1
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Hato L, Vizcay A, Eguren I, Pérez-Gracia JL, Rodríguez J, Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Sarobe P, Inogés S, Díaz de Cerio AL, Santisteban M. Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:981. [PMID: 38473341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy modulates the immune system, overcomes immune escape and stimulates immune defenses against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional promoters of immune responses against tumor antigens with the outstanding ability to coordinate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Evidence suggests that there is a decrease in both the number and function of DCs in cancer patients. Therefore, they represent a strong scaffold for therapeutic interventions. DC vaccination (DCV) is safe, and the antitumoral responses induced are well established in solid tumors. Although the addition of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) to chemotherapy has provided new options in the treatment of cancer, they have shown no clinical benefit in immune desert tumors or in those tumors with dysfunctional or exhausted T-cells. In this way, DC-based therapy has demonstrated the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment for immune enriched tumors and to potentiate systemic host immune responses as an active approach to treating cancer patients. Application of DCV in cancer seeks to obtain long-term antitumor responses through an improved T-cell priming by enhancing previous or generating de novo immune responses. To date, DCV has induced immune responses in the peripheral blood of patients without a significant clinical impact on outcome. Thus, improvements in vaccines formulations, selection of patients based on biomarkers and combinations with other antitumoral therapies are needed to enhance patient survival. In this work, we review the role of DCV in different solid tumors with their strengths and weaknesses, and we finally mention new trends to improve the efficacy of this immune strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hato
- Immunology, Riberalab, 03203 Alicante, Spain
| | - Angel Vizcay
- Medical Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Eguren
- Medical Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodríguez
- Medical Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Sarobe
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Inogés
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Cell Therapy Unit, Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascensión López Díaz de Cerio
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Cell Therapy Unit, Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Santisteban
- Medical Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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2
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Martinis E, Ricci C, Trevisan C, Tomadini G, Tonon S. Cancer Vaccines: From the State of the Art to the Most Promising Frontiers in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1969. [PMID: 37514155 PMCID: PMC10383643 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer represents 10% of all new cancer cases each year and accounts for almost 10% of all cancer deaths. According to the WHO, by 2040 there will be a 60% increase in colorectal cancer cases. These data highlight the need to explore new therapeutic strategies. Classical interventions include surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are invasive strategies that have many side effects on the patients and greatly affect their quality of life. A great advance in the treatment of this cancer type, as well as of all the others, could be the development of a vaccination strategy preventing the onset, the progression or the relapse of the pathology. In this review, we summarize the main vaccination strategies that are being studied for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and finally explore the possibility of using B-cells for the development of a new type of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Martinis
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4 Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Carolina Ricci
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4 Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Caterina Trevisan
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4 Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gaia Tomadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4 Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4 Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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3
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Hato SV, de Vries IJM, Lesterhuis WJ. STATing the importance of immune modulation by platinum chemotherapeutics. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:234-236. [PMID: 22720254 PMCID: PMC3376994 DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.2.18126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs enhance the immunostimulatory potential of DCs and decrease the immunosuppressive capacity of tumor cells. This immunomodulatory ability is based on the inhibition of STAT6-mediated expression of co-inhibitory molecule PD-L2 and opens up the possibility of using these drugs in combination with other immunostimulatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanleyson V Hato
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud University Medical Centre and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Gao J, Wang WQ, Pei Q, Lord MS, Yu HJ. Engineering nanomedicines through boosting immunogenic cell death for improved cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:986-994. [PMID: 32317755 PMCID: PMC7470797 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cancer immunotherapy has limited response rates in a large variety of solid tumors partly due to the low immunogenicity of the tumor cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). A number of clinical cancer treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, have been shown to elicit immunogenicity by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, ICD-based immunotherapy is restricted by the ITM limiting its efficacy in eliciting a long-term antitumor immune response, and by severe systemic toxicity. To address these challenges, nanomedicine-based drug delivery strategies have been exploited for improving cancer immunotherapy by boosting ICD of the tumor cells. Nanosized drug delivery systems are promising for increasing drug accumulation at the tumor site and codelivering ICD inducers and immune inhibitors to simultaneously elicit the immune response and relieve the ITM. This review highlights the recent advances in nanomedicine-based immunotherapy utilizing ICD-based approaches. A perspective on the clinical translation of nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Centre of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Centre of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Qing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Centre of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hai-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Centre of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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5
