1
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Ntwasa M. Targeting Hdm2 and Hdm4 in Anticancer Drug Discovery: Implications for Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy. Cells 2024; 13:1124. [PMID: 38994976 PMCID: PMC11240505 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hdm2 and Hdm4 are structural homologs that regulate the tumor suppressor protein, p53. Since some tumors express wild-type p53, Hdm2 and Hdm4 are plausible targets for anticancer drugs, especially in tumors that express wild-type p53. Hdm4 can enhance and antagonize the activity of Tp53, thereby playing a critical role in the regulation of p53's activity and stability. Moreover, Hdm2 and Hdm4 are overexpressed in many cancers, some expressing wild-type Tp53. Due to experimental evidence suggesting that the activation of wild-type Tp53 can augment the antitumor activity by some checkpoint inhibitors, drugs targeting Hdm2 and Hdm4 may be strong candidates for combining with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. However, other evidence suggests that the overexpression of Hdm2 and Hdm4 may indicate poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings require careful examination and scrutiny. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of the Hdm2/Hdm4 partnership will be conducted. Furthermore, this article will address the current progress of drug development regarding molecules that target the Hdm2/Hdm4/Tp53 partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monde Ntwasa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Cnr Pioneer Road and Christiaan de Wet Road, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
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2
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Maliyappa MR, Keshavayya J. Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of novel azo ligand 6-hydroxy-4 methyl-2 oxo-5-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)diazenyl]-1,2-dihydropyridine 3-carbonitrile as potential biological agents: synthesis and spectroscopic characterization. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Maliyappa M, Keshavayya J, Sudhanva M, Pushpavathi I, kumar V. Heterocyclic azo dyes derived from 2-(6-chloro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one having benzothiazole skeleton: Synthesis, structural, computational and biological studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Chen YL, Zhang ZM, Li XL, Tao YF, Wu SY, Fang F, Xie Y, Liao XM, Li G, Wu D, Wang HR, Zuo R, Cao HB, Pan JJ, Yu JJ, Zhang Z, Chu XR, Zhang YP, Feng CX, Wang JW, Lu J, Hu SY, Li ZH, Pan J. MI-773, a breaker of the MDM2/p53 axis, exhibits anticancer effects in neuroblastoma via downregulation of INSM1. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:838. [PMID: 34712362 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common pediatric malignancy associated with poor outcomes. Recent studies have shown that murine double minute2 homolog (MDM2) protein inhibitors are promising anticancer agents. MI-773 is a novel and specific antagonist of MDM2, however, the molecular mechanism of its anti-NB activity remains unclear. NB cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay following MI-773 treatment. Cell cycle progression was analyzed using PI staining and apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V/PI staining. The molecular mechanisms by which MI-773 exerted its effects were investigated using a microarray. The results showed that disturbance of the MDM2/p53 axis by MI-773 resulted in potent suppression of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NB cells. In addition, microarray analysis showed that MI-773 led to significant downregulation of genes involved in the G2/M phase checkpoint and upregulation of hallmark gene associated with the p53 pathway. Meanwhile, knockdown of insulinoma-associated 1 decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of NB cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that MI-773 exhibited high selectivity and blockade affinity for the interaction between MDM2 and TP53 and may serve as a novel strategy for the treatment of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China.,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Mu Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Fang Tao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Shui-Yan Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Mei Liao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Gen Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Rong Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zuo
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China.,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Cao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Juan Yu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ran Chu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Feng
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Yan Hu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Heng Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
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5
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Stefanek E, Samiei E, Kavoosi M, Esmaeillou M, Roustai Geraylow K, Emami A, Ashrafizadeh M, Perrin D, Gordon JW, Akbari M, Ghavami S. A bioengineering method for modeling alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma and assessing chemotherapy responses. MethodsX 2021; 8:101473. [PMID: 34430344 PMCID: PMC8374652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft-tissue malignant tumor. Treatment of RMS usually includes primary tumor resection along with systemic chemotherapy. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems and animal models have been extensively used for investigating the potential efficacy of new RMS treatments. However, RMS cells behave differently in 2D culture than in vivo, which has recently inspired the adoption of three-dimensional (3D) culture environments. In the current paper, we will describe the detailed methodology we have developed for fabricating a 3D engineered model to study alveolar RMS (ARMS) in vitro. This model consists of a thermally cross-linked collagen disk laden with RMS cells that mimics the structural and bio-chemical aspects of the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). This process is highly reproducible and produces a 3D engineered model that can be used to analyze the cytotoxicity and autophagy induction of drugs on ARMS cells. The most improtant bullet points are as following:We fabricated 3D model of ARMS. The current ARMS 3D model can be used for screening of chemotherapy drugs. We developed methods to detect apoptosis and autophagy in ARMS 3D model to detect the mechansims of chemotherapy agents.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two-dimensional
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- AKT, Protein Kinase B
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Biofabrication
- Cell death
- DAPI, 4’,6-Diami- dino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DFS, Disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EM, Engineered model
- EthD-1, Ethidium homodimer-1
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FOXO1, Forkhead box protein O1
- HEPES, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)
- ICC, Immunocytochemistry
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- LC3, Microtubule associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
- MEK, Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- MYOD1, Myogenic muscle differentiation transcription factor 1
- PAX, Paired box gene
- PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane
- PNIPAAm, Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- RGD, Arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RMS, Rhabdomyosarcoma
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, Room temperature
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- TMZ, Temozolomide
- dECM, Decellularized extracellular matrix
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Stefanek
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Research and Science Branch of Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | | | - Arya Emami
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health, York University, ON, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - David Perrin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.,Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MBR3E 0V9, Canada.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
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6
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Franc M, Císařová I, Veselý J. Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirothiazolones
via
Cooperative Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franc
