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Ahangar Davoodi N, Najafi S, Naderi Ghale-Noie Z, Piranviseh A, Mollazadeh S, Ahmadi Asouri S, Asemi Z, Morshedi M, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Hamblin MR, Sheida A, Mirzaei H. Role of non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in retinoblastoma progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1065837. [PMID: 36619866 PMCID: PMC9816416 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1065837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare aggressive intraocular malignancy of childhood that has the potential to affect vision, and can even be fatal in some children. While the tumor can be controlled efficiently at early stages, metastatic tumors lead to high mortality. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are implicated in a number of physiological cellular process, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion, The deregulation of ncRNAs is correlated with several diseases, particularly cancer. ncRNAs are categorized into two main groups based on their length, i.e. short and long ncRNAs. Moreover, ncRNA deregulation has been demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis and development of RB. Several ncRNAs, such as miR-491-3p, miR-613,and SUSD2 have been found to act as tumor suppressor genes in RB, but other ncRNAs, such as circ-E2F3, NEAT1, and TUG1 act as tumor promoter genes. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ncRNAs can provide new opportunities for RB therapy. In the present review, we discuss the functional roles of the most important ncRNAs in RB, their interaction with the genes responsible for RB initiation and progression, and possible future clinical applications as diagnostic and prognostic tools or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Ahangar Davoodi
- Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zari Naderi Ghale-Noie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashkan Piranviseh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sahar Ahmadi Asouri
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammadamin Morshedi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Amirhossein Sheida
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,*Correspondence: Amirhossein Sheida, ; Hamed Mirzaei, ,
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,*Correspondence: Amirhossein Sheida, ; Hamed Mirzaei, ,
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Li L, Liu J, Huang W. E2F5 promotes proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer through directly upregulating UBE2T transcription. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:937-945. [PMID: 34583905 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of E2F5 upregulation and its pro-tumor functions have not been elucidated in gastric cancer (GC). Here, the expression, prognostic value, mutation status, and promoter methylation of E2F5 were evaluated. The effects of E2F5 depletion on cell proliferation and invasion in GC, were also assessed through in vitro experiments. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to analyze the potential downstream regulator of E2F5. The study also assessed the correlation and transcription regulation between E2F5 and UBE2T. Finally, the roles of UBE2T in E2F5-related pro-tumor functions were examined. The findings revealed that E2F5 was upregulated and showed remarkable association with pathological variables and prognosis. Hypomethylation of the E2F5 promoter predicted poor prognosis and partially caused E2F5 upregulation in GC. E2F5 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of GC cells. E2F5 had a significant positive correlation with UBE2T in GC. Mechanistically, E2F5 promoted UBE2T transcription and UBE2T overexpression reversed the effects of E2F5 depletion on the proliferation and invasion of cells in GC. Taken together, this study originally confirmed the upregulation of E2F5 in GC, revealed that E2F5 can directly upregulate UBE2T transcription, and subsequently promote the malignant progression, which highlights that the E2F5/UBE2T axis can potentially be used in the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Department of pathology, Heping hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha 410008, China; Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy (RCCT), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Malgundkar SH, Burney I, Al Moundhri M, Al Kalbani M, Lakhtakia R, Okamoto A, Tamimi Y. E2F5 Promotes the Malignancy of Ovarian Cancer Via the Regulation of Hippo and Wnt Pathways. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:179-186. [PMID: 33734894 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E2F5 is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in the early stages of ovarian cancer and has been suggested as a potential biomarker for early detection. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of E2F5 in invasion and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Materials and Methods: We performed cell viability, colony formation, and invasion assays using ovarian cancer cells treated with siRNA to knock down the E2F5 gene. The regulatory effects of E2F5 on proteins involved in the apoptotic, Wnt, Hippo, and retinoblastoma signaling pathways were evaluated by western blotting following E2F5 repression. In addition, we analyzed data available on Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis for correlations between E2F5 and YAP, β-catenin, cyclin D1, cdk4, and caspase-9. Results: E2F5 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer cell lines and samples when compared to the nonmalignant tissues. Downregulation of E2F5 inhibited cell viability and invasion and promoted the phosphorylation of YAP, GSK-3-β, β-catenin, and retinoblastoma. However, cyclin D1, cdk4, and caspase-9 were downregulated when compared to control. Conclusion: Overall, E2F5 promotes ovarian carcinogenesis via the regulation of Hippo and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shika Hanif Malgundkar
- Department of Biochemistry,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ikram Burney
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mansour Al Moundhri
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Moza Al Kalbani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ritu Lakhtakia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yahya Tamimi
- Department of Biochemistry,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Karmakar D, Maity J, Mondal P, Shyam Chowdhury P, Sikdar N, Karmakar P, Das C, Sengupta S. E2F5 promotes prostate cancer cell migration and invasion through regulation of TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1767-1780. [PMID: 32386317 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that a deregulated E2F5/p38/SMAD3 axis was associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we investigate the role of E2F5 in PCa in further details. RNAi-mediated E2F5 knockdown and pathway-focused gene expression profiling in PC3 cells identified TFPI2 as a downstream target of E2F5. Manipulation of E2F5 expression was also found to alter MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels as detected by Proteome Profiler array, western blot and reverse transcription coupled quantitative polymerase chain reaction Site-directed mutagenesis, dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation with anti-E2F5-IgG coupled with qPCR confirmed recruitment of E2F5 on TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoters. RNAi-mediated knockdown of E2F5 expression in PC3 caused a significant alteration of cell migration while that of TFFI2 resulted in a modest change. Abrogation of E2F5 and TFPI2 expression was associated with significant changes in the gelatinolytic activity of active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, E2F5, MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were elevated in biopsies of PCa patients relative to that of benign hyperplasia, while TFPI2 expression was reduced. MMP-9 was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-TFPI2-IgG in PCa tissue samples suggesting a direct interaction between the proteins. Finally, artemisinin treatment in PC3 cells repressed E2F5 along with MMP-2/MMP-9 while triggering TFPI2 expression which alleviated PC3 aggressiveness possibly through inhibition of MMP activities. Together, our study reinstates an oncogenic role of E2F5 which operates as a dual-function transcription factor for its targets TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and promotes cellular invasiveness. This study also indicates a therapeutic potential of artemisinin, a natural compound which acts by correcting dysfunctional E2F5/TFPI2/MMP axis in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotirindra Maity