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Galaine J, Turco C, Vauchy C, Royer B, Mercier-Letondal P, Queiroz L, Loyon R, Mouget V, Boidot R, Laheurte C, Lakkis Z, Jary M, Adotévi O, Borg C, Godet Y. CD4 T cells target colorectal cancer antigens upregulated by oxaliplatin. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3112-3125. [PMID: 31396953 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has proven its efficacy in hypermutated subtypes of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC). Immunogenic potential can also be observed with conventional chemotherapies, but this property has never been explored thoroughly in CRC patients. The CRC therapeutic arsenal includes oxaliplatin, a well-characterized platinum drug already described as immunogenic. Here, we investigated the impact of the oxaliplatin-based treatment on mCRC immunopeptidome. We demonstrated that oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cell lines overexpressed telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), colorectal-associated-tumor antigen-1 (COA-1) and mesothelin tumor-associated antigens. We identified new HLA class-II-restricted and promiscuous peptides derived from COA-1 and mesothelin. The two naturally processed peptides COA-1331-345 and Meso366-380 appear to be the most immunogenic in mCRC patients. A prospective cohort of 162 mCRC patients enabled us to explore the impact of oxaliplatin exposure on the antitumor-specific immune response. Interestingly, chemotherapy-naive mCRC patients present high immune CD4 T-cell responses directed against TERT, COA-1 and mesothelin-derived peptides. These antitumor T-cell responses were maintained after 3 months of oxaliplatin-based treatment. Altogether, these findings highlight the interest of immunostimulatory agents to improve the management of chemoresistant mCRC patients. Finally, the high frequency of immune responses targeting the new immunogenic peptides derived from COA-1 and mesothelin support their use in immunomonitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Galaine
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Célia Turco
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Besançon, France
| | - Charline Vauchy
- INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center un Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Bernard Royer
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of pharmacotoxicology, Besançon, France
| | - Patricia Mercier-Letondal
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Lise Queiroz
- INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center un Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Romain Loyon
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Virginie Mouget
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Platform for Transfer to Cancer Biology, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Laheurte
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM CIC-1431, CHRU Besançon, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Zaher Lakkis
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Besançon, France
| | - Marine Jary
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Medical Oncology, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Adotévi
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Medical Oncology, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Medical Oncology, Besançon, France
| | - Yann Godet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
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6
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Nanotechnology is an important strategy for combinational innovative chemo-immunotherapies against colorectal cancer. J Control Release 2019; 307:108-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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STAT Family Protein Expression and Phosphorylation State during moDC Development Is Altered by Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7458238. [PMID: 31309123 PMCID: PMC6594321 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7458238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The STAT signaling pathway is important in dendritic cell (DC) development and function. Tumor cells can induce STAT signaling, thereby inhibiting DC maturation and immunostimulatory functions, leading to hampered efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies. Platinum-based chemotherapeutics can inhibit STAT signaling, thereby making them an interesting tool to improve DC development and function. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of STAT expression and phosphorylation during DC differentiation and maturation and investigate the effects of platinum drugs on STAT signaling during these processes. Monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with IL-4 and GM-CSF and matured with cytokines or TLR ligands. STAT expression and phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting, and moDC viability and phenotype were analyzed by flow cytometry. Platinum drugs were added at day 3 of differentiation or at the start of maturation to investigate regulation of the STAT signaling pathway. All STAT proteins were expressed during moDC differentiation and STAT1, STAT5, and STAT6 were phosphorylated. No significant changes occurred in the expression and phosphorylation state of the STAT proteins during differentiation. After maturation with TLR ligands, the expression of STAT1 increased, but other STAT proteins were not affected. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 increased during maturation, where TLR ligands induced significantly higher levels of phosphorylation than cytokines. Platinum drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin significantly inhibited phosphorylation of STAT6 during differentiation and maturation. Treatment did not affect the phenotype or viability of the cells. As STAT6 is an important regulator of DC function, these findings suggest a role for platinum-based chemotherapeutics to enhance DC function via inhibition of STAT signaling, thereby potentially enhancing efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies.
