experiments.

Results

Et postconditioning (Etpost) significantly reduced the infarct size, arrhythmia score, ventricular fibrillation incidence, and enhanced the hemodynamic parameters by decreasing the MDA level and increasing expression of Nrf2, SOD and CAT activities. Meanwhile, Etpost increased the BCl-2/BAX ratio and decreased Caspase-3 expression. The cardioprotective effect of Etpost was abrogated by L-NAME, Wortmannin (a PI3K/Akt inhibitor), and AG490 (a JAK/STAT3 inhibitor). Finally, Etpost reduced the expression of GSK-3β and SGK1 proteins pertaining to the IR group.

Conclusion

P. reptans reveals the post-conditioning effects via the Nrf2 pathway, NO release, and the RISK/SAFE pathway. Also, Etpost decreased apoptotic indexes by inhibiting GSK-3β and SGK1 expressions. Hence, our data suggest that Etpost can be a suitable natural candidate to protect cardiomyocytes during reperfusion injury.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03456-2.

A systematic approach introduced novel targets in rectal cancer by considering miRNA/mRNA interactions in response to radiotherapy

BACKGROUND

The discovery of miRNA/mRNA interactions in several biological samples prompted the researchers to explore new biomarkers in tumors.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the interactions of miRNA/mRNA in response to radiotherapy in the plasma samples of rectal cancer patients.

METHODS

Five microarray datasets related to cancerous and non-cancerous individuals were first used to construct networks. The databases of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were applied to analyze pathway enrichment. The plasma samples were then collected from 55 patients with recently diagnosed rectal cancer and 10 healthy subjects. For radiotherapy courses, the patients have consecutively received 30 sessions of local radiation for six weeks. At last, the expression of selected genes and miRNAs was experimentally measured before and after radiotherapy by qPCR, and the protein levels of the target genes were measured by ELISA assay. We evaluated the therapeutic responses based on the tumor regression grade of the Dworak classification.

RESULTS

We identified 5 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated miRNAs and 8 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated genes of the databases. There was a significant increase in tumor suppressor miRNAs, including miR-101-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-34a-5p, and a significant decrease in oncomiRs, including miR-221-3p and miR-17-5p, after radiotherapy compared to the pre-treatment. Moreover, the up-regulated miR-17-5p and miR-221-5p and the down-regulated miR-101-3p and miR-145-5p were directly related to rectal cancer through the interaction with the Wnt, RAS, PI3K, and TGF-β signaling pathways. An analysis of receiver operating characteristics showed that miRNAs 221, 17, and 23 were response-related in locally advanced rectal cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

It seems that monitoring the miRNA/mRNA interactions during radiotherapy can be an appropriate diagnostic tool to track the recovery process and respond to standard therapies.

Role of oxytocin and c-Myc pathway in cardiac remodeling in neonatal rats undergoing cardiac apical resection

Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide hormone that can improve cardiomyocyte proliferation, suggesting a potential heart regeneration function. Here, we investigated the role of oxytocin and the c-Myc pathway in cardiac remodeling in neonatal rats undergoing cardiac apical resection. We have utilized a knockout of oxytocin receptor (OTR) with OTR-shRNA. A neonatal rat model of cardiac resection (≈10%-15%) was first established. The protein levels of OTR and c-Myc and the expression of cyclin d1 and c-Myc genes were then evaluated in the cardiac tissues at 1, 7, and 21 days after cardiac resection. We also analyzed the proliferation of cardiomyocytes through α-actinin, BrdU, and ki-67 markers. At last, the hemodynamic and electrophysiologic functions were evaluated eight weeks after cardiac resection. At 21 days, the regeneration of cardiomyocytes was repaired among rats in the control and resection groups, while OTR-shRNA groups were failed to improve. Inhibition of OTR failed cardiac regeneration and reduced the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes. The c-Myc protein was significantly reduced in the OTR-shRNA injection hearts. Moreover, we have severely found a depressed heart function in the OTR-shRNA injection animals. These observations revealed that the OT must improve cardiac remodeling in neonatal rat hearts by regulating the c-Myc pathway.