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 2030 128 43 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 2030 128 43 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Veselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 2030 128 43 Praha 2 Czech Republic
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7
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Rangappa MM, Keshavayya J, Murali Krishna P, Rajesh K. Transition metal complexes of ligand 4-imino-3-[(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)diazenyl]-4H pyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2-ol containing benzothiazole moiety: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological evaluation. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Zanjirband M, Rahgozar S. Targeting p53-MDM2 Interaction Using Small Molecule Inhibitors and the Challenges Needed to be Addressed. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1091-1111. [PMID: 30947669 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 protein is the core negative regulator of p53 that maintains the cellular levels of p53 at a low level in normal cells. Mutation of the TP53 gene accounts for 50% of all human cancers. In the remaining malignancies with wild-type TP53, p53 function is inhibited through other mechanisms. Recently, synthetic small molecule inhibitors have been developed which target a small hydrophobic pocket on MDM2 to which p53 normally binds. Given that MDM2-p53 antagonists have been undergoing clinical trials for different types of cancer, this review illustrates different aspects of these new cancer targeted therapeutic agents with the focus on the major advances in the field. It emphasizes on the p53 function, regulation of p53, targeting of the p53-MDM2 interaction for cancer therapy, and p53-dependent and -independent effects of inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction. Then, representatives of small molecule MDM2-p53 binding antagonists are introduced with a focus on those entered into clinical trials. Furthermore, the review discusses the gene signatures in order to predict sensitivity to MDM2 antagonists, potential side effects and the reasons for the observed hematotoxicity, mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, their evaluation as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or with other targeted therapeutic agents. Finally, it highlights the certainly intriguing questions and challenges which would be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zanjirband
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Kocik J, Machula M, Wisniewska A, Surmiak E, Holak TA, Skalniak L. Helping the Released Guardian: Drug Combinations for Supporting the Anticancer Activity of HDM2 (MDM2) Antagonists. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1014. [PMID: 31331108 PMCID: PMC6678622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein p53, known as the "Guardian of the Genome", plays an important role in maintaining DNA integrity, providing protection against cancer-promoting mutations. Dysfunction of p53 is observed in almost every cancer, with 50% of cases bearing loss-of-function mutations/deletions in the TP53 gene. In the remaining 50% of cases the overexpression of HDM2 (mouse double minute 2, human homolog) protein, which is a natural inhibitor of p53, is the most common way of keeping p53 inactive. Disruption of HDM2-p53 interaction with the use of HDM2 antagonists leads to the release of p53 and expression of its target genes, engaged in the induction of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis, however, is restricted to only a handful of p53wt cells, and, generally, cancer cells treated with HDM2 antagonists are not efficiently eliminated. For this reason, HDM2 antagonists were tested in combinations with multiple other therapeutics in a search for synergy that would enhance the cancer eradication. This manuscript aims at reviewing the recent progress in developing strategies of combined cancer treatment with the use of HDM2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kocik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Machula
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Wisniewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Surmiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tad A Holak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skalniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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10
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Trinh HC, Kwon YK. RMut: R package for a Boolean sensitivity analysis against various types of mutations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213736. [PMID: 30889216 PMCID: PMC6424452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many in silico studies based on a Boolean network model to investigate network sensitivity against gene or interaction mutations. However, there are no proper tools to examine the network sensitivity against many different types of mutations, including user-defined ones. To address this issue, we developed RMut, which is an R package to analyze the Boolean network-based sensitivity by efficiently employing not only many well-known node-based and edgetic mutations but also novel user-defined mutations. In addition, RMut can specify the mutation area and the duration time for more precise analysis. RMut can be used to analyze large-scale networks because it is implemented in a parallel algorithm using the OpenCL library. In the first case study, we observed that the real biological networks were most sensitive to overexpression/state-flip and edge-addition/-reverse mutations among node-based and edgetic mutations, respectively. In the second case study, we showed that edgetic mutations can predict drug-targets better than node-based mutations. Finally, we examined the network sensitivity to double edge-removal mutations and found an interesting synergistic effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that RMut is a flexible R package to efficiently analyze network sensitivity to various types of mutations. RMut is available at https://github.com/csclab/RMut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cuong Trinh
- Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yung-Keun Kwon
- Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Nam-gu, Ulsan, Korea
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11
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Park CW, Bak Y, Kim MJ, Srinivasrao G, Hwang J, Sung NK, Kim BY, Yu JH, Hong JT, Yoon DY. The Novel Small Molecule STK899704 Promotes Senescence of the Human A549 NSCLC Cells by Inducing DNA Damage Responses and Cell Cycle Arrest. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:163. [PMID: 29713275 PMCID: PMC5912185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel synthetic compound designated STK899704 (PubChem CID: 5455708) suppresses the proliferation of a broad range of cancer cell types. However, the details of its effect on lung cancer cells are unclear. We investigated the precise anticancer effect of STK899704 on senescence and growth arrest of A549 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. STK899704 affected NSCLC cell cycle progression and decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that STK899704 destabilized microtubules. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in the population of NSCLC cells in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, indicating that STK899704 might cause DNA damage via tubulin aggregation. Furthermore, we observed increased mitotic catastrophe in STK899704-treated cells. As STK899704 led to elevated levels of the p53 pathway-associated proteins, it would likely affect the core DNA damage response pathway. Moreover, STK899704 promoted senescence of NSCLC cells by inducing the p53-associated DNA damage response pathways. These findings suggest that the novel anti-proliferative small molecule STK899704 promotes cell death by inducing DNA damage response pathways and senescence after cell cycle arrest, being a potential drug for treating human lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Woo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yesol Bak
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Je Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ganipisetti Srinivasrao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonsung Hwang
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nak K Sung