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8
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Golchin S, Alimohammadi R, Rostami Nejad M, Jalali SA. Synergistic antitumor effect of anti-PD-L1 combined with oxaliplatin on a mouse tumor model. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19866-19874. [PMID: 30941773 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OXP) can change tumor microenvironment from immune-suppressive toward the immune-favorable condition. Almost all of the antitumor agents cannot totally cure cancer as monotherapy. So the current focus of cancer research became combining therapy using different treatment regimen, especially chemotherapy with checkpoint blockers. In this study, we assessed the activity of combining regimen using anti-PD-L1 with OXP in CT26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. We further analyzed the immune cell phenotypes in tumor site, lymph nodes, and spleen by flow cytometry analysis. Our study showed that combination therapy with OXP and anti-PD-L1 significantly increased survival in vivo and inhibited tumor growth of tumor-bearing mice. Inconsistent with better antitumor activity, our combination therapy led to an increase in tumor-infiltrating activated CD8+ T cells. In draining lymph nodes and spleen, regulatory T cells decreased significantly. Mice receiving either anti-PD-L1 or OXP alone had a larger tumor and lower survival rate in comparison with combination therapy receiving group. The time and order of administration of each component of the combination therapy affected antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Golchin
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Alimohammadi
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami Nejad
- Celiac Disease Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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van Gulijk M, Dammeijer F, Aerts JGJV, Vroman H. Combination Strategies to Optimize Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2759. [PMID: 30568653 PMCID: PMC6289976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are essential for the activation of immune responses. In various malignancies, these immunostimulatory properties are exploited by DC-therapy, aiming at the induction of effective anti-tumor immunity by vaccination with ex vivo antigen-loaded DCs. Depending on the type of DC-therapy used, long-term clinical efficacy upon DC-therapy remains restricted to a proportion of patients, likely due to lack of immunogenicity of tumor cells, presence of a stromal compartment, and the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby leading to the development of resistance. In order to circumvent tumor-induced suppressive mechanisms and unleash the full potential of DC-therapy, considerable efforts have been made to combine DC-therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or with checkpoint inhibitors. These combination strategies could enhance tumor immunogenicity, stimulate endogenous DCs following immunogenic cell death, improve infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or specifically deplete immunosuppressive cells in the TME, such as regulatory T-cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In this review, different strategies of combining DC-therapy with immunomodulatory treatments will be discussed. These strategies and insights will improve and guide DC-based combination immunotherapies with the aim of further improving patient prognosis and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy van Gulijk
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joachim G J V Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Erasmus Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Synergistic and low adverse effect cancer immunotherapy by immunogenic chemotherapy and locally expressed PD-L1 trap. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2237. [PMID: 29884866 PMCID: PMC5993831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although great success has been obtained in the clinic, the current immune checkpoint inhibitors still face two challenging problems: low response rate and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). Here we report the combination of immunogenic chemotherapy and locally expressed PD-L1 trap fusion protein for efficacious and safe cancer immunotherapy. We demonstrate that oxaliplatin (OxP) boosts anti-PD-L1 mAb therapy against murine colorectal cancer. By design of a PD-L1 trap and loading its coding plasmid DNA into a lipid-protamine-DNA nanoparticle, PD-L1 trap is produced transiently and locally in the tumor microenvironment, and synergizes with OxP for tumor inhibition. Significantly, unlike the combination of OxP and anti-PD-L1 mAb, the combination of OxP and PD-L1 trap does not induce obvious Th17 cells accumulation in the spleen, indicating better tolerance and lower tendency to irAEs. The reports here may highlight the potential of applying PD-L1 inhibitor, especially locally expressed PD-L1 trap, in cancer therapy following OxP-based chemotherapy. Microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) has shown poor response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Here, the authors show that the combination of oxaliplatin with anti-PDL1 mAb is specifically efficient in the treatment of MSS CRC.