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute (HBNI), BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Puskar Shyam Chowdhury
- Department of Urology, K. P. C. Medical College and Hospital Campus, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilabja Sikdar
- Human Genetics Unit, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Life Sciences, Homi Bhaba National Institute (HBNI), BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Qi JC, Yang Z, Lin T, Ma L, Wang YX, Zhang Y, Gao CC, Liu KL, Li W, Zhao AN, Shi B, Zhang H, Wang DD, Wang XL, Wen JK, Qu CB. CDK13 upregulation-induced formation of the positive feedback loop among circCDK13, miR-212-5p/miR-449a and E2F5 contributes to prostate carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:2. [PMID: 33390186 PMCID: PMC7780414 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Both E2F transcription factor and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which increase or decrease E2F activity by phosphorylating E2F or its partner, are involved in the control of cell proliferation, and some circRNAs and miRNAs regulate the expression of E2F and CDKs. However, little is known about whether dysregulation among E2Fs, CDKs, circRNAs and miRNAs occurs in human PCa. Methods The expression levels of CDK13 in PCa tissues and different cell lines were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In vitro and in vivo assays were preformed to explore the biological effects of CDK13 in PCa cells. Co-immunoprecipitation anlysis coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify E2F5 interaction with CDK13. A CRISPR-Cas9 complex was used to activate endogenous CDK13 and circCDK13 expression. Furthermore, the mechanism of circCDK13 was investigated by using loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays in vitro and in vivo. Results Here we show that CDK13 is significantly upregulated in human PCa tissues. CDK13 depletion and overexpression in PCa cells decrease and increase, respectively, cell proliferation, and the pro-proliferation effect of CDK13 is strengthened by its interaction with E2F5. Mechanistically, transcriptional activation of endogenous CDK13, but not the forced expression of CDK13 by its expression vector, remarkably promotes E2F5 protein expression by facilitating circCDK13 formation. Further, the upregulation of E2F5 enhances CDK13 transcription and promotes circCDK13 biogenesis, which in turn sponges miR-212-5p/449a and thus relieves their repression of the E2F5 expression, subsequently leading to the upregulation of E2F5 expression and PCa cell proliferation. Conclusions These findings suggest that CDK13 upregulation-induced formation of the positive feedback loop among circCDK13, miR-212-5p/miR-449a and E2F5 is responsible for PCa development. Targeting this newly identified regulatory axis may provide therapeutic benefit against PCa progression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chun Qi
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Ya-Xuan Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Chun-Cheng Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Kai-Long Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - An-Ning Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jin-Kun Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan E Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Chang-Bao Qu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Oshi M, Takahashi H, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Rashid OM, Nagahashi M, Matsuyama R, Endo I, Takabe K. The E2F Pathway Score as a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in ER+/HER2- Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E1643. [PMID: 32650578 PMCID: PMC7407968 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors play critical roles in the cell cycle. Therefore, their activity is expected to reflect tumor aggressiveness and responsiveness to therapy. We scored 3905 tumors of nine breast cancer cohorts for this activity based on their gene expression for the Hallmark E2F targets gene set. As expected, tumors with a high score had an increased expression of cell proliferation-related genes. A high score was significantly associated with shorter patient survival, greater MKI67 expression, histological grade, stage, and genomic aberrations. Furthermore, metastatic tumors had higher E2F scores than the primary tumors from which they arose. Although tumors with a high score had greater infiltration by both pro- and anti-cancerous immune cells, they had an increased expression of immune checkpoint genes. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative cancer with a high E2F score achieved a significantly higher pathological complete response (pCR) rate to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The E2F score was significantly associated with the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-related genes and strongly correlated with sensitivity to CDK inhibition in cell lines. In conclusion, the E2F score is a marker of breast cancer aggressiveness and predicts the responsiveness of ER-positive/HER2-negative patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and possibly to CDK and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (H.T.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 2360004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (H.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (H.T.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Omar M. Rashid
- Department of Surgery, Holy Cross Hospital, Michael and Dianne Bienes Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33308, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 9518520, Japan;
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 2360004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 2360004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (H.T.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 2360004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 9518510, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 1608402, Japan
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Li Q, Shi J, Xu X. MicroRNA-1271-5p inhibits the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer through targeting E2F5 and negatively regulates the mTOR signaling pathway. Panminerva Med 2020; 63:336-342. [PMID: 32414231 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.03939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-1271-5p (miR-1271-5p) has been reported to participate in the progression of many human cancers. However, the role of miR-1271-5p still remains unclear in ovarian cancer (OC). Therefore, we explored the effect of miR-1271-5p on the development of OC in present study. METHODS We measured the miR-1271-5p expression via the qRT-PCR assay. Then the function of miR-1271-5p was analyzed through MTT and Transwell assays. The relationship among miR-1271-5p and E2F5 was verified by dual luciferase assay. The protein expression levels were examined through western blot. RESULTS MiR-1271-5p was downregulated in OC tissues which predicted poor prognosis of OC patients. Moreover, E2F5 was a direct target of miR-1271-5p in OC. And miR-1271-5p suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in OC through targeting E2F5. Furthermore, E2F5 was upregulated in OC tissues which predicted poor prognosis of OC patients. Besides that, miR-1271-5p suppressed EMT and mTOR pathway in OC. CONCLUSIONS MiR-1271-5p inhibited the tumorigenesis of OC through targeting E2F5 and negatively regulated the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China -
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Lafta IJ. E2F6 is essential for cell viability in breast cancer cells during replication stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:293-304. [PMID: 31768102 PMCID: PMC6823915 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