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Lu J, Guan S, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Wang Y, Shi Y, Mao X, Yang KL, Sun W, Xu X, Yi JS, Yang T, Yang J, Nuchtern JG. Novel MDM2 inhibitor SAR405838 (MI-773) induces p53-mediated apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82757-82769. [PMID: 27764791 PMCID: PMC5347730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), which accounts for about 15% of cancer-related mortality in children, is the most common childhood extracranial malignant tumor. In NB, somatic mutations of the tumor suppressor, p53, are exceedingly rare. Unlike in adult tumors, the majority of p53 downstream functions are still intact in NB cells with wild-type p53. Thus, restoring p53 function by blocking its interaction with p53 suppressors such as MDM2 is a viable therapeutic strategy for NB treatment. Herein, we show that MDM2 inhibitor SAR405838 is a potent therapeutic drug for NB. SAR405838 caused significantly decreased cell viability of p53 wild-type NB cells and induced p53-mediated apoptosis, as well as augmenting the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (Dox). In an in vivo orthotopic NB mouse model, SAR405838 induced apoptosis in NB tumor cells. In summary, our data strongly suggest that MDM2-specific inhibitors like SAR405838 may serve not only as a stand-alone therapy, but also as an effective adjunct to current chemotherapeutic regimens for treating NB with an intact MDM2-p53 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan Guan
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yonghua Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Xinfang Mao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Kristine L Yang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joanna S Yi
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tianshu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jed G Nuchtern
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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13
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Wiley CD, Schaum N, Alimirah F, Lopez-Dominguez JA, Orjalo AV, Scott G, Desprez PY, Benz C, Davalos AR, Campisi J. Small-molecule MDM2 antagonists attenuate the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2410. [PMID: 29402901 PMCID: PMC5799282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes that have been linked to aging and cancer include an inflammatory milieu driven by senescent cells. Senescent cells lose the ability to divide, essentially irreversibly, and secrete numerous proteases, cytokines and growth factors, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells that lack p53 tumor suppressor function show an exaggerated SASP, suggesting the SASP is negatively controlled by p53. Here, we show that increased p53 activity caused by small molecule inhibitors of MDM2, which promotes p53 degradation, reduces inflammatory cytokine production by senescent cells. Upon treatment with the MDM2 inhibitors nutlin-3a or MI-63, human cells acquired a senescence-like growth arrest, but the arrest was reversible. Importantly, the inhibitors reduced expression of the signature SASP factors IL-6 and IL-1α by cells made senescent by genotoxic stimuli, and suppressed the ability of senescent fibroblasts to stimulate breast cancer cell aggressiveness. Our findings suggest that MDM2 inhibitors could reduce cancer progression in part by reducing the pro-inflammatory environment created by senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Wiley
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fatouma Alimirah
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Arturo V Orjalo
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Gary Scott
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Desprez
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Christopher Benz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Albert R Davalos
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945, USA. .,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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14
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Sadeghzadeh M, Salahinejad M, Zarezadeh N, Ghandi M, Baghery MK. Antitumor evaluation and 3D-QSAR studies of a new series of the spiropyrroloquinoline isoindolinone/aza-isoindolinone derivatives by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Mol Divers 2017; 21:821-830. [PMID: 28836075 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In current study, antitumor activity of two series of the newly synthesized spiropyrroloquinoline isoindolinone and spiropyrroloquinoline aza-isoindolinone scaffolds was evaluated against three human breast normal and cancer cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3) and compared with cytotoxicity values of doxorubicin and colchicine as the standard drugs. It was found that several compounds were endowed with cytotoxicity in the low micromolar range. Among these two series, compounds 6i, 6j, 6k and 7l, 7m, 7n, 7o containing 3-ethyl-1H-indole moiety were found to be highly effective against both cancer cell lines ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] in comparison with the corresponding analogs. Compared with human cancer cells, the most potent compounds did not show high cytotoxicity against human breast normal MCF-10A cells. Generally, most of the evaluated compounds 6a-l and 7a-o series showed more antitumor activity against SK-BR-3 than MCF-7 cells. Moreover, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) as a popular tools of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies was carried out on 27 spiropyrroloquinolineisoindolinone and spiropyrroloquinolineaza-isoindolinone derivatives with antitumor activity against on SK-BR-3 cells. The obtained CoMFA models showed statistically excellent performance, which also possessed good predictive ability for an external test set. The results confirm the important effect of molecular steric and electrostatic interactions of these compounds on in vitro cytotoxicity against SK-BR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O. Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Salahinejad
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O. Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Zarezadeh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155 6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghandi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155 6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keshavarz Baghery
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI, P.O. Box 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Xu J, Han M, Shen J, Guan Q, Bai Z, Lang B, Zhang H, Li Z, Zuo D, Zhang W, Wu Y. 2-Methoxy-5((3,4,5-trimethosyphenyl)seleninyl) phenol inhibits MDM2 and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Lett 2016; 383:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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McCubrey JA, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Rakus D, Gizak A, Libra M, Cervello M, Montalto G, Yang LV, Abrams SL, Steelman LS. Roles of TP53 in determining therapeutic sensitivity, growth, cellular senescence, invasion and metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 63:32-48. [PMID: 27776972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TP53 is a critical tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cellular senescence and many other properties critical for control of normal cellular growth and death. Due to the pleiotropic effects that TP53 has on gene expression and cellular physiology, mutations at this tumor suppressor gene result in diverse physiological effects. T53 mutations are frequently detected in numerous cancers. The expression of TP53 can be induced by various agents used to treat cancer patients such as chemotherapeutic drugs and ionizing radiation. Radiation will induce Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and other kinases that results in the phosphorylation and activation of TP53. TP53 is also negatively regulated by other mechanisms, such as ubiquitination by ligases such as MDM2. While TP53 has been documented to control the expression of many "classical" genes (e.g., p21Cip-1, PUMA, Bax) by transcriptional mechanisms for quite some time, more recently TP53 has been shown to regulate microRNA (miR) gene expression. Different miRs can promote oncogenesis (oncomiR) whereas others act to inhibit tumor progression (tumor suppressor miRs). Targeted therapies to stabilize TP53 have been developed by various approaches, MDM2/MDM4 inhibitors have been developed to stabilize TP53 in TP53-wild type (WT) tumors. In addition, small molecules have been isolated that will reactivate certain mutant TP53s. Both of these types of inhibitors are in clinical trials. Understanding the actions of TP53 may yield novel approaches to suppress cancer, aging and other health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Guiseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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17