Dual effects of atorvastatin on angiogenesis pathways in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Atorvastatin (ATO) can improve the transplantation efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after acute myocardial infarction. The present study aimed at ATO effects on the angiogenesis-signaling pathways from MSCs' differentiation to tissue angiogenesis. MSCs were first prepared from BALB/c mouse bone marrow. MTT assay was then done for the biodegradability of MSCs with the extracellular matrix. After that, the differentiation of cells into the bone and fat tissues was confirmed by Alizarin and Oil Red O staining. The extracellular matrix was then combined with the cells to the implant. Animals were intraperitoneally treated with ATO (2 and 40 mg/kg, daily) three days before cell transplantation to one week after. Finally, the assays were carried out by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, ELISA, Western blot, and RT-qPCR techniques. A phase-contrast microscope confirmed the morphology of cells. The cell differentiation into bone and fat tissues was confirmed by Alizarin red staining and flow cytometry, and the cell proliferation was confirmed by MTT assay. Unlike ATO 40 mg/kg group, ATO 2 mg/kg was significantly increased the CD31, eNOS, podocalyxin, von Willibrand factor, and alpha-smooth muscle actin proteins levels compared to the control group in vitro experiment. The expression of CD31 and VEGF proteins, as angiogenesis markers, and Ki-67 protein, as a proliferation marker, was significantly higher in a low dose of ATO (2 mg/kg) than that of the control group in vivo experiment. Unlike ATO 40 mg/kg, the expression levels of ERK, AKT, NF-ҝB, Rho, STAT3, Ets-1, HIF-1α, and VEGF proteins and genes were significantly increased in ATO 2 mg/kg compared to the control. A low dose of ATO can be a beneficial tool in the function of MSCs and their differentiation to tissue angiogenesis.

Six new triterpenoids from the root of Potentilla reptans and their cardioprotective effects in silico

Tormentic acid ester glucosides derivatives (1, 2 and 4), 3-oxoursane ester glycoside (3) and 11-methoxy-ursane ester glycosides (5, 6) as six new triterpenoids, along with catechin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Potentilla reptans root (Et) methanolic extract. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, IR and MS spectroscopy. Additionally, isolated triterpenoid compounds (1-6) and catechin were evaluated for their cardioprotective effects via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and glucocorticoid regulated kinase-1 (SGK1) protein kinase inhibition by Molecular Docking. Compound 1 and catechin (compound 7) exhibited significant inhibitory effects against GSK-3β and SGK1 protein kinases with a binding energy value -9.1 and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Hence, Et can be a suitable natural candidate to protect cardiomyocytes injury.

Preconditioning and anti-apoptotic effects of Metformin and Cyclosporine-A in an isolated bile duct-ligated rat heart

Despite all previous studies relating to the mechanism of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), the role of cirrhosis on Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) has not yet been explored. The present study strives to assess the cardioprotective role of IPC in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats as well as the cardioprotective role of Cyclosporin-A (CsA) and Metformin (Met) in CCM. Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Rats' hearts were isolated and attached to a Langendorff Apparatus. The pharmacological preconditioning with Met and CsA was done before the main ischemia. Myocardial infarct size, hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters, biochemical markers, and apoptotic indices were determined at the end of the experiment. Infarct size, apoptotic indices, arrhythmia score, and incidence of VF decreased significantly in the IPC group in comparison with the I/R group. These significant decreases were abolished in the IPC (BDL) group. Met significantly decreased the infarct size and apoptotic indices compared with I/R (BDL) and normal groups, while CsA led to similar decreases except in the level of caspase-3 and -8. Met and CsA decreased and increased the arrhythmia score and incidence of VF in the BDL groups, respectively. Functional recovery indices decreased in the I/R (BDL) and IPC (BDL) groups. Met improved these parameters. Therefore, the current study depicted that the cardioprotective effect of Met and CsA on BDL rats is mediated through the balance between pAMPK and apoptosis in the mitochondria.

Investigations of adsorption behavior and anti-inflammatory activity of glycine functionalized Al12N12 and Al12ON11 fullerene-like cages