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12
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Versteven M, Van den Bergh JMJ, Marcq E, Smits ELJ, Van Tendeloo VFI, Hobo W, Lion E. Dendritic Cells and Programmed Death-1 Blockade: A Joint Venture to Combat Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 29599770 PMCID: PMC5863527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades of clinical cancer research with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination have proved that this type of personalized medicine is safe and has the capacity to improve survival, but monotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer. Designed to empower the patient’s antitumor immunity, huge research efforts are set to improve the efficacy of next-generation DC vaccines and to find synergistic combinations with existing cancer therapies. Immune checkpoint approaches, aiming to breach immune suppression and evasion to reinforce antitumor immunity, have been a revelation in the immunotherapy field. Early success of therapeutic antibodies blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has sparked the development of novel inhibitors and combination therapies. Hence, merging immunoregulatory tumor-specific DC strategies with PD-1-targeted approaches is a promising path to explore. In this review, we focus on the role of PD-1-signaling in DC-mediated antitumor immunity. In the quest of exploiting the full potential of DC therapy, different strategies to leverage DC immunopotency by impeding PD-1-mediated immune regulation are discussed, including the most advanced research on targeted therapeutic antibodies, lessons learned from chemotherapy-induced immune activation, and more recent developments with soluble molecules and gene-silencing techniques. An overview of DC/PD-1 immunotherapy combinations that are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation substantiates the clinical potential of such combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F I Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Hong X, Dong T, Yi T, Hu J, Zhang Z, Lin S, Niu W. Impact of 5-Fu/oxaliplatin on mouse dendritic cells and synergetic effect with a colon cancer vaccine. Chin J Cancer Res 2018; 30:197-208. [PMID: 29861605 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2018.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and oxaliplatin on the function and activation pathways of mouse dendritic cells (DCs), and to clarify whether 5-Fu/oxaliplatin combined with the CD1d-MC38/α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) tumor vaccine exhibits synergistic effects on the treatment of colon cancer in mice. Methods The combination of the Toll like receptor (TLR) ligands and/or 5-Fu/oxaliplatin was added into myeloid-derived DCs in vitro culture. DC phenotypic changes were detected by flow cytometry, and the secretion of DC cytokines was detected by cytometric bead array (CBA). A MC38 mouse colon cancer model was constructed and the DCs were isolated from the spleen, tumor tissue and lymph nodes following intraperitoneal injection of 5-Fu/oxaliplatin. The cell phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry. The tumor infiltrating leukocytes, splenocytes and lymph node cells were co-cultured with the dead MC38 tumor cells, and the secretion levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected. 5-Fu/oxaliplatin combined with our previously developed CD1d-MC38/α-GC tumor vaccine was used to inhibit the growth of MC38 colon cancer in mice, and the tumor growth rate and survival time were recorded. Results 5-Fu/oxaliplatin exerted no significant effect on the expression of the stimulating phenotypes of DCs in vitro, while it could reduce the expression of programmed death ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/L2) and promote interleukin-12 (IL-12) secretion by DCs. Furthermore 5-Fu/oxaliplatin was beneficial to the differentiation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. 5-Fu/oxaliplatin further enhanced the stimulating phenotypic expression of DCs in tumor bearing mice, decreased PD-L1/L2 expression, and specifically activated the lymphocytes. The CD1d-MC38/α-GC tumor vaccine combined with 5-Fu/oxaliplatin could exert a synergistic role that resulted in a significant delay of the tumor growth rate, and an increase in the survival time of tumor bearing mice. Conclusions 5-Fu/oxaliplatin decreased the expression of the DC inhibitory phenotypes PD-L1/L2, promoted DC phenotypic maturation in tumor bearing mice, activated the lymphocytes of tumor bearing mice, and exerted synergistic effects with the CD1d-MC38/α-GC colon cancer tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tiangeng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tuo Yi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianwei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shengli Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weixin Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Mennens SFB, Bolomini-Vittori M, Weiden J, Joosten B, Cambi A, van den Dries K. Substrate