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Ke B, Tian M, Li J, Liu B, He G. Targeting Programmed Cell Death Using Small-Molecule Compounds to Improve Potential Cancer Therapy. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:983-1035. [PMID: 27357603 DOI: 10.1002/med.21398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Mao Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
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18
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Yu B, Sun XN, Shi XJ, Qi PP, Zheng YC, Yu DQ, Liu HM. Efficient synthesis of novel antiproliferative steroidal spirooxindoles via the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. Steroids 2015; 102:92-100. [PMID: 26256638 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel steroidal spirooxindoles 3a-h were synthesized from pregnenolone in a high regioselective manner using the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as the key step. This protocol resulted in the formation of two C-C bonds, one C-N bond and the creation of one pyrrolidine ring and three contiguous stereocenters in a single operation. Biological evaluation showed that these synthesized steroidal spirooxindoles exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity against the tested cell lines and some of them were more potent than 5-FU. Among them, compounds 3e and 3f displayed the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells with the IC50 values of 4.0 and 3.9μM, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that compound 3d caused the cellular apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Docking results indicated that compound 3d fitted well into the MDM2 active site 1RV1 by interacting with Lys94 and Thr101 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Nan Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Huanghe Sanmenxia of Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia 472000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - De-Quan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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19
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Srivastava RK, Kaylani SZ, Edrees N, Li C, Talwelkar SS, Xu J, Palle K, Pressey JG, Athar M. GLI inhibitor GANT-61 diminishes embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma growth by inhibiting Shh/AKT-mTOR axis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12151-65. [PMID: 25432075 PMCID: PMC4322980 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) typically arises from skeletal muscle. Currently, RMS in patients with recurrent and metastatic disease have no successful treatment. The molecular pathogenesis of RMS varies based on cancer sub-types. Some embryonal RMS but not other sub-types are driven by sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. However, Shh pathway inhibitors particularly smoothened inhibitors are not highly effective in animals. Here, we show that Shh pathway effectors GLI1 and/or GLI2 are over-expressed in the majority of RMS cells and that GANT-61, a specific GLI1/2 inhibitor dampens the proliferation of both embryonal and alveolar RMS cells-derived xenograft tumors thereby blocking their growth. As compared to vehicle-treated control, about 50% tumor growth inhibition occurs in mice receiving GANT-61 treatment. The proliferation inhibition was associated with slowing of cell cycle progression which was mediated by the reduced expression of cyclins D1/2/3 & E and the concomitant induction of p21. GANT-61 not only reduced expression of GLI1/2 in these RMS but also significantly diminished AKT/mTOR signaling. The therapeutic action of GANT-61 was significantly augmented when combined with chemotherapeutic agents employed for RMS therapy such as temsirolimus or vincristine. Finally, reduced expression of proteins driving epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized the residual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Samer Zaid Kaylani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Nayf Edrees
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Sarang S Talwelkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Joseph G Pressey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0019, USA
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20
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Yu B, Yu DQ, Liu HM. Spirooxindoles: Promising scaffolds for anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:673-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Loss of function of p53, either through mutations in the gene or through mutations to other members of the pathway that inactivate wild-type p53, remains a critically important aspect of human cancer development. As such, p53 remains the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. For these reasons, pharmacologic activation of the p53 pathway has been a highly sought after, yet unachieved goal in developmental therapeutics. Recently progress has been made not only in the discovery of small molecules that target wild-type and mutant p53, but also in the initiation and completion of the first in-human clinical trials for several of these drugs. Here, we review the current literature of drugs that target wild-type and mutant p53 with a focus on small-molecule type compounds. We discuss common means of drug discovery and group them according to their common mechanisms of action. Lastly, we review the current status of the various drugs in the development process and identify newer areas of p53 tumor biology that may prove therapeutically useful.
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22
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Walsh EM, Niu M, Bergholz J, Xiao ZXJ. Nutlin-3 down-regulates retinoblastoma protein expression and inhibits muscle cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:293-9. [PMID: 25871794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays a critical role in regulation of proliferation, cell death and differentiation. The MDM2 oncoprotein is a major negative regulator for p53 by binding to and targeting p53 for proteasome-mediated degradation. The small molecule inhibitor, nutlin-3, disrupts MDM2-p53 interaction resulting in stabilization and activation of p53 protein. We have previously shown that nutlin-3 activates p53, leading to MDM2 accumulation as concomitant of reduced retinoblastoma (Rb) protein stability. It is well known that Rb is important in muscle development and myoblast differentiation and that rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), or cancer of the skeletal muscle, typically harbors MDM2 amplification. In this study, we show that nutlin-3 inhibited myoblast proliferation and effectively prevented myoblast differentiation, as evidenced by lack of expression of muscle differentiation markers including myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC), as well as a failure to form multinucleated myotubes, which were associated with dramatic increases in MDM2 expression and decrease in Rb protein levels. These results indicate that nutlin-3 can effectively inhibit muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - MengMeng Niu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China
| | - Johann Bergholz
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Jim Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014 China.
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23
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Fu P, Sun L, Cao X, Li L, Zhao C. MDM2 molecular imaging for the prediction of chemotherapeutic sensitivity in human breast cancer xenograft. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25022573 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible use of mouse double-minute 2 (MDM2) molecular imaging to predict chemotherapeutic sensitivity in breast cancer xenografts (BCXs). MCF-7 cells were transfected with MDM2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASONs), and MDM2 expression levels were determined by Western blotting. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in MCF-7 cells transfected with ASONs and treated with paclitaxel. BCXs were established in nude mice by injection of ASONs, and tumor volumes were measured after paclitaxel treatment. MDM2 ASONs were labeled with 99mTc to generate an MDM2 molecular probe, and MDM2 expression levels were evaluated by imaging and Western blotting. MDM2 ASONs downregulated MDM2 expression in a dose-dependent manner and increased the rate of paclitaxel-induced cell growth inhibition. Imaging of tumors revealed significant differences in the tumor to skeletal muscle (T/M) ratio between groups. Tumor MDM2 protein expression was correlated with T/M ratios at 4 hours (R = .880) and 10 hours (R = .886). The effect of paclitaxel varied among nude mice bearing BCXs with different concentrations of ASONs, as shown by differences in tumor growth. MDM2 molecular imaging could be a promising method for predicting the sensitivity of BCXs to chemotherapy.