The adsorption behavior of the amino acid, glycine (Gly), via the carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups onto the surfaces of Al₁₂N₁₂ and Al₁₆N₁₆ fullerene-like cages were computationally evaluated by the combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking studies. It was found that Gly can chemically bond with the Al₁₂N₁₂ and Al₁₆N₁₆ fullerene-like cages as its amino group being more favorable to interact with the aluminum atoms of the adsorbents compared to carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Oxygen and carbon doping were reported to reduce steric hindrance for Glycine interaction at Al site of Al₁₂ON₁₁/Gly and Al₁₂CN₁₁/Gly complexes. Interaction was further enhanced by oxygen doping due to its greater electron withdrawing effect. Herein, the Al₁₂ON₁₁/Gly complex where two carbonyl groups of Gly are bonded to the aluminum atoms of the Al₁₂N₁₂ fullerene-like cage is the most stable interaction configuration showing ∆_adsH and ∆_adsG values of -81.74 kcal/mol and -66.21 kcal/mol, respectively. Computational studies also revealed the frequency shifts that occurred due to the interaction process. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the Al₁₂N₁₂/Gly (-11.7 kcal/mol) and the Al₁₂ON₁₁/Gly (-9.2 kcal/mol) complexes have a good binding affinity with protein tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α was implicated as a key cytokine in various diseases, and it has been a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These results suggest that the Al₁₂N₁₂/Gly complex in comparison with the Al₁₆N₁₆/Gly, Al₁₂ON₁₁/Gly, and the Al₁₂CN₁₁/Gly complexes could be efficient inhibitors of TNF-α.

Enhancement of resistance to chemo-radiation by hsa-miR-1290 expression in glioblastoma cells

One of the resistance mechanisms to chemo-radiation is the efficiency of the DNA repair systems. MicroRNAs can alter the expression of their involved proteins; therefore, it may lead to a change in the response of cancer cells to adjuvant treatments. Here, the present study is aimed to investigate the role of hsa-miR-1290 on the chemo-radiation resistance and the target genes in the glioblastoma cells. First, we altered miR-1290 expression in the U-87 cells by using hsa-miR-1290 mimic and anti-miR-1290. Then, the Annexin V, CCK-8, MTT, colony formation, invasion, migration, and wound healing tests were utilized to study hsa-miR-1290 influences on cellular behavior such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Moreover, the qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the effects of miR-1290 on the SOCS4 gene expression. Our results represented that the overexpression of miR-1290 could increase cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to chemo-radiation. The results showed miR-1290 directly targeted the 3՛UTR of the SOCS4 gene and suppressed its expression. Moreover, the suppression of hsa-miR-1290 led to an increase of apoptosis and cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs and could also lead to decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our findings proposed that miR-1290 can function as a novel oncomiR in glioblastoma cells by regulating its downstream genes such as SOCS4. Moreover, hsa-miR-1290 may be employed as a therapeutic target for clinical therapy of glioblastoma.

In Vitro Synergistic Effect of Vancomycin and Some Antibacterial Agents Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant and Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be responsible for serious long-term infections. Sometimes monotherapy can be ineffective for the treatment of these infections; hence, it is hypothesized that combined drug treatment can be more potent in these cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of vancomycin and eight other antibacterial agents to identify the best combination pattern in the management of MRSA. Ameri-Ziaee double synergism test (AZDAST), double-disc, checkerboard, and time-kill methods were used to assess the synergistic effect in 24 isolates of S. aureus, including 22 MRSA and two methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Furthermore, based on the results, handmade combined antibiotic discs were prepared to evaluate the results of the checkerboard and time-kill methods at the plate level. All the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. Furthermore, penicillin had the highest resistance (100%) in all isolates. The synergistic activities were observed, when the vancomycin was combined with the imipenem, using three double-disc, checkerboard, and time-kill methods. The sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) amount of the combined discs could increase the diameter of the inhibition zone, confirming the results. The data obtained from this study suggested that vancomycin and imipenem together, even at sub-MIC, could be effective against MRSA and MSSA infections.

Targeting autophagy in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury: A novel therapeutic strategy

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. Myocardial reperfusion is known as an effective therapeutic choice against AMI. However, reperfusion of blood flow induces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through different complex processes including ion accumulation, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and so forth. One of the processes that gets activated in response to I/R injury is autophagy. Indeed, autophagy acts as a "double-edged sword" in the pathology of myocardial I/R injury and there is a controversy about autophagy being beneficial or detrimental. On the basis of the autophagy effect and regulation on myocardial I/R injury, many studies targeted it as a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in I/R injury and its targeting as a therapeutic strategy.