E2F6 is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors involved in regulation of a wide variety of genes through both activation and repression. E2F6 has been reported as overexpressed in breast cancers but whether or not this is important for tumor development is unclear. We first checked E2F6 expression in tumor cDNAs and the protein level in a range of breast cancer cell lines. RNA interference-mediated depletion was then used to assess the importance of E2F6 expression in cell lines with regard to cell cycle profile using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and a cell survival assay using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The overexpression of E2F6 was confirmed in breast tumor cDNA samples and breast cancer cell lines. Depletion of E2F6 in the breast cancer cells reduced cell viability in MCF-7, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231 cells. There was little effect in the nontumor breast cell line MCF-10A. The deleterious effect on cancer cells was greater during replication stress, leading to an increase in the proportion of breast cancer cells with sub-G1 DNA content. These results suggest that E2F6 might be essential for the survival of breast cancer cells experiencing replication stress, and therefore it could be a target for combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Jasim Lafta
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-RB-E2F axis forms the core transcriptional machinery driving cell cycle progression, dictating the timing and fidelity of genome replication and ensuring genetic material is accurately passed through each cell division cycle. The ultimate effectors of this axis are members of a family of eight distinct E2F genes encoding transcriptional activators and repressors. E2F transcriptional activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle via transcriptional and translational regulation, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors and subcellular localization. Alterations in one or more key components of this axis (CDKs, cyclins, CDK inhibitors and the RB family of proteins) occur in virtually all cancers and result in heightened oncogenic E2F activity, leading to uncontrolled proliferation. In this Review, we discuss the activities of E2F proteins with an emphasis on the newest atypical E2F family members, the specific and redundant functions of E2F proteins, how misexpression of E2F transcriptional targets promotes cancer and both current and developing therapeutic strategies being used to target this oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Alexandrou S, George SM, Ormandy CJ, Lim E, Oakes SR, Caldon CE. The Proliferative and Apoptotic Landscape of Basal-like Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030667. [PMID: 30720718 PMCID: PMC6387372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype that represents up to 15% of breast cancers. It occurs in younger patients, and typically shows rapid development of locoregional and distant metastasis, resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. Its defining features are that it is positive for basal cytokeratins and, epidermal growth factor receptor and/or c-Kit. Problematically, it is typically negative for the estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which means that it is unsuitable for either hormone therapy or targeted HER2 therapy. As a result, there are few therapeutic options for BLBC, and a major priority is to define molecular subgroups of BLBC that could be targeted therapeutically. In this review, we focus on the highly proliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype of BLBC with the goal of defining potential therapeutic avenues, which could take advantage of these aspects of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alexandrou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Sandra Marie George
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Christopher John Ormandy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Elgene Lim
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Samantha Richelle Oakes
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Ji W, Shi Y, Wang X, He W, Tang L, Tian S, Jiang H, Shu Y, Guan X. Combined Androgen receptor blockade overcomes the resistance of breast cancer cells to palbociclib. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:522-532. [PMID: 30745839 PMCID: PMC6367574 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of cyclin D -Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6)-Rb axis has been implicated in breast cancer progression and the selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have shown effective activity in advanced breast cancer, especially in tumors driven by the estrogen receptor (ER). However, resistance to these small molecular inhibitors has become an inevitable clinical issue after their initial use. Here, we investigated the potential mechanism of resistance by establishing a CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib-resistant breast cancer cell line (MCF-7pR). After prolonged exposure to palbociclib, we detected the loss of the ER signaling and an increase in androgen receptor (AR). Moreover, we demonstrated more localization of AR in the cell nucleus of MCF-7pR compared to the parental cell (MCF-7). We also reported that AR could promote the progression of the cell cycle. Blockade of AR signaling could reduce the level of the relative G1-S cyclins, abolish Rb phosphorylation and inhibit the activation of transcriptional programs in S phase. Furthermore, dual inhibition of AR and CDK4/6 could reverse the resistance of palbociclib both in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our studies provide evidence that AR activation promotes cell cycle progression and cell proliferation in CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, and identify AR inhibition as a putative novel therapeutic strategy to treat CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yaqin Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Weiwei He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shengwang Tian
- Department of Oncology, JinTan People's Hospital, Jintan 213200, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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12
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Abdollahzadeh R, Daraei A, Mansoori Y, Sepahvand M, Amoli MM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) cross talk and language in ceRNA regulatory networks: A new look at hallmarks of breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10080-10100. [PMID: 30537129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy in women worldwide. Despite the substantial advancement in understanding the molecular mechanisms and management of BC, it remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. One of the main reasons for this obstacle is that we have not been able to find the Achilles heel for the BC as a highly heterogeneous disease. Accumulating evidence has revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), play key roles in the development of BC; however, the involving of complex regulatory interactions between the different varieties of ncRNAs in the development of this cancer has been poorly understood. In the recent years, the newly discovered mechanism in the RNA world is "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" which proposes regulatory dialogues between different RNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), transcribed pseudogenes, and circular RNAs (circRNAs). In the latest BC research, various studies have revealed that dysregulation of several ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) between these ncRNAs has fundamental roles in establishing the hallmarks of BC development. And it is thought that such a discovery could open a new window for a better understanding of the hidden aspects of breast tumors. Besides, it probably can provide new biomarkers and potential efficient therapeutic targets for BC. This review will discuss the existing body of knowledge regarding the key functions of ceRNETs and then highlights the emerging roles of some recently discovered ceRNETs in several hallmarks of BC. Moreover, we propose for the first time the "ceRnome" as a new term in the present article for RNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sepahvand