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24
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Pujol-Gimenez J, de Heredia FP, Idoate MA, Airley R, Lostao MP, Evans AR. Could GLUT12 be a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer Treatment? A Preliminary Report. J Cancer 2015; 6:139-43. [PMID: 25561978 PMCID: PMC4280396 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies proposed GLUT12 to be a major glucose transporter involved in the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells. METHODS GLUT12 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in a selection of cancer cell lines and a tumour spheroid model. RESULTS GLUT12 expression was high in A549 and RH-36; low in HT29; and absent in NB-EB cancer cell lines. GLUT12 expression was located in the necrotic centre of HT29 spheroids, which is characterised by anaerobic metabolism. CONCLUSION The data supports the involvement of GLUT12 in the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells and therefore, its potential as a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonai Pujol-Gimenez
- 1. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fátima Pérez de Heredia
- 2. School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miguel Angel Idoate
- 3. Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Av. Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rachel Airley
- 4. School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - María Pilar Lostao
- 1. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrew Robert Evans
- 5. School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, and despite clinical advances, subsets of these patients continue to suffer high levels of morbidity and mortality associated with their disease. Recent genetic and molecular characterization of these tumors using sophisticated genomics techniques, including next-generation sequencing experiments, has revealed multiple areas that can be exploited for new molecularly targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Cukuroglu E, Engin HB, Gursoy A, Keskin O. Hot spots in protein–protein interfaces: Towards drug discovery. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 116:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Song MJ, Song JS, Roh JL, Choi SH, Nam SY, Kim SY, Kim SB, Lee SW, Cho KJ. Mdm2 and p53 Expression in Radiation-Induced Sarcomas of the Head and Neck: Comparison with De Novo Sarcomas. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 48:346-50. [PMID: 25366069 PMCID: PMC4215959 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2014.48.5.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of radiation-induced sarcomas (RISs) is not well known. In RIS, TP53 mutations are frequent, but little is known about Mdm2-p53 interaction, which is a recent therapeutic target of sarcomas. Methods We studied the immunohistochemical expression of Mdm2 and p53 of 8 RISs. The intervals between radiation therapy and diagnosis of secondary sarcomas ranged from 3 to 17 years. Results Mdm2 expression was more common in de novo sarcomas than RISs (75% vs 37.5%), and p53 expression was more common in RISs than in de novo cases (75% vs 37.5%). While half of the RISs were Mdm2(–)/p53(+), none of de novo cases showed such combination; while half of de novo sarcomas were Mdm2(+)/p53(–), which are a candidate group of Mdm2 inhibitors, only 1 RIS showed such a combination. Variable immunoprofiles observed in both groups did not correlate with tumor types, except that all of 2 myxofibrosarcomas were Mdm2(+)/p53(+). Conclusions In conclusion, we speculated that both radiation-induced and de novo sarcomagenesis are not due to a unique genetic mechanism. Mdm2-expression without p53 overexpression in 1 case of RIS decreases the future possibility of applying Mdm2 inhibitors on a subset of these difficult tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Song
- Departments of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seon Song
- Departments of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Lyel Roh
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Yuhl Nam
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Bae Kim
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Lee
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Departments of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Stress-induced isoforms of MDM2 and MDM4 correlate with high-grade disease and an altered splicing network in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1049-63. [PMID: 24027430 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a morphologically and genetically heterogeneous malignancy commonly classified into three histologic subtypes, namely, alveolar, embryonal, and anaplastic. An issue that continues to challenge effective RMS patient prognosis is the dearth of molecular markers predictive of disease stage irrespective of tumor subtype. Our study involving a panel of 70 RMS tumors has identified specific alternative splice variants of the oncogenes Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) and MDM4 as potential biomarkers for RMS. Our results have demonstrated the strong association of genotoxic-stress inducible splice forms MDM2-ALT1 (91.6% Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group stage 4 tumors) and MDM4-ALT2 (90.9% MDM4-ALT2-positive T2 stage tumors) with high-risk metastatic RMS. Moreover, MDM2-ALT1-positive metastatic tumors belonged to both the alveolar (50%) and embryonal (41.6%) subtypes, making this the first known molecular marker for high-grade metastatic disease across the most common RMS subtypes. Furthermore, our results show that MDM2-ALT1 expression can function by directly contribute to metastatic behavior and promote the invasion of RMS cells through a matrigel-coated membrane. Additionally, expression of both MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2 increased anchorage-independent cell-growth in soft agar assays. Intriguingly, we observed a unique coordination in the splicing of MDM2-ALT1 and MDM4-ALT2 in approximately 24% of tumor samples in a manner similar to genotoxic stress response in cell lines. To further explore splicing network alterations with possible relevance to RMS disease, we used an exon microarray approach to examine stress-inducible splicing in an RMS cell line (Rh30) and observed striking parallels between stress-responsive alternative splicing and constitutive splicing in RMS tumors.
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Quintavalla A, Lanza F, Montroni E, Lombardo M, Trombini C. Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to 3-Ylidene Oxindoles: A Stereocontrolled Diversity Oriented Route to Oxindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12049-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402099p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Quintavalla
- Department of Chemistry
‘‘G. Ciamician’’, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Lanza
- Department of Chemistry
‘‘G. Ciamician’’, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Montroni
- Department of Chemistry
‘‘G. Ciamician’’, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario “CINMPIS”, V. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry
‘‘G. Ciamician’’, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department of Chemistry
‘‘G. Ciamician’’, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Ramaiah MJ, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Lavanya A, Bhadra K, Haritha V, Patel N, Tamboli JR, Kamal A, Bhadra U, Pal-Bhadra M. Novel anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates modulate the expression of p53-MYCN associated micro RNAs in neuroblastoma cells and cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5699-706. [PMID: 23992861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that anthranilamide-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine conjugates activate p53 and cause apoptosis in cervical cancer cells such as HeLa and SiHa. Here we establish the role of these conjugates in activating p53 pathway by phosphorylation at Ser15, 20 and 46 residues and downregulate key oncogenic proteins such as MYCN and Mdm2 in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. Compounds decreased the proliferation rate of neuroblastoma cells such as IMR-32, Neuro-2a, SK-N-SH. Compound treatment resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest. The expression of p53 dependent genes such as p21, Bax, caspases was increased with concomitant decrease of the survival proteins as well as anti-apoptotic proteins such as Akt1, E2F1 and Bcl2. In addition the expression of important microRNAs such as miR-34a, c, miR-200b, miR-107, miR-542-5p and miR-605 were significantly increased that eventually lead to the activation of apoptotic pathway. Our data revealed that conjugates of this nature cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in IMR-32 cells [MYCN (+) with intact wild-type p53] by activating p53 signalling and provides a lead for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janaki Ramaiah