Functional biological pacemaker generation by T-Box18 protein expression via stem cell and viral delivery approaches in a murine model of complete heart block

Despite recent advances in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, the available options are still limited and associated with some complications. Induction of biological pacemakers via Tbx18 gene insertion in the heart tissue has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy for cardiac arrhythmia. Following a previous in vitro study reporting the production of Tbx18-expressing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs), we aimed to investigate the efficacy of these engineered cells to generate pacemaker rhythms in a murine model of complete heart block. We also attempted to generate a functional pacemaker by Tbx18 overexpression in native cardiac cells of rat heart. The hiPSC-derived pacemaker cells were produced by lentiviral delivery of Tbx18 gene to stem cells during a small molecule-based differentiation process. In the present study, 16 male albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to Tbx18-lentivirus (n = 4) and Tbx18-pacemaker cells (n = 4) administered via injection into the left ventricular anterolateral wall. The control rats received GFP-lentiviruses (n = 4) and GFP-pacemaker cells (n = 4). Fourteen days after the injection, the rats were sacrificed and analyzed by electrocardiography (ECG) recording using a Langendorff-perfused heart model following complete heart block induced by hypokalemia and crashing. Immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the expression of Tbx18, HCN4 and connexin 43 (Cx43) proteins in Tbx18-delivered cells of heart tissues. The heart rate was significantly reduced after complete heart block in all of the experimental rats (P < 0.05). Heart beating in the Tbx18-transduced hearts was slower compared with rats receiving Tbx18-pacemaker cells (P = 0.04). The duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF) was higher in the lentiviral Tbx18 group compared with the GFP-injected controls (P = 0.02) and the Tbx18-pacemaker cell group (P = 0.02). The ECG recording data showed spontaneous pacemaker rhythms in both intervention groups with signal propagation in Tbx18-transduced ventricles. Immunostaining results confirmed the overexpression of HCN4 and downregulation of Cx43 as a result of the expression of the Tbx18 gene and spontaneously contracting myocyte formation. We confirmed the formation of a functional pacemaker after introduction of Tbx18 via cell and gene therapy strategies. Although the pacemaker activity was better in gene-received hearts since there were longer VF duration and signal propagation from the injection site, more data should be gathered from the long-term activity of such pacemakers in different hosts.

The SAFE pathway is involved in the postconditioning mechanism of oxytocin in isolated rat heart

Oxytocin (OT) has a postconditioning effect against the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, its precise cardioprotection mechanism at the early reperfusion phase remains under debate. Our previous study revealed that OT postconditioning (OTpost) is cardioprotective by activating the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) pathway. Therefore, the present study is aimed to determine the biological effects of OTpost via the OT receptor and the activation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel (mitoKATP), nitric oxide (NO) release, and its anti-apoptotic effects against I/R injury in an isolated rat heart model. Sixty-three rats were randomly allocated to one of nine groups. OT was perfused 40 min prior to the regional ischemia or 15 min at the early reperfusion phase. AG490 (a JAK/STAT3 inhibitor), 5HD (a mitoKATP blocker), atosiban (an OT receptor antagonist), L-NAME (a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) were applied either alone or in combination with OT during the pre-ischemia phase and/or in the early reperfusion phase. Myocardial infarct size, hemodynamic factor, ventricular arrhythmia, coronary flow, cardiac biochemical marker, and the apoptosis index were determined at the end of reperfusion. Oxytocin postconditioning reduced infarct size, lactate dehydrogenase activity, arrhythmia score, ventricular fibrillation, and apoptosis. Moreover, AG490, 5HD, atosiban, and L-NAME abrogated the cardioprotective effects of OT. Our results demonstrated that the cardioprotective effects of OT are mediated by NO release, and the activation of mitoKATP and the SAFE pathway through the JAK/STAT3 signaling cascade that finally lead to decrease in the apoptosis index during the early reperfusion phase.

Oxytocin effects on the inhibition of the NF-κB/miR195 pathway in mice breast cancer

Oxytocin (OT) has the suppressive effects on breast tumor formation and development. We hypothesized that OT through the NF-κB inhibition can induce the miR-195 up-regulation which it can promote the cell apoptosis and inhibit the cell proliferation. Thirty-two BALB/c female mice were equally divided into four groups to study the effects of OT and atosiban (ATO) (an oxytocin receptor antagonist) on the mammary tumor growth. The animal weight, OT plasma concentration, and the tumor weight and volume were measured. Moreover, the tumor-related signaling pathways including NF-κB, miR-195, and Cyclin D1 were evaluated by qPCR assays, and Akt and ERK proteins were assessed by western blot at the end of the study. The volume and weight of tumors were significantly decreased after OT administration. The phosphorylated Akt and ERK expressions were significantly decreased in the OT group compared to the tumor group. In contrast, the dephosphorylated Akt and ERK expressions were significantly increased in the OT group in comparison with the tumor group. The mRNA expressions of miR-195, OTR, and Bax genes were significantly increased, and the mRNA expression of ERα, PI3K, NF-κB, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 genes were decreased in the OT group in comparison with the tumor group. Interestingly, ATO administration reversed these effects. These results can exhibit a new therapeutic potential for OT on the down-regulation of the NF-κB and up-regulation of miR-195 and consequently, decrease of the tumor volume and weight in a mouse model of breast cancer.