stiffness influences phenotype and function of human antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17511. [PMID: 29235514 PMCID: PMC5727489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized immune cells that scan peripheral tissues for foreign material or aberrant cells and, upon recognition of such danger signals, travel to lymph nodes to activate T cells and evoke an immune response. For this, DCs travel large distances through the body, encountering a variety of microenvironments with different mechanical properties such as tissue stiffness. While immune-related pathological conditions such as fibrosis or cancer are associated with tissue stiffening, the role of tissue stiffness in regulating key functions of DCs has not been studied yet. Here, we investigated the effect of substrate stiffness on the phenotype and function of DCs by conditioning DCs on polyacrylamide substrates of 2, 12 and 50 kPa. Interestingly, we found that C-type lectin expression on immature DCs (iDCs) is regulated by substrate stiffness, resulting in differential antigen internalization. Furthermore, we show that substrate stiffness affects β2 integrin expression and podosome formation by iDCs. Finally, we demonstrate that substrate stiffness influences CD83 and CCR7 expression on mature DCs, the latter leading to altered chemokine-directed migration. Together, our results indicate that DC phenotype and function are affected by substrate stiffness, suggesting that tissue stiffness is an important determinant for modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Bolomini-Vittori
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Truxova I, Hensler M, Skapa P, Halaska MJ, Laco J, Ryska A, Spisek R, Fucikova J. Rationale for the Combination of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccination Approaches With Chemotherapy Agents. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:115-156. [PMID: 28215530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their central role in the initiation and regulation of antitumor immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have been widely tested for use in cancer immunotherapy. Despite several encouraging clinical applications, existing DC-based immunotherapy efforts have yielded inconsistent results. Recent work has identified strategies that may allow for more potent DC-based vaccines, such as the combination with antitumor agents that have the potential to synergistically enhance DC functions. Selected cytotoxic agents may stimulate DCs either by directly promoting their maturation or through the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death. Moreover, they may support DC-induced adaptive immune responses by disrupting tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms via selective depletion or inhibition of regulatory subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and/or regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the capacity of anticancer chemotherapeutics to modulate DC phenotype and functions and the results of ongoing clinical trials evaluating the use of DC-based immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Truxova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - P Skapa
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M J Halaska
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Laco
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Ryska
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Spisek
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Fucikova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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Kim JH, Kim BJ, Kim HS, Kim JH. Current Status and Perspective of Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers. J Cancer 2016; 7:1599-1604. [PMID: 27698896 PMCID: PMC5039380 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is at dawn of the Renaissance after the Medieval Dark Ages. Recent advances of understanding tumor immunology and molecular drug development are leading us to the epoch of cancer immunotherapy. Some types of immunotherapy have shown to provide survival benefit for patients with solid tumors such as malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer. Several studies have suggested that immune checkpoint inhibition might be effective in some patients with gastrointestinal cancers. However, the era of cancer immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers is still in an inchoate stage. Here we briefly review the current status and perspective of immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bum Jun Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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17