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Stereoselective syntheses of functionalized spirocyclopenteneoxindoles via triphenylphosphine-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. Mol Divers 2013; 17:563-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sokolowski E, Turina CB, Kikuchi K, Langenau DM, Keller C. Proof-of-concept rare cancers in drug development: the case for rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:1877-89. [PMID: 23665679 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases typically affect fewer than 200,000 patients annually, yet because thousands of rare diseases exist, the cumulative impact is millions of patients worldwide. Every form of childhood cancer qualifies as a rare disease-including the childhood muscle cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The next few years promise to be an exceptionally good era of opportunity for public-private collaboration for rare and childhood cancers. Not only do certain governmental regulation advantages exist, but these advantages are being made permanent with special incentives for pediatric orphan drug-product development. Coupled with a growing understanding of sarcoma tumor biology, synergy with pharmaceutical muscle disease drug-development programs, and emerging publically available preclinical and clinical tools, the outlook for academic-community-industry partnerships in RMS drug development looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sokolowski
- Department of Student Affairs, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - C B Turina
- 1] Department of Student Affairs, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA [2] Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - K Kikuchi
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D M Langenau
- 1] Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Gembarska A, Luciani F, Fedele C, Russell EA, Dewaele M, Villar S, Zwolinska A, Haupt S, de Lange J, Yip D, Goydos J, Haigh JJ, Haupt Y, Larue L, Jochemsen A, Shi H, Moriceau G, Lo RS, Ghanem G, Shackleton M, Bernal F, Marine JC. MDM4 is a key therapeutic target in cutaneous melanoma. Nat Med 2012; 18:1239-47. [PMID: 22820643 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, which often occurs through mutations in TP53 (encoding tumor protein 53) is a common step in human cancer. However, in melanoma-a highly chemotherapy-resistant disease-TP53 mutations are rare, raising the possibility that this cancer uses alternative ways to overcome p53-mediated tumor suppression. Here we show that Mdm4 p53 binding protein homolog (MDM4), a negative regulator of p53, is upregulated in a substantial proportion (∼65%) of stage I-IV human melanomas and that melanocyte-specific Mdm4 overexpression enhanced tumorigenesis in a mouse model of melanoma induced by the oncogene Nras. MDM4 promotes the survival of human metastatic melanoma by antagonizing p53 proapoptotic function. Notably, inhibition of the MDM4-p53 interaction restored p53 function in melanoma cells, resulting in increased sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy and to inhibitors of the BRAF (V600E) oncogene. Our results identify MDM4 as a key determinant of impaired p53 function in human melanoma and designate MDM4 as a promising target for antimelanoma combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gembarska
- Center for the Biology of Disease, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K. Translational approaches targeting the p53 pathway for anti-cancer therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:328-44. [PMID: 21718309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor blocks cancer development by triggering apoptosis or cellular senescence in response to oncogenic stress or DNA damage. Consequently, the p53 signalling pathway is virtually always inactivated in human cancer cells. This unifying feature has commenced tremendous efforts to develop p53-based anti-cancer therapies. Different strategies exist that are adapted to the mechanisms of p53 inactivation. In p53-mutated tumours, delivery of wild-type p53 by adenovirus-based gene therapy is now practised in China. Also, remarkable progress has been made in the development of p53-binding drugs that can rescue and reactivate the function of mutant or misfolded p53. Other biologic approaches include the development of oncolytic viruses that are designed to specifically replicate in and kill p53-defective cells. Inactivation of wt-p53 frequently results from dysregulation of MDM2, an E3 ligase that regulates p53 levels. Small-molecule drugs that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and p53 and block p53 degradation are currently tested in clinical trials. This survey highlights the recent developments that attempt to modulate the function of p53 and outlines strategies that are being investigated for pharmacological intervention in the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Essmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Recent success stories concerning the targeting of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have led to an increased focus on this challenging target class for drug discovery. This article explores various avenues to assess the druggability of PPIs and describes a druggability decision flow chart, which can be applied to any PPI target. This flow chart not only covers small molecules but also peptidomimetics, peptides and conformationally restricted peptides as potential modalities for targeting PPIs. Additionally, a retrospective analysis of PPI druggability using various computational tools is summarized. The application of a systematic approach as presented in this paper will increase confidence that modulators (e.g., small organic molecules or peptides) can ultimately be identified for a particular target before a decision is made to commit significant discovery resources.
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Aminake MN, Arndt HD, Pradel G. The proteasome of malaria parasites: A multi-stage drug target for chemotherapeutic intervention? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:1-10. [PMID: 24533266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/proteasome system serves as a regulated protein degradation pathway in eukaryotes, and is involved in many cellular processes featuring high protein turnover rates, such as cell cycle control, stress response and signal transduction. In malaria parasites, protein quality control is potentially important because of the high replication rate and the rapid transformations of the parasite during life cycle progression. The proteasome is the core of the degradation pathway, and is a major proteolytic complex responsible for the degradation and recycling of non-functional ubiquitinated proteins. Annotation of the genome for Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria tropica, revealed proteins with similarity to human 26S proteasome subunits. In addition, a bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine peptidase-like protein was identified. In recent years several independent studies indicated an essential function of the parasite proteasome for the liver, blood and transmission stages. In this review, we compile evidence for protein recycling in Plasmodium parasites and discuss the role of the 26S proteasome as a prospective multi-stage target for antimalarial drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoah Nigel Aminake
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Adaptation of cancer cells from different entities to the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3 results in the emergence of p53-mutated multi-drug-resistant cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e243. [PMID: 22170099 PMCID: PMC3252738 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Six p53 wild-type cancer cell lines from infrequently p53-mutated entities (neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and melanoma) were continuously exposed to increasing concentrations of the murine double minute 2 inhibitor nutlin-3, resulting in the emergence of nutlin-3-resistant, p53-mutated sublines displaying a multi-drug resistance phenotype. Only 2 out of 28 sublines adapted to various cytotoxic drugs harboured p53 mutations. Nutlin-3-adapted UKF-NB-3 cells (UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM, harbouring a G245C mutation) were also radiation resistant. Analysis of UKF-NB-3 and UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells by RNA interference experiments and lentiviral transduction of wild-type p53 into p53-mutated UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells revealed that the loss of p53 function contributes to the multi-drug resistance of UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM cells. Bioinformatics PANTHER pathway analysis based on microarray measurements of mRNA abundance indicated a substantial overlap in the signalling pathways differentially regulated between UKF-NB-3rNutlin10 μM and UKF-NB-3 and between UKF-NB-3 and its cisplatin-, doxorubicin-, or vincristine-resistant sublines. Repeated nutlin-3 adaptation of neuroblastoma cells resulted in sublines harbouring various p53 mutations with high frequency. A p53 wild-type single cell-derived UKF-NB-3 clone was adapted to nutlin-3 in independent experiments. Eight out of ten resulting sublines were p53-mutated harbouring six different p53 mutations. This indicates that nutlin-3 induces de novo p53 mutations not initially present in the original cell population. Therefore, nutlin-3-treated cancer patients should be carefully monitored for the emergence of p53-mutated, multi-drug-resistant cells.