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Liu ZL, Bi XW, Liu PP, Lei DX, Wang Y, Li ZM, Jiang WQ, Xia Y. Expressions and prognostic values of the E2F transcription factors in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3521-3532. [PMID: 30271201 PMCID: PMC6145639 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s172332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors (E2Fs) are a family of transcription factors involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Their important roles in the development and metastasis of breast carcinoma (BC) have been discovered by previous in vitro and in vivo studies. Yet, expressions and distinct prognostic values of these eight E2Fs in human BC remain unclear in many respects. In this study, we aimed to reveal their roles in BC through analyzing the transcription and survival data of the E2Fs in BC patients from four online databases including ONCOMINE, Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner v4.1, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter. We found the overexpression of E2Fs in BC tissues compared with normal breast tissues, except for E2F4. Higher expression levels of E2Fs, except for E2F4 and E2F6, were associated with higher levels of Scarff–Bloom–Richardson grade of BC. Alterations of E2Fs were found to be significantly correlated with poorer overall survival of BC patients. Through plotting the survival curve in the Kaplan–Meier Plotter, it was found that higher mRNA levels of E2F1, E2F3, E2F7, and E2F8 were associated with poorer relapse-free survival in all BC patients, indicating that they are potential targets for individualized treatments of BC patients. Conversely, higher mRNA expression level of E2F4 predicted better RFS in BC patients, suggesting E2F4 as a new biomarker for BC prognosis. Considering currently available limited evidence, further studies need to be performed to investigate the roles of E2Fs in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Xi-Wen Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - De-Xin Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Zhi-Ming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
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14
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Li Y, Huang J, Yang D, Xiang S, Sun J, Li H, Ren G. Expression patterns of E2F transcription factors and their potential prognostic roles in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9216-9230. [PMID: 29844824 PMCID: PMC5958806 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
E2Fs, as a family of pivotal transcription factors, have been implicated in multiple biological functions in human cancer; however, the expression and prognostic significance of E2Fs in breast cancer remains unknown. In the present study, the mRNA expression patterns of E2Fs in breast cancer were investigated with Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas data. Prognostic values of E2Fs for patients with breast cancer were determined using the Kaplan-Meier plotter database. The results strongly indicated that E2F1, E2F2, E2F3, E2F5, E2F7 and E2F8 were overexpressed in patients with breast cancer, whereas E2F4 and E2F6 exhibited no expression difference between patients with cancer and healthy controls. In survival analyses, elevated E2F1, E2F3, E2F5, E2F7 and E2F8 expression levels were significantly associated with lower overall survival, relapse-free survival (RFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) or post-progression survival for patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, high expression of E2F4 indicated improved RFS but reduced DMFS. Subgroup analyses based on four clinicopathological factors further revealed that E2Fs were associated with the prognosis of patients with breast cancer in an estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor-, human epidermal growth factor 2- and lymph node status-specific manner. These data indicated that E2Fs may serve as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pneumology Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dejuan Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shili Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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15
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Ye L, Guo L, He Z, Wang X, Lin C, Zhang X, Wu S, Bao Y, Yang Q, Song L, Lin H. Upregulation of E2F8 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in breast cancer by modulating G1/S phase transition. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23757-71. [PMID: 26992224 PMCID: PMC5029661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors are involved in cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells, and simultaneously play important roles in the development and progression of cancer when dysregulated. E2F8, a novel identified E2F family member, was found to be associated with the progression of several human cancers; however, the biological role and clinical significance of E2F8 in breast cancer remain to be further elucidated. Herein, we report that E2F8 is robustly elevated in breast cancer cell lines and clinical breast cancer tissue samples, respectively. The high expression level of E2F8 significantly correlates with clinical progression (P = 0.001), poor patient survival (P < 0.001) and a high Ki67 staining index (P = 0.008) in 187 human breast cancer specimens. Furthermore, we find that overexpressing E2F8 promotes, whereas silencing E2F8 suppresses, the proliferation and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrate that E2F8 transcriptionally upregulates CCNE1 and CCNE2 via directly interacting with their respective gene promoter, which accelerates the transition of G1 to S phase of breast cancer cells. Taken together, these findings uncover a novel biologic role and regulatory mechanism of E2F8 responsible for the progression of breast cancer, indicating E2F8 may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ye
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Bao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanxin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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16
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Thyagarajan A, Shaban A, Sahu RP. MicroRNA-Directed Cancer Therapies: Implications in Melanoma Intervention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 364:1-12. [PMID: 29054858 PMCID: PMC5733457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired tumor resistance to cancer therapies poses major challenges in the treatment of cancers including melanoma. Among several signaling pathways or factors that affect neocarcinogenesis, cancer progression, and therapies, altered microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been identified as a crucial player in modulating the key pathways governing these events. While studies in the miRNA field have grown exponentially in the last decade, much remains to be discovered, particularly with respect to their roles in cancer therapies. Since immune and nonimmune signaling cascades prevail in cancers, identification and evaluation of miRNAs, their molecular mechanisms and cellular targets involved in the underlying development of cancers, and acquired therapeutic resistance would help in devising new strategies for the prognosis, treatment, and an early detection of recurrence. Importantly, in-depth validation of miRNA-targeted molecular events could lead to the development of accurate progression-risk biomarkers, improved effectiveness, and improved patient responses to standard therapies. The current review focuses on the roles of miRNAs with recent updates on regulated cell cycle and proliferation, immune responses, oncogenic/epigenetic signaling pathways, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis, with broader attention paid to melanomagenesis and melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
| | - Ahmed Shaban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
| | - Ravi Prakash Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
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17
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The transcription factor FOXN3 inhibits cell proliferation by downregulating E2F5 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43534-43545. [PMID: 27259277 PMCID: PMC5190042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the mechanisms underlying the development of HCC remain to be elucidated. Forkhead box N3 (FOXN3) is an important member of the FOX family of transcription factors that plays an essential role in several cancers but has not been investigated in HCC. In this study, we demonstrate that FOXN3 is downregulated in human primary HCC tissues compared with their matched adjacent liver tissues. Functional tests of FOXN3 demonstrated that FOXN3 inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, FOXN3 repressed the mRNA and protein expression of E2F5, a reported potential oncogene, by inhibiting the promoter activity of E2F5. Collectively, our findings indicate that FOXN3 functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC by downregulating the expression of E2F5.