TBX18 transcription factor overexpression in human-induced pluripotent stem cells increases their differentiation into pacemaker-like cells

BACKGROUND

The discovery of gene- and cell-based strategies has opened a new area to investigate novel approaches for the treatment of many conditions caused by cardiac cell failure. The TBX18 (T-box 18) transcription factor is considered as a prominent factor in the sinoatrial node (SAN) formation during the embryonic development. In this in vitro study, the effect of TBX18 gene expression on human-induced pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) to induce pacemaker-like cells was examined.

METHODS

The human-dermal-fibroblast-derived iPSCs were transfected using chemical, physical, and Lentiviral methods of TBX18 gene delivery during differentiation into cardiomyocytes (CMs). After the differentiation process through small-molecule-based temporal modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, the hiPSC-CMs were analyzed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, and western blotting to investigate the accuracy of differentiation and identify the effect exerted by TBX18.

RESULTS

The hiPS-CMs showed spontaneous beating and expressed specific markers of cardiac cells. The lentiviral-mediated TBX18 delivery was the most efficient method for transfection. The results showed the increment in Connexin 43 expression among untransfected hiPS-CMs, whereas this protein was significantly downregulated followed by TBX18 overexpression. TBX18-hiPSCMs were detected with pacemaker cell features.

CONCLUSIONS

It was demonstrated that the TBX18 gene is able to conduct hiPSCs to differentiate into pacemaker-like cells. The TBX18 gene delivery seems to have the potential for the development of biological pacemakers; however, more investigations are still needed to assess its usefulness to fix arrhythmic conditions with SAN failure basis.

Chemical Decellularization Methods and Its Effects on Extracellular Matrix

Background:  Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by tissue decellularization processes as a biological scaffold due to its unique properties compared to other scaffolds for migration and implantation of stem cells have been used successfully in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the last years. The objective of this manuscript was to provide an overview of the chemical decellularization methods, evaluation of decellularized ECM and the potential effect of the chemical decellularization agents on the biochemical composition.Methods: We searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The literature search was done by using the following keywords: “ECM, biologic scaffold, decellularization, chemical methods, tissue engineering.” We selected articles have been published from 2000 to 2016, and 15 full texts and 97 abstracts were reviewed.Results:Employing an optimization method to minimize damage to the ECM ultrastructure as for a result of the lack of reduction in mechanical properties and also the preservation of essential proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), growth factor is required. Various methods include chemical, physical and enzymatic technics were studied. However, on each of these methods can have undesirable effects on ECM.Conclusion: It is suggested that instead of the Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which have high strength degradation, we can use zwitterionic separately or in combination with SDS. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) due to its unique properties can be used in decellularization process.

Hydro-alcoholic extract of Matricaria recutita exhibited dual anti-spasmodic effect via modulation of Ca2+ channels, NO and PKA2-kinase pathway in rabbit jejunum

OBJECTIVE

Several studies have shown the antispasmodic activity of Matricariarecutita without detailing the underlying mechanism(s). The present study was designed to determine whether the antispasmodic mechanisms of M. recutita extract mediated via histaminergic/cholinergic receptors, Ca²⁺channels, activation of PKA₂ and NO release in isolated rabbit jejunum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The concentration- dependent (3 × 10^-3-1.3 × 10^-2 mg/ml) antispasmodic effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of M. recutita flowers was studied in isolated rabbit jejunum. The isolated jejunum preparations were divided into seven groups, including the pharmacological probes that modulate cholinergic, histaminergic, and nitrergic receptors, as well as PKA₂.