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Garcia D, Warr MR, Martins CP, Brown Swigart L, Passegué E, Evan GI. Validation of MdmX as a therapeutic target for reactivating p53 in tumors. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1746-57. [PMID: 21852537 DOI: 10.1101/gad.16722111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MdmX, also known as Mdm4, is a critical negative regulator of p53, and its overexpression serves to block p53 tumor suppressor function in many cancers. Consequently, inhibiting MdmX has emerged as an attractive approach to restoring p53 function in those cancers that retain functional p53. However, the consequences of acute systemic MdmX inhibition in normal adult tissues remain unknown. To determine directly the effects of systemic MdmX inhibition in normal tissues and in tumors, we crossed mdmX(-/-) mice into the p53ER(TAM) knockin background. In place of wild-type p53, p53ER(TAM) knockin mice express a variant of p53, p53ER(TAM), that is completely dependent on 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen for its activity. MdmX inhibition was then modeled by restoring p53 function in these MdmX-deficient mice. We show that MdmX is continuously required to buffer p53 activity in adult normal tissues and their stem cells. Importantly, the effects of transient p53 restoration in the absence of MdmX are nonlethal and reversible, unlike transient p53 restoration in the absence of Mdm2, which is ineluctably lethal. We also show that the therapeutic impact of restoring p53 in a tumor model is enhanced in the absence of MdmX, affording a significant extension of life span over p53 restoration in the presence of MdmX. Hence, systemic inhibition of MdmX is both a feasible therapeutic strategy for restoring p53 function in tumors that retain wild-type p53 and likely to be significantly safer than inhibition of Mdm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia
- Department of Pathology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Athar M, Elmets CA, Kopelovich L. Pharmacological activation of p53 in cancer cells. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:631-9. [PMID: 21391904 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795222595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that regulates a large number of genes and guards against genomic instability. Under multiple cellular stress conditions, p53 functions to block cell cycle progression transiently unless proper DNA repair occurs. Failure of DNA repair mechanisms leads to p53-mediated induction of cell death programs. p53 also induces permanent cell cycle arrest known as cellular senescence. During neoplastic progression, p53 is often mutated and fails to efficiently perform these functions. It has been observed that cancers carrying a wild-type p53 may also have interrupted downstream p53 regulatory signaling leading to disruption in p53 functions. Therefore, strategies to reactivate p53 provide an attractive approach for blocking tumor pathogenesis and its progression. p53 activation may also lead to regression of existing early neoplastic lesions and therefore may be important in developing cancer chemoprevention protocols. A large number of small molecules capable of reactivating p53 have been developed and some are progressing through clinical trials for prospective human applications. However, several questions remain to be answered at this stage. For example, it is not certain if pharmacological activation of p53 will restore all of its multifaceted biological responses, assuming that the targeted cell is not killed following p53 activation. It remains to be demonstrated whether the distinct biological effects regulated by specific post-translationally modified p53 can effectively be restored by refolding mutant p53. Mutant p53 can be classified as a loss-of-function or gain-of-function protein depending on the type of mutation. It is also unclear whether reactivation of mutant p53 has similar consequences in cells carrying gain-of-function and loss-of-function p53 mutants. This review provides a description of various pharmacological approaches tested to activate p53 (both wild-type and mutant) and to assess the effects of activated p53 on neoplastic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, Room 509, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA.
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Ramírez-Peinado S, Alcázar-Limones F, Lagares-Tena L, El Mjiyad N, Caro-Maldonado A, Tirado OM, Muñoz-Pinedo C. 2-Deoxyglucose Induces Noxa-Dependent Apoptosis in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6796-806. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
MYCN amplification is a major biomarker of poor prognosis, occurring in 25-30% of neuroblastomas. MYCN plays contradictory roles in promoting cell growth and sensitizing cells to apoptosis. We have recently shown that p53 is a direct transcriptional target of MYCN in neuroblastoma and that p53-mediated apoptosis may be an important mechanism of MYCN-induced apoptosis. Although p53 mutations are rare in neuroblastoma at diagnosis, the p53/MDM2/p14ARF pathway is often inactivated through MDM2 amplification or p14ARF inactivation. We hypothesised that reactivation of p53 by inhibition of its negative regulator MDM2, using the MDM2-p53 antagonists Nutlin-3 and MI-63, will result in p53-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis especially in MYCN amplified cells. Using the SHEP Tet21N MYCN regulatable system, MYCN(−) cells were more resistant to both Nutlin-3 and MI-63 mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis compared to MYCN(+) cells and siRNA mediated knockdown of MYCN in 4 MYCN amplified cell lines resulted in decreased p53 expression and activation, as well as decreased levels of apoptosis following treatment with MDM2-p53 antagonists. In a panel of 18 neuroblastoma cell lines treated with Nutlin-3 and MI-63, the sub-set amplified for MYCN had a significantly lower mean GI50 value and increased caspase 3/7 activity compared to the non MYCN amplified group of cell lines, but p53 mutant cell lines were resistant to the antagonists regardless of MYCN status. We conclude that amplification or overexpression of MYCN sensitizes neuroblastoma cell lines with wildtype p53 to MDM2-p53 antagonists and that these compounds may therefore be particularly effective in treating high risk MYCN amplified disease.
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[Recent advances in mutant p53 and novel personalized strategies for cancer therapy]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:539-48. [PMID: 21684858 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein p53 is the most intensively studied tumor suppressor protein. Recent studies keep revealing its new function in metabolism and reproduction. At the same time, it is also found that varieties of p53 mutant gained new function in promoting tumorigenesis. These studies provide the basis for understanding the personalized gain of function of p53 mu-tants and help us searching for the new strategies for reactivation of wild-type p53 and correction of the function of p53 mutants. The personalized treatment targeting different p53 mutants will be the focus for cancer treatment. Here, we re-viewed the discovered gain of function of some p53 mutants and the molecular strategies for reactivating wild type p53 function: by use of small molecules or polypeptides to reactivate the wild type function of p53 mutants in tumor cells; by exogenous expression of wild type p53 carried by recombinant adenovirus in tumor cells; and by inhibition the interaction between p53 and mdm2 to stabilize wild type p53 proteins. Further study of variety of p53 point mutations farcilitates de-signing more effectively personalized strategies in the cancer therapy.