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhu X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yao B, Huang Z. MiR-613 suppresses retinoblastoma cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor formation by targeting E2F5. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691674. [PMID: 28351331 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a common intraocular malignancy that occurs during childhood. MicroRNAs play critical roles in the regulation of retinoblastoma initiation and progression, and aberrant expression of miR-613 had been reported in various types of cancer. However, the role and mechanism of its function in retinoblastoma are still unclear. In this study, we found that miR-613 was downregulated in retinoblastoma tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-613 suppressed retinoblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced cell cycle arrest in vitro. Additionally, overexpressed miR-613 also inhibited tumor formation of retinoblastoma cells in vivo. We further identified E2F5 as a direct target of miR-613. Reintroduction of E2F5 without 3'-untranslated region reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-613 on cell proliferation and invasion. Our data collectively indicate that miR-613 functions as a tumor suppressor in retinoblastoma through downregulating E2F5, supporting the targeting of the novel miR-613/E2F5 axis as a potentially effective therapeutic approach for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Borui Yao
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenping Huang
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
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19
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Cai C, Huo Q, Wang X, Chen B, Yang Q. SNHG16 contributes to breast cancer cell migration by competitively binding miR-98 with E2F5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:272-278. [PMID: 28232182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proved to play important roles in cellular processes of cancer, including the development, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. In the present study, we demonstrated small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) as an oncogene on cell migration in breast cancer. Expression levels of SNHG16 were found to be frequently higher in breast cancer tissues than in the paired noncancerous tissues. Gain- and loss-of-function studies proved that SNHG16 significantly promoted breast cancer cell migration. We predicted SNHG16 as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of E2F transcription factor 5 protein (E2F5) via competition for the shared miR-98 through bioinformatics analysis, and proved this regulation using relative quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and luciferase reporter assay. In addition, we identified a positive correlation between SNHG16 and E2F5 in breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrated that forced expression of miR-98 could partially abrogate SNHG16-mediated increase of breast cancer cells migration, suggesting that SNHG16 promoted cell migration in a miR-98 dependent manner. Taken together, our findings indicated that SNHG16 induces breast cancer cell migration by competitively binding miR-98 with E2F5, and SNHG16 can serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Qiang Huo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.
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20
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Acquired CDK6 amplification promotes breast cancer resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and loss of ER signaling and dependence. Oncogene 2016; 36:2255-2264. [PMID: 27748766 PMCID: PMC5393973 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of the CDK4/6 kinases is a hallmark of most mammary-derived carcinomas. ATP-competitive inhibitors against this complex have been recently advanced in the clinic and have shown significant activity, particularly against tumors driven by the estrogen receptor (ER). However, resistance to these compounds has begun to emerge often months to years after their initiation. We investigated potential mechanisms of resistance using cell line models that are highly sensitive to this class of drugs. After prolonged exposure to the selective and potent CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219, clones emerged and several were found to harbor amplification of the CDK6 kinase. Amplification of CDK6 resulted in a marked increase in CDK6 expression and reduced response of the CDK4/6 target, phospho-Rb (pRb), to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Knockdown of CDK6 restored drug sensitivity, while enforced overexpression of CDK6 was sufficient to mediate drug resistance. Not only did CDK6 overexpression mediate resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors but it also led to reduced expression of the ER and progesterone receptor (PR), and diminished responsiveness to ER antagonism. The reduced ER/PR expression after CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance was additionally observed in tumor biopsy specimens from patients treated with these drugs. Alternative mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors such as loss of pRb and cyclin E1 overexpression also exhibited decreased hormone responsiveness, suggesting that the clinical paradigm of sequential endocrine-based therapy may be ineffective in some settings of acquired CDK4/6 resistance.
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21
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Xu H, Fei D, Zong S, Fan Z. MicroRNA-154 inhibits growth and invasion of breast cancer cells through targeting E2F5. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2620-2630. [PMID: 27398145 PMCID: PMC4931156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggested that microRNA-154 (miR-154) might play important roles in the development of various cancer types. However, the role of miR-154 in breast cancer progression remains largely unknown. Here, miR-154 expression level was measured via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in 36 pairs of human breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal breast tissues and in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation, cycle, migration, and invasion were assessed by CCK8 assay, flow cytometer assay, wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay and Western blot was used to verify E2F transcription factor 5 protein (E2F5) as a novel target gene of miR-154. Our results showed that miR-154 was frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-154 in MCF-7 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and increased cell arrest at G0/G1 stage in vitro. E2F5 was identified as a target of miR-154, and its expression was inversely correlated with miR-154 expression in clinical breast cancer tissues. In addition, downregulation of E2F5 in MCF7 cells had similar effect on cell proliferation, cycle, migration and invasion by miR-154 induced. These findings indicate that miR-154 acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting E2F5, suggesting miR-154 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Dan Fei
- Department of Ultrasonographic, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, China
| | - Shan Zong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
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Majumder S, Bhowal A, Basu S, Mukherjee P, Chatterji U, Sengupta S. Deregulated E2F5/p38/SMAD3 Circuitry Reinforces the Pro-Tumorigenic Switch of TGFβ Signaling in Prostate Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2482-92. [PMID: 26919443 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadipa Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Ankur Bhowal
- Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Sanmitra Basu
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Pritha Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta; Kolkata West Bengal India
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Aftab MN, Dinger ME, Perera RJ. The role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in the pathology, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:60-70. [PMID: 25065585 PMCID: PMC4221535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is frequently lethal and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Despite the rapid development of different modes of targeted treatment, durable clinical responses remain elusive. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive melanomagenesis is required, both genetic and epigenetic, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. There is increased appreciation of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in melanoma biology, including in proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Data are also emerging on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SPRY4-IT1, BANCR, and HOTAIR, in melanomagenesis. Here we review the data on the miRNAs and lncRNAs implicated in melanoma biology. An overview of these studies will be useful for providing insights into mechanisms of melanoma development and the miRNAs and lncRNAs that might be useful biomarkers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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Xiong H, Li Q, Liu S, Wang F, Xiong Z, Chen J, Chen H, Yang Y, Tan X, Luo Q, Peng J, Xiao G, Jiang Q. Integrated microRNA and mRNA transcriptome sequencing reveals the potential roles of miRNAs in stage I endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110163. [PMID: 25329664 PMCID: PMC4201519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) is the most dominant subtype of endometrial cancer. Aberrant transcriptional regulation has been implicated in EEC. Herein, we characterized mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes by RNA sequencing in EEC to investigate potential molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis. Total mRNA and small RNA were simultaneously sequenced by next generation sequencing technology for 3 pairs of stage I EEC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. On average, 52,716,765 pair-end 100 bp mRNA reads and 1,669,602 single-end 50 bp miRNA reads were generated. Further analysis indicated that 7 miRNAs and 320 corresponding target genes were differentially expressed in the three stage I EEC patients. Six of all the seven differentially expressed miRNAs were targeting on eleven differentially expressed genes in the cell cycle pathway. Real-time quantitative PCR in sequencing samples and other independent 21 pairs of samples validated the miRNA-mRNA differential co-expression, which were involved in cell cycle pathway, in the stage I EEC. Thus, we confirmed the involvement of hsa-let-7c-5p and hsa-miR-99a-3p in EEC and firstly found dysregulation of hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-328-3p, hsa-miR-337-3p, and hsa-miR-181c-3p in EEC. Moreover, synergistic regulations among these miRNAs were detected. Transcript sequence variants such as single nucleotide variant (SNV) and short insertions and deletions (Indels) were also characterized. Our results provide insights on dysregulated miRNA-mRNA co-expression and valuable resources on transcript variation in stage I EEC, which implies the new molecular mechanisms that underlying pathogenesis of stage I EEC and supplies opportunity for further in depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhen Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiulian Li
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Obstetrics Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongtang Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuexin Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Tan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Luo
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Major Obstetrics Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QPJ); (GHX)
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Obstetrics Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QPJ); (GHX)
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25
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Wolter JM, Kotagama K, Pierre-Bez AC, Firago M, Mangone M. 3'LIFE: a functional assay to detect miRNA targets in high-throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e132. [PMID: 25074381 PMCID: PMC4176154 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene output at the post-transcriptional level by targeting degenerate elements primarily in 3'untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of mRNAs. Individual miRNAs can regulate networks of hundreds of genes, yet for the majority of miRNAs few, if any, targets are known. Misexpression of miRNAs is also a major contributor to cancer progression, thus there is a critical need to validate miRNA targets in high-throughput to understand miRNAs' contribution to tumorigenesis. Here we introduce a novel high-throughput assay to detect miRNA targets in 3'UTRs, called Luminescent Identification of Functional Elements in 3'UTRs (3'LIFE). We demonstrate the feasibility of 3'LIFE using a data set of 275 human 3'UTRs and two cancer-relevant miRNAs, let-7c and miR-10b, and compare our results to alternative methods to detect miRNA targets throughout the genome. We identify a large number of novel gene targets for these miRNAs, with only 32% of hits being bioinformatically predicted and 27% directed by non-canonical interactions. Functional analysis of target genes reveals consistent roles for each miRNA as either a tumor suppressor (let-7c) or oncogenic miRNA (miR-10b), and preferentially target multiple genes within regulatory networks, suggesting 3'LIFE is a rapid and sensitive method to detect miRNA targets in high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Wolter
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Dr., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kasuen Kotagama
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Barrett, The Honors College, Arizona State University, 751 E Lemon Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Alexandra C Pierre-Bez
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Dr., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mari Firago
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Marco Mangone
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Dr., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Barrett, The Honors College, Arizona State University, 751 E Lemon Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Cava C, Bertoli G, Ripamonti M, Mauri G, Zoppis I, Rosa PAD, Gilardi MC, Castiglioni I. Integration of mRNA expression profile, copy number alterations, and microRNA expression levels in breast cancer to improve grade definition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97681. [PMID: 24866763 PMCID: PMC4035288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the aggressiveness and growth rate of a malignant cell population is a key step in the clinical approach to treating tumor disease. The correct grading of breast cancer (BC) is a fundamental part in determining the appropriate treatment. Biological variables can make it difficult to elucidate the mechanisms underlying BC development. To identify potential markers that can be used for BC classification, we analyzed mRNAs expression profiles, gene copy numbers, microRNAs expression and their association with tumor grade in BC microarray-derived datasets. From mRNA expression results, we found that grade 2 BC is most likely a mixture of grade 1 and grade 3 that have been misclassified, being described by the gene signature of either grade 1 or grade 3. We assessed the potential of the new approach of integrating mRNA expression profile, copy number alterations, and microRNA expression levels to select a limited number of genomic BC biomarkers. The combination of mRNA profile analysis and copy number data with microRNA expression levels led to the identification of two gene signatures of 42 and 4 altered genes (FOXM1, KPNA4, H2AFV and DDX19A) respectively, the latter obtained through a meta-analytical procedure. The 42-based gene signature identifies 4 classes of up- or down-regulated microRNAs (17 microRNAs) and of their 17 target mRNA, and the 4-based genes signature identified 4 microRNAs (Hsa-miR-320d, Hsa-miR-139-5p, Hsa-miR-567 and Hsa-let-7c). These results are discussed from a biological point of view with respect to pathological features of BC. Our identified mRNAs and microRNAs were validated as prognostic factors of BC disease progression, and could potentially facilitate the implementation of assays for laboratory validation, due to their reduced number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cava
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Ripamonti
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Mauri
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communications, University of Milan–Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Italo Zoppis
- Department of Informatics, Systems and Communications, University of Milan–Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
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xCT, component of cysteine/glutamate transporter, as an independent prognostic factor in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:853-63. [PMID: 23771433 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND xCT is a component of the cysteine/glutamate transporter, which plays a key role in glutathione synthesis. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of xCT in the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression and the clinicopathological significance of its expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS xCT expression in human ESCC cell lines was analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Knockdown experiments were conducted with xCT siRNA, and the effect on cell cycle was analyzed. The cells' gene expression profiles were analyzed by microarray analysis. An immunohistochemical analysis of 70 primary tumor samples obtained from ESCC patients that had undergone esophagectomy was performed. RESULTS xCT was highly expressed in TE13 and KYSE170 cells. In these cells, the knockdown of xCT using siRNA inhibited G1-S phase progression. Microarray analysis identified 1652 genes whose expression levels in TE13 cells were altered by the knockdown of xCT. Pathway analysis showed that the top-ranked canonical pathway was the G1/S checkpoint regulation pathway, which involves TP53INP1, CDKN1A, CyclinD1/cdk4, and E2F5. Immunohistochemical staining showed that xCT is mainly found in the nuclei of carcinoma cells, and that its expression is an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the expression of xCT in ESCC cells might affect the G1/S checkpoint and impact on the prognosis of ESCC patients. As a result, we have a deeper understanding of the role played by xCT as a mediator and/or biomarker in ESCC.