RESULTS

M. recutita inhibited spontaneous smooth muscle contractility of the jejunum in a concentration-dependent manner (3 × 10^-3-1.3 × 10^-2 mg/ml) and reduced both K⁺- and Ca²⁺-induced contractions, which is similar to the effect of verapamil. The antispasmodic effect of M. recutita was inhibited by H89 (a PKA₂ inhibitor). The myorelaxant effect of M. recutita increased in the presence of ACh/His and H89.

CONCLUSION

M. recutita evoked antispasmodic and spasmolytic effects mediated through different signaling pathways. Our results have shown this dual inhibitory effect is mediated by blocking Ca²⁺ channels, activating His and ACh receptors, releasing NO, and activating PKA₂.

RISK pathway is involved in oxytocin postconditioning in isolated rat heart

The reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway is a fundamental signal transduction cascade in the cardioprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning. In the present study, we examined the cardioprotective role of oxytocin as a postconditioning agent via activation of the RISK pathway (PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2). Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups. The hearts were subjected under 30minutes (min) ischemia and 100min reperfusion. OT was perfused 15min at the early phase of reperfusion. RISK pathway inhibitors (Wortmannin; an Akt inhibitor, PD98059; an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and Atosiban (an OT receptor antagonist) were applied either alone 10min before the onset of the ischemia or in the combination with OT during early reperfusion phase. Myocardial infarct size, hemodynamic factors, ventricular arrhythmia, coronary flow and cardiac biochemical marker were measured at the end of reperfusion. OT postconditioning (OTpost), significantly decreased the infarct size, arrhythmia score, incidence of ventricular fibrillation, Lactate dehydrogenase and it increased coronary flow. The cardioprotective effect of OTpos was abrogated by PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 inhibitors and Atosiban. Our data have shown that OTpost can activate RISK pathway mostly via the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling cascades during the early phase of reperfusion.

MicroRNA-206, let-7a and microRNA-21 pathways involved in the anti-angiogenesis effects of the interval exercise training and hormone therapy in breast cancer

AIMS

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the targeting signal-transduction pathways that can mediate tumorigenesis via their down and/or up-regulation. For example, miR-21 and miR-206 can effect on the tumor angiogenesis as an oncomir and a tumor suppressor, respectively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of the interval exercise training in combination with tamoxifen and/or letrozole on miR-21, miR-206 and let-7 as well as their underlying pathways in regard to tumor angiogenesis in sixty four mice with breast tumor. ELISA, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR assays were performed accomplish the study.

KEY FINDINGS

The results showed that the tumor size was significantly declined in the exercise training, tamoxifen and letrozole groups compared to tumor group. Mir-206 and let-7 were up-regulated, and mir-21 expression was down-regulated in the exercise training compared to tumor group. Exercise training decreased the expression of ER-α, HIF-α, VEGF, CD31 and Ki67 in tumor tissue. The combination tamoxifen and/or letrozole with the exercise training could down-regulate the expression of ERα, miR-21, HIF-1α, TNF-α, CD31, Ki67 and VEGF, and up-regulate the expression of miR-206, PDCD-4, let-7 and IL-10 that led to reducing the angiogenesis and tumor growth.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our results showed that miR-21, miR-206 and let-7a pathways may involve in the anti-angiogenesis effects of the interval exercise training with hormone therapy in mice model of breast tumor.

Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Chamaemelum Nobile Extract in Breast Cancer Cells

Chamaemelum nobile (Asteraceae) commonly known as 'Roman chamomile' is a medicinal plant used for numerous diseases in traditional medicine, although its anticancer activity is unknown. The present study was carried out to investigate the anticancer as well as apoptotic activity of ethyl acetate fraction of C. nobile on different cancerous cell lines. The cells were treated with varying concentrations (0.001- 0.25 mg/mL) of this fraction for 24, 48 and 72 h. Apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cells following treatment with ethyl acetate fraction was measured using Annexin V/PI, flowcytometry and western blotting analysis. The results showed that C. nobile ethyl acetate fraction revealed relatively high antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 cells; however, it caused minimal growth inhibitory response in normal cells. The involvement of apoptosis as a major cause of the fraction-induced cell death was confirmed by annexin-V/PI assay. In addition, ethyl acetate fraction triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by decreasing the Bcl-2 as well as increasing of Bax protein expressions and subsequently increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Furthermore, decreased proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the presence of the fraction was associated with G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. These findings confirm that ethyl acetate fraction of C.nobile may contain a diversity of phytochemicals which suppress the proliferation of MCF-7 cells by inducing apoptosis.