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Martin Lluesma S, Wolfer A, Harari A, Kandalaft LE. Cancer Vaccines in Ovarian Cancer: How Can We Improve? Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4020010. [PMID: 28536377 PMCID: PMC5344251 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one important cause of gynecologic cancer-related death. Currently, the mainstay of ovarian cancer treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy (introduced 30 years ago) but, as the disease is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, its prognosis remains very poor. Clearly, there is a critical need for new treatment options, and immunotherapy is one attractive alternative. Prophylactic vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases have led to major achievements, yet therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown consistently low efficacy in the past. However, as they are associated with minimal side effects or invasive procedures, efforts directed to improve their efficacy are being deployed, with Dendritic Cell (DC) vaccination strategies standing as one of the more promising options. On the other hand, recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms have led to the development of successful strategies for the treatment of different cancers, such as immune checkpoint blockade strategies. Combining these strategies with DC vaccination approaches and introducing novel combinatorial designs must also be considered and evaluated. In this review, we will analyze past vaccination methods used in ovarian cancer, and we will provide different suggestions aiming to improve their efficacy in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Wolfer
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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18
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Thalmensi J, Pliquet E, Liard C, Escande M, Bestetti T, Julithe M, Kostrzak A, Pailhes-Jimenez AS, Bourges E, Loustau M, Caumartin J, Lachgar A, Huet T, Wain-Hobson S, Langlade-Demoyen P. Anticancer DNA vaccine based on human telomerase reverse transcriptase generates a strong and specific T cell immune response. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1083670. [PMID: 27141336 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1083670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is overexpressed in more than 85% of human cancers regardless of their cellular origin. As immunological tolerance to hTERT can be overcome not only spontaneously but also by vaccination, it represents a relevant universal tumor associated antigen (TAA). Indeed, hTERT specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors are present within the peripheral T-cell repertoire. Consequently, hTERT vaccine represents an attractive candidate for antitumor immunotherapy. Here, an optimized DNA plasmid encoding an inactivated form of hTERT, named INVAC-1, was designed in order to trigger cellular immunity against tumors. Intradermal injection of INVAC-1 followed by electrogene transfer (EGT) in a variety of mouse models elicited broad hTERT specific cellular immune responses including high CD4+ Th1 effector and memory CD8+ T‑cells. Furthermore, therapeutic INVAC‑1 immunization in a HLA-A2 spontaneous and aggressive mouse sarcoma model slows tumor growth and increases survival rate of 50% of tumor-bearing mice. These results emphasize that INVAC-1 based immunotherapy represents a relevant cancer vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elodie Pliquet
- Invectys, Pasteur BioTop, Paris, France; Molecular Retrovirology Unit, CNRS-URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Wain-Hobson
- Invectys, Pasteur BioTop, Paris, France; Molecular Retrovirology Unit, CNRS-URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Langlade-Demoyen
- Invectys, Pasteur BioTop, Paris, France; Molecular Retrovirology Unit, CNRS-URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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19
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Liu FF. Colorectal cancer immunotherapy: Current clinical studies and prospect of clinical application. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4464-4472. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i28.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a type of malignant gastrointestinal cancer with a high incidence rate. Current treatments, mostly surgery and chemotherapy, have not improved the 5-year survival rate of the patients significantly. About one-third of patients died of metastatic colorectal cancer eventually. Cancer immunotherapy has received more and more attention in recent years and become a hot research topic. Immunotherapy includes a variety of methods with an aim at improving the patient's own immune system and anti-tumor ability to control and kill tumor cells by the use of modern bio-technology. It has become the fourth form of cancer treatment after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This paper expounds the types of tumor immunotherapy, their applications in colorectal cancer, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of immunotherapy. In particular, we discuss the relationship between inflammation microenvironment and immunotherapy, and the relationship between chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy may become an important component of individualized treatment for colorectal cancer in the near future.