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28
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Analysis of genetic aberrations on chromosomal region 8q21–24 identifies E2F5 as an oncogene with copy number gain in prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Lapierre M, Docquier A, Castet-Nicolas A, Jalaguier S, Teyssier C, Augereau P, Cavaillès V. Dialogue between estrogen receptor and E2F signaling pathways: The transcriptional coregulator RIP140 at the crossroads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410a3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Niikura N, Iwamoto T, Masuda S, Kumaki N, Xiaoyan T, Shirane M, Mori K, Tsuda B, Okamura T, Saito Y, Suzuki Y, Tokuda Y. Immunohistochemical Ki67 labeling index has similar proliferation predictive power to various gene signatures in breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1508-12. [PMID: 22537114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the association between the immunohistochemical Ki67 labeling index (IHC Ki67), Ki67 mRNA expression level, and first-generation gene signatures in a cohort of breast cancer patients. We assessed associations between IHC Ki67 and first-generation gene signatures in a panel of 39 tumor samples, using an oligonucleotide microarray. Gene expression analyses included Ki67 alone (MKi67), 21-gene signature, mitosis kinome score signature, and genomic grade index. Correlation coefficients were calculated by Spearman's rank correlation test. In all cases, IHC Ki67, MKi67, and three genetic markers were highly correlated (ρ, 0.71-0.97). Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cases showed strong correlations between IHC Ki67 and other signatures (ρ, 0.79-0.83). The ER-negative cases showed slightly lower correlations (ρ, 0.58-0.73). In ER-positive cases, the low IHC Ki67 group showed significantly longer relapse-free survival than the high IHC Ki67 group (P = 0.007). This difference was confirmed by multivariate analysis. Our data indicate that IHC Ki67 shows similar predictive power for proliferation in ER-positive cancers as genomic markers. Further study of IHC Ki67 is needed to define prognostic factors and predictive factors for chemotherapy using central laboratory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Niikura
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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31
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Masuda S. Breast cancer pathology: The impact of molecular taxonomy on morphological taxonomy. Pathol Int 2012; 62:295-302. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Valentin MD, da Silva SD, Privat M, Alaoui-Jamali M, Bignon YJ. Molecular insights on basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:21-30. [PMID: 22234518 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular classification of breast cancer (BC) identified diverse subgroups that encompass distinct biological behavior and clinical implications, in particular in relation to prognosis, spread, and incidence of recurrence. Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) compose up to 15% of BC and are characterized by lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2 amplification with expression of basal cytokeratins 5/6, 14, 17, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and/or c-KIT. There is an overlap in definition between triple-negative BC and BLBC due to the triple-negative profile of BLBC. Also, most BRCA1-associated BCs are BLBC, triple negative, and express basal cytokeratins (5/6, 14, 17) and EGFR. There is a link between sporadic BLBC (occurring in women without germline BRCA1 mutations) with dysfunction of the BRCA1 pathway. Despite the molecular and clinical similarities, these subtypes respond differently to neoadjuvant therapy. BLBCs are associated with an aggressive phenotype, high histological grade, poor clinical behavior, and high rates of recurrences and/or metastasis. Their molecular features render these tumors especially refractory to anti-hormonal-based therapies and the overall prognosis of this subset remains poor. In this article, the molecular profile, genomic, and epigenetic characteristics as well as BRCA1 pathway dysfunction, clinicopathological behavior, and therapeutic options in BLBC are presented, with emphasis on the discordant findings in current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mev Dominguez Valentin
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, BMC C.13, Klinikgatan 28, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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Beyer SJ, Zhang X, Jimenez RE, Lee MLT, Richardson AL, Huang K, Jhiang SM. Microarray analysis of genes associated with cell surface NIS protein levels in breast cancer. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:397. [PMID: 21989294 PMCID: PMC3205061 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Na+/I- symporter (NIS)-mediated iodide uptake allows radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. NIS is also expressed in breast tumors, raising potential for radionuclide therapy of breast cancer. However, NIS expression in most breast cancers is low and may not be sufficient for radionuclide therapy. We aimed to identify biomarkers associated with NIS expression such that mechanisms underlying NIS modulation in human breast tumors may be elucidated. Methods Published oligonucleotide microarray data within the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to identify gene expression tightly correlated with NIS mRNA level among human breast tumors. NIS immunostaining was performed in a tissue microarray composed of 28 human breast tumors which had corresponding oligonucleotide microarray data available for each tumor such that gene expression associated with cell surface NIS protein level could be identified. Results and Discussion NIS mRNA levels do not vary among breast tumors or when compared to normal breast tissues when detected by Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray platforms. Cell surface NIS protein levels are much more variable than their corresponding NIS mRNA levels. Despite a limited number of breast tumors examined, our analysis identified cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase as a biomarker that is highly associated with cell surface NIS protein levels in the ER-positive breast cancer subtype. Conclusions Further investigation on genes associated with cell surface NIS protein levels within each breast cancer molecular subtype may lead to novel targets for selectively increasing NIS expression/function in a subset of breast cancers patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha J Beyer
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Dar AA, Majid S, de Semir D, Nosrati M, Bezrookove V, Kashani-Sabet M. miRNA-205 suppresses melanoma cell proliferation and induces senescence via regulation of E2F1 protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16606-14. [PMID: 21454583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by repressing translation or directing sequence-specific degradation of complementary mRNA. Here, we report that expression of miR-205 is significantly suppressed in melanoma specimens when compared with nevi and is correlated inversely with melanoma progression. miRNA target databases predicted E2F1 and E2F5 as putative targets. The expression levels of E2F1 and E2F5 were correlated inversely with that of miR-205 in melanoma cell lines. miR-205 significantly suppressed the luciferase activity of reporter plasmids containing the 3'-UTR sequences complementary to either E2F1 or E2F5. Overexpression of miR-205 in melanoma cells reduced E2F1 and E2F5 protein levels. The proliferative capacity of melanoma cells was suppressed by miR-205 and mediated by E2F-regulated AKT phosphorylation. miR-205 overexpression resulted in induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by increased cleaved caspase-3, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and cytochrome c release. Stable overexpression of miR-205 suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor cell growth in vivo and induced a senescence phenotype accompanied by elevated expression of p16INK4A and other markers for senescence. E2F1 overexpression in miR-205-expressing cells partially reversed the effects on melanoma cell growth and senescence. These results demonstrate a novel role for miR-205 as a tumor suppressor in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Dar
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
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35
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Thomsen R, Christensen DB, Rosborg S, Linnet TE, Blechingberg J, Nielsen AL. Analysis of HP1α regulation in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:601-13. [PMID: 21374739 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The three mammalian HP1 proteins, HP1α/CBX5, HP1β/CBX1, and HPγ/CBX3, are involved in chromatin packing and gene regulation. The HP1α protein is down-regulated in invasive compared to non-invasive breast cancer cells and HP1α is a suppressor of cell migration and invasion. In this report, we examined the background for HP1α protein down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells. We identified a strict correlation between HP1α down-regulation at the protein level and the mRNA level. The HP1α mRNA down-regulation in invasive cancer cells was not caused by mRNA destabilization. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the HP1α gene showed a decrease in the histone mark for transcriptional activity H3-K36 tri-methylation and RNA polymerase II in invasive breast cancer cells which correlated with a decreased abundance of basal transcription factors at the HP1α promoter. E2F transcription factors regulate HP1α transcription and we identified that E2F5 depletion increased HP1α expression in invasive breast cancer cells. Finally, we have characterized two HP1α mRNA isoforms and both HP1α mRNA isoforms were down-regulated to a similar extend at the transcriptional level in invasive breast cancer cells. Collectively the presented results show that HP1α down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells is primary a transcriptional effect and demonstrates a novel set of mechanisms involved in HP1α transcriptional regulation. The finding that HP1α is down-regulated primarily at the transcriptional level provides a new insight for the further elucidation of the detailed molecular mechanisms causing the HP1α down-regulation in invasive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Thomsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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36
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Jiang Y, Yim SH, Xu HD, Jung SH, Yang SY, Hu HJ, Jung CK, Chung YJ. A potential oncogenic role of the commonly observed E2F5 overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:470-7. [PMID: 21274376 PMCID: PMC3027013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i4.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the expression pattern of E2F5 in primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and elucidate the roles of E2F5 in hepatocarcinogenesis.