Growth-Inhibitory and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Punica granatum L. var. spinosa (Apple Punice) on Fibrosarcoma Cell Lines

PURPOSE

Punica granatum L. var. granatum (Pomegranate), an herbaceous plant found in Iran, The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects, induction of apoptosis, and the mechanism of cell death of ethanol extract from Punica granatum L. var. spinosa on the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line, WEHI-164.

METHODS

Various parts of the herbs were extracted from fruit using ethanol as the solvent, and the cytotoxicity and cell viability of the ethanolic extract were determined by the MTT assay. To determine whether necrosis or apoptosis is the predominant cause of cell death, cell death detection was performed using the ELISA method. The induction of apoptosis was confirmed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TdT-) mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Moreover, a sensitive immunoblotting technique was used to examine the production of Caspase-3 and Bcl2 proteins.

RESULTS

Our findings suggested that the ethalonic extract of Punica granatum L. var. spinosa altered cell morphology, decreased cell viability, suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner in WEHI-164 cells (IC50 = 229.024μg/ml), when compared to a chemotherapeutic anticancer drug, Toxol (Vesper Pharmaceuticals), with increased nucleosome production from apoptotic cells. Induction of apoptosis by the plant extract was proved by the decrease of pro-Caspase-3 and Bcl2 proteins and quantitatively confirmed by Immunoblotting analysis.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained from the present study have demonstrated the growth-inhibitory effect of Ethanol Extracts from Punica granatum L. var. spinosa, and clearly showed that apoptosis was the major mechanism of in-vitro cell death induced by the extract.

Outcome improvement of cellular cardiomyoplasty using triple therapy: mesenchymal stem cell+erythropoietin+vascular endothelial growth factor

To improve cellular cardiomyoplasty efficacy after myocardial infarction (MI), we postulated that combining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation with anti-apoptotic and angiogenic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may provide better prognosis in an infarcted heart 48 rats, underwent left anterior descending artery ligation, were divided into eight groups and treated as follows: Group 1: MSC+EPO+VEGF, Group 2: MSC+EPO, Group 3: MSC+VEGF, Group 4: MSC, Group 5: EPO+VEGF, Group 6: EPO, Group 7: VEGF and Group 8: Control. After MI induction, EPO and VEGF were injected subcutaneously at the dose of 3000 U/kg and 3 µg/kg respectively. MSCs were transplanted one week after MI. In the fourteenth and sixteenth days after infarction, EPO was injected again. Echocardiography demonstrated that all treatments improved left ventricular function significantly (before vs. after treatment) but in control group ejection fraction deteriorated over the 2-months period. Percent of ejection fraction recovery in all treatment groups were significantly greater than control (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, all treatments attenuated cell death in peri-infarct areas significantly, except groups 6 and 7. Vascular density of all treatment groups were more than control group but this superiority was statistically significant only in group 1 (P<0.01). All of our treatments had beneficial effects to some extent but MSC transplantation combined with EPO and VEGF administration resulted in superior therapeutic outcome in enhancing cell survival and neovascularization.

Impact of fumonisin B1 on the production of inflammatory cytokines by gastric and colon cell lines

Fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins, are mainly toxic and carcinogenic. The present study was carried out to evaluate fumonisin B1 (FB1) effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines by gastric and colon cell lines. The study was performed on two cell lines under in vitro condition, including gastric epithelial cell line (AGS) and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (SW742). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for inflammatory cytokine induction. The culture medium was supplemented with 4.5-72 mg/l of FB1 for 72 h before cell induction. The supernatants were harvested 24 h after the induction and measured for cytokines by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.FB1 induced a dose-dependent increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in both AGS and SW742 cell lines. This increase was statistically significant with concentration of FB1 between 9 and 72 mg/l (P < 0.05). FB1 also induced a dose-dependent decrease in interleukin-8 production. This decrease was seen in both cell lines and showed a statistical significance with FB1 concentration (P < 0.05).The results show that FB1 increases inflammatory cytokines production by various gastric and intestinal cells. This effect in the long run can possibly be the basis for the occurrence or development of inflammation and subsequent atrophy in the above-mentioned tissues.