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44
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Wang Z, Li B. Mdm2 links genotoxic stress and metabolism to p53. Protein Cell 2011; 1:1063-72. [PMID: 21213101 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2) gene was isolated from a cDNA library derived from transformed mouse 3T3 cells, and was classified as an oncogene as it confers 3T3 and Rat2 cells tumorigenicity when overexpressed. It encodes a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling ubiquitin E3 ligase, with its main target being tumor suppressor p53, which is mutated in more than 50% of human primary tumors. Mdm2's oncogenic activity is mainly mediated by p53, which is activated by various stresses, especially genotoxic stress, via Atm (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and Atr (Atm and Rad3-related). Activated p53 inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis or senescence, and maintains genome integrity. Mdm2 is also a target gene of p53 transcription factor. Thus, Mdm2 and p53 form a feedback regulatory loop. External and internal cues, through multiple signaling pathways, can act on Mdm2 to regulate p53 levels and cell proliferation, death, and senescence. This review will focus on how Mdm2 is regulated under genotoxic stress, and by the Akt1-mTOR-S6K1 pathway that is activated by insulin, growth factors, amino acids, or energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Wang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Khoury K, Popowicz GM, Holak TA, Dömling A. The p53-MDM2/MDMX axis - A chemotype perspective. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011; 2:246-260. [PMID: 24466404 PMCID: PMC3898590 DOI: 10.1039/c0md00248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative regulator MDM2 consists of the most intense studied PPI with a group of small molecular weight antagonists described and many more disclosed in patent literature. Due to the Å-level structural insight into p53 interaction with MDM2 there is a reasonable understanding of the requirements of the molecules to bind. In contrast and despite the very close homology and 3-D similarity no potent MDMX antagonist has been disclosed up to date. The current review summarizes the different disclosed chemotypes for MDM2 including a discussion of the cocrystal structures. Structures and approaches to reconstitute functional p53 from mutated p53 are presented. Finally new screening methods and recent biotech deals based on p53 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Khoury
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tad A. Holak
- Max Planck Institut für Biochemie, München, Germany
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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46
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Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 gene are a feature of 50% of all reported cancer cases. In the other 50% of cases, the TP53 gene itself is not mutated but the p53 pathway is often partially inactivated. Cancer therapies that target specific mutant genes are proving to be highly active and trials assessing agents that exploit the p53 system are ongoing. Many trials are aimed at stratifying patients on the basis of TP53 status. In another approach, TP53 is delivered as a gene therapy; this is the only currently approved p53-based treatment. The p53 protein is overexpressed in many cancers and p53-based vaccines are undergoing trials. Processed cell-surface p53 is being exploited as a target for protein-drug conjugates, and small-molecule drugs that inhibit the activity of MDM2, the E3 ligase that regulates p53 levels, have been developed by several companies. The first MDM2 inhibitors are being trialed in both hematologic and solid malignancies. Finally, the first agent found to restore the active function of mutant TP53 has just entered the clinic. Here we discuss the basis of these trials and the future of p53-based therapy.
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47
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Shi D, Grossman SR. Ubiquitin becomes ubiquitous in cancer: emerging roles of ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases in tumorigenesis and as therapeutic targets. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:737-47. [PMID: 20930542 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.8.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of its ability to regulate both protein turnover and non-proteolytic signalling functions, ubiquitin protein conjugation has been implicated in the control of multiple cellular processes, including protein localization, cell cycle control, transcription regulation, DNA damage repair, and endocytosis. Ubiquitin metabolism enzymes have been identified as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in a variety of cancers. Given that ubiquitin metabolism is governed by enzymes--E1, E2, E3, E4, deubiquitinases (DUBs), and the proteasome- the system as a whole is ripe for target and drug discovery in cancer. Of the ubiquitin/proteasome system components, the E3's and DUBs can recognize substrates with the most specificity, and are thus of key interest as drug targets in cancer. This review examines the molecular role in cancer, relevant substrates, and potential for pharmacologic development, of E3's and DUBs that have been associated thus far with human malignancies as oncogenes or tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Shi
- Departments of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA, USA
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Azmi AS, Philip PA, Beck FWJ, Wang Z, Banerjee S, Wang S, Yang D, Sarkar FH, Mohammad RM. MI-219-zinc combination: a new paradigm in MDM2 inhibitor-based therapy. Oncogene 2010; 30:117-26. [PMID: 20818437 PMCID: PMC3000878 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc plays a crucial role in the biology of p53 in that p53 binds to DNA through a structurally complex domain stabilized by zinc atom. The p53 negative regulator MDM2 protein also carries a C-terminal RING domain that coordinates two zinc atoms which are responsible for p53 nuclear export and proteasomal degradation. In this clinically translatable study, we explored the critical role of zinc on p53 re-activation by MDM2-inhibitor MI-219 in colon and breast cancer cells. ZnCl2 enhanced MI-219 activity (MTT, apoptosis and colony formation), and chelation of zinc not only blocked the activity of MI-219, it also suppressed re-activation of the p53 and its downstream effector molecules p21WAF1 and Bax. TPEN, a specific zinc chelator but not Bapta-AM, a calcium chelator, blocked MI-219-induced apoptosis. Nuclear localization is a pre-requisite for proper functioning of p53 and our results confirm that TPEN and not Bapta-AM could abrogate p53 nuclear localization and interfered with p53 transcriptional activation. Addition of zinc suppressed the known p53 feedback MDM2 activation which could be restored by TPEN. Co-immunoprecipitation studies verified that MI-219-mediated MDM2-p53 disruption could be suppressed by TPEN and restored by zinc. As such, single agent therapies that target MDM2 inhibition, without supplemental zinc, may not be optimal in certain patients due to the less recognized mild zinc deficiency among the “at risk population” as in the elderly which are more prone to cancers. Therefore, use of supplemental zinc with MI-219 will benefit the overall efficacy of MDM2 inhibitors and this potent combination warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are an infrequent and heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors including more than a hundred different entities attending to histologic patterns. Research into the molecular aspects of sarcomas has increased greatly in the last few years. This enormous amount of knowledge has allowed, for instance, to refine the classification of sarcomas, improve the diagnosis, and increase the number of therapeutical targets available, most of them under preclinical evaluation. However, other important key issues, such as sarcomagenesis and the cell of origin of sarcomas, remain unresolved. From a molecular point of view, these neoplasias are grouped into 2 main types: (a) sarcomas showing relatively simple karyotypes and translocations, which originate gene fusions (eg, EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma) or point mutations (eg, c-kit in the gastrointestinal tumors) and (b) sarcomas showing unspecific gene alterations, very complex karyotypes, and no translocations. The discovery of the early mechanisms involved in the genesis of sarcomas, the more relevant signaling pathways, and the development of genetically engineered mouse models could also provide a new individualized therapeutic strategy against these tumors. This review describes the clinical application of some of the molecular alterations found in sarcomas, some advances in the field of sarcomagenesis, and the development of animal models.
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50
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Yang H, Xiong F, Wei X, Yang Y, McNutt MA, Zhou R. Overexpression of LAPTM4B-35 promotes growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2010; 294:236-44. [PMID: 20202745 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
LAPTM4B-35, encoded by Lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B) is over-expressed in more than 71% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and associated with prognosis of the patients. But the exact role and molecular mechanism in HCC have not been determined. In this study, we explored the effects and mechanisms of LAPTM4B-35 on tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by overexpression and depletion of LAPTM4B in HCC HepG2 and Bel7402 cells. These findings suggest that overexpression of LAPTM4B-35 plays a critical role in the growth and metastasis of HCC, and LAPTM4B-35 may therefore be a therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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