METHODS: E2F5 expression was analyzed in 120 primary HCCs and 29 normal liver tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis. E2F5-small interfering RNA was transfected into HepG2, an E2F5-overexpressed HCC cell line. After E2F5 knockdown, cell growth capacity and migrating potential were examined.
RESULTS: E2F5 was significantly overexpressed in primary HCCs compared with normal liver tissues (P = 0.008). The E2F5-silenced cells showed significantly reduced proliferation (P = 0.004). On the colony formation and soft agar assays, the number of colonies was significantly reduced in E2F5-silenced cells (P = 0.004 and P = 0.009, respectively). E2F5 knockdown resulted in the accumulation of G0/G1 phase cells and a reduction of S phase cells. The number of migrating/invading cells was also reduced after E2F5 knockdown (P = 0.021).
CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that E2F5 is commonly overexpressed in primary HCC and that E2F5 knockdown significantly repressed the growth of HCC cells.
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37
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Choo JR, Nielsen TO. Biomarkers for Basal-like Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1040-65. [PMID: 24281106 PMCID: PMC3835118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially recognized through microarray-based gene expression profiling, basal-like breast cancer, for which we lack effective targeted therapies, is an aggressive form of carcinoma with a predilection for younger women. With some success, immunohistochemical studies have attempted to reproduce the expression profile classification of breast cancer through identification of subtype-specific biomarkers. This review aims to present an in depth summary and analysis of the current status of basal-like breast cancer biomarker research. While a number of biomarkers show promise for future clinical application, the next logical step is a comprehensive investigation of all biomarkers against a gene expression profile gold standard for breast cancer subtype assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Choo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Umemura S, Shirane M, Takekoshi S, Tokuda Y, Mori K, Osamura RY. High expression of thymidine phosphorylase in basal-like breast cancers: Stromal expression in EGFR- and/or CK5/6-positive breast cancers. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:261-266. [PMID: 22966291 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PgR) or the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in tumors is a good prognostic marker for breast cancer patients. However, approximately 15-20% of breast cancer patients have triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; negative for ER, PgR and HER2), and efficient therapeutic modalities for these patients are under investigation. We focused on thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme metabolizing 5'-DFUR, an intermediate of capecitabine, to 5-fluorouracil in order to investigate the application of well-known therapeutics for TNBC. Results of a gene expression analysis showed that TP expression in TNBC and basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) was higher than that of other subtypes. Immunohistochemically, the high expression of TP in TNBC and BLBC reflected expression in stromal but not tumor cells. Notably, a high TP expression was observed in the stromal cells of EGFR- and/or CK5/6-positive breast tumors. Our present results showing a high expression of TP in BLBC indicate that capecitabine-based chemotherapy would be of benefit for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Umemura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193
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Tang XY, Umemura S, Tsukamoto H, Kumaki N, Tokuda Y, Osamura RY. Overexpression of fatty acid binding protein-7 correlates with basal-like subtype of breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:98-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deng Q, Wang Q, Zong WY, Zheng DL, Wen YX, Wang KS, Teng XM, Zhang X, Huang J, Han ZG. E2F8 Contributes to Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulating Cell Proliferation. Cancer Res 2010; 70:782-91. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Alvarez MJ, Sumazin P, Rajbhandari P, Califano A. Correlating measurements across samples improves accuracy of large-scale expression profile experiments. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R143. [PMID: 20042104 PMCID: PMC2812950 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleaner is a method for removing uninformative and flawed probes from microarray experiment data, thus improving reproducibility between replicate experiments. Gene expression profiling technologies suffer from poor reproducibility across replicate experiments. However, when analyzing large datasets, probe-level expression profile correlation can help identify flawed probes and lead to the construction of truer probe sets with improved reproducibility. We describe methods to eliminate uninformative and flawed probes, account for dependence between probes, and address variability due to transcript-isoform mixtures. We test and validate our approach on Affymetrix microarrays and outline their future adaptation to other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Javier Alvarez
- Joint Centers for Systems Biology, Columbia University, 2960 Broadway, New York, NY 10027-6900, USA.
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Abstract
Mutations of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor gene (RB1) or components regulating the RB pathway have been identified in almost every human malignancy. The E2F transcription factors function in cell cycle control and are intimately regulated by RB. Studies of model organisms have revealed conserved functions for E2Fs during development, suggesting that the cancer-related proliferative roles of E2F family members represent a recent evolutionary adaptation. However, given that some human tumours have concurrent RB1 inactivation and E2F amplification and overexpression, we propose that there are alternative tumour-promoting activities for the E2F family, which are independent of cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zi Chen
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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