The role of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and protein kinase C in oxytocin-induced cardioprotection in ischemic rat heart

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common complication of heart disease that is the leading cause of death worldwide. Here, we plan to elucidate oxytocin cardioprotection effects against ischemia-reperfusion via nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and protein kinase C (PKC) in anesthetized rat preconditioned myocardium. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into eight groups. All animals were subjected to 25 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Oxytocin (OT), L-NAME (LNA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), chelerythrine (CHE, a PKC enzyme inhibitor), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger) were used prior to ischemia. Results showed that mean arterial pressure significantly reduced during the first 10 min of ischemia and reperfusion in IR, LNA, CHE, and NAC groups (p<0.05). OT prevented mean arterial pressure decline during early phase of ischemia and reperfusion. Cardioprotective effects of OT in infarct size, plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase, severity and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias were abolished by L-NAME, chelerythrine, and N-acetylcysteine (p<0.05). The present study showed that OT pretreatment reduces myocardial infarct size and ventricular arrhythmias, and improves mean arterial pressure via NO production, PKC activation, and ROS balance. These findings provide new insight into therapeutic strategies for ischemic heart disease.

Relationship between consultation length and rational prescribing of drugs in Gorgan City, Islamic Republic of Iran

Doctors with longer consultation times tend to diagnose illnesses more precisely, prescribe fewer drugs and present better health advice to their patients. The aim of this study was to measure the average consultation time of general practitioners in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran and to investigate the factors affecting consultation length, especially in relation to rational prescribing of drugs. Data were collected on 620 patient consultations with 62 randomly selected general practitioners. Mean consultation length was 6.9 (SD 2.6) minutes. Patient factors that were significantly associated with a longer mean duration of consultation time were: higher number of health problems, older age and fewer items of previously used drugs. Physician factors that were significantly associated with a longer mean consultation time were: younger age, higher numbers of items prescribed and injectable drugs prescribed, frequency of interruptions and higher workload.

Oxytocin protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rat heart: role of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel and permeability transition pore

The current study examines the protective effect of oxytocin (OT) on cardiomyocyte apoptosis modulated by mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (mitoKATP) channel and permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the preconditioned myocardium of anesthetized rats. Eighty rats were equally divided into eight groups. The hearts of all animals except for the sham group were subjected to 25 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Oxytocin, 5-hydroxydeconoate (5-HD), a specific inhibitor of the mitoKATP channel, and atractyloside (ATRC), an mPTP opener, were used prior to ischemia. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the experiment. Evaluations were made by infarct size, plasma lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry studies. OT prevented mean arterial pressure drop during early phase of ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with OT before IR induction normalizes cardiomyocytes both in light microscopy and TEM observations. In addition, OT significantly reduced TUNEL- and increased Bcl-2-labeled positive cell number relative to IR (p<0.05). However, 5HD or ATRC inhibited the protective effects of OT on cardiomyocytes damaged by IR (p<0.05). Ultrastructural changes including extensive myofibril loss, sarcolemmal disruption and mitochondrial swelling due to amorphous dens bodies indicate necrosis induction in 5HD and ATRC as well as in IR groups. Restoration of immunohistochemistry parameters and protection against IR-induced ultrastructural changes confirm OT cardioprotective effects via mitoKATP channel and mPTP modulation in apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion.

Studies on the Cytotoxic Activities of Punica granatum L. var. spinosa (Apple Punice) Extract on Prostate Cell Line by Induction of Apoptosis

The Punica granatum L. var. granatum (pomegranate) has been demonstrated to exert antitumor effects on various types of cancer cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the medicinal herbs Punica granatum L. var. spinosa (apple punice) that are native to Iran. This study was determined to test the possible cytotoxic activity and induction of apoptosis on human prostate cell lines. The effect of ethanol extracts of the herbs on the inhibition of cell proliferation was assessed by MTT colorimetric assay. PC3 cell lines treated with the extracts were analyzed for the induction of apoptosis by cell death detection (ELISA) and TUNEL assay. Dye exclusion analysis was performed for viability rate. Our results demonstrated that the Punica granatum L. var. spinosa extract dose dependently suppressed the proliferation of PC3 cells (IC(50)= 250.21 μg/mL) when compared with a chemotherapeutic anticancer drug (Toxol) (Vesper Pharmaceuticals) with increased nucleosome production from apoptotic cells. The Punica granatum L. var. spinosa extract attenuated the human prostate cell proliferation in vitro possibly by inducing apoptosis. The Punica granatum L. var. spinosa is likely to be valuable for the treatment of some forms of human prostate cell line.