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20
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Bhargava A, Bunkar N, Khare NK, Mishra D, Mishra PK. Nanoengineered strategies to optimize dendritic cells for gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy: from biology to translational medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2187-202. [PMID: 25405796 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine may play an important role in improving the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy against GI tract malignancies. Dendritic cell-based vaccines have proven their effectiveness against different established GI tract tumors, yet their success is mainly hindered by the strong tumor-induced suppressive microenvironment. The sustained and targeted release of tumor antigens to dendritic cells using different nanoengineered approaches would be an efficient strategy to overcome established immune tolerance. Encapsulation would result in low diffusivity, restricted movement, effective crosspresentation and enhanced T-cell responses. These nanotherapy-based approaches will certainly help with the designing of clinically translatable dendritic cell-based therapeutic vaccines and facilitate the selective removal of residual disease in gastrointestinal cancer patients following standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, India
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21
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Patel SP, Osada T, Lyerly HK, Morse MA. Designing effective vaccines for colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:913-26. [PMID: 25313570 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving long-term control of colorectal cancers with therapeutic vaccines that generate potent anti-tumor T cell and antibody responses has been a goal for more than two decades. To date, clinical trials of these vaccines have demonstrated induction of immune responses, but clinical benefit has been limited. Improved vector delivery systems with enhanced immunostimulatory properties, decreased immunogenicity against vector and improved antigen presentation are some of the key features of modern tumor vaccines. Furthermore, an improved understanding of the various immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment and regional lymph nodes, coupled with a burgeoning ability to impair inhibitory immune synapses, highlights a growing opportunity to induce beneficial antigen-specific responses against tumor. The combination of improved antigenic delivery systems, coupled with therapeutic immune activation, represents state-of-the-art colorectal vaccine design concepts with the goal of augmenting immune responses against tumor and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip P Patel
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Immunotherapy Program, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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22
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Datta J, Berk E, Cintolo JA, Xu S, Roses RE, Czerniecki BJ. Rationale for a Multimodality Strategy to Enhance the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:271. [PMID: 26082780 PMCID: PMC4451636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), master antigen-presenting cells that orchestrate interactions between the adaptive and innate immune arms, are increasingly utilized in cancer immunotherapy. Despite remarkable progress in our understanding of DC immunobiology, as well as several encouraging clinical applications – such as DC-based sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer – clinically effective DC-based immunotherapy as monotherapy for a majority of tumors remains a distant goal. The complex interplay between diverse molecular and immune processes that govern resistance to DC-based vaccination compels a multimodality approach, encompassing a growing arsenal of antitumor agents which target these distinct processes and synergistically enhance DC function. These include antibody-based targeted molecular therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapies that inhibit immunosuppressive cellular elements, conventional cytotoxic modalities, and immune potentiating adjuvants. It is likely that in the emerging era of “precision” cancer therapeutics, tangible clinical benefits will only be realized with a multifaceted – and personalized – approach combining DC-based vaccination with adjunctive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashodeep Datta
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Erik Berk
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Jessica A Cintolo
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Robert E Roses
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA ; Rena Rowen Breast Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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23
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Zumwalt TJ, Goel A. Immunotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Prevailing Challenges and New Perspectives. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015; 11:125-140. [PMID: 26441489 PMCID: PMC4591512 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recurring or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have strikingly low long-term survival, while conventional treatments such as chemotherapeutic intervention and radiation therapy marginally improve longevity. Although, many factors involving immunosurveillance and immunosuppression were recently validated as important for patient prognosis and care, a multitude of experimental immunotherapies designed to combat unresectable mCRC have, in few cases, successfully mobilized antitumor immune cells against malignancies, nor conclusively or consistently granted protection, complete remission, and/or stable disease from immunotherapy - of which benefit less than 10% of those receiving therapy. After decades of progress, however, new insights into the mechanisms of immunosuppression, tolerance, and mutation profiling established novel therapies that circumvent these immunological barriers. This review underlines the most exciting methods to date that manipulate immune cells to curb mCRC, including adoptive cell therapy, dendritic cell vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitor antibodies - of which hint at effective and enduring protection against disease progression and undetected micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Zumwalt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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24
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Stojanovska V, Sakkal S, Nurgali K. Platinum-based chemotherapy: gastrointestinal immunomodulation and enteric nervous system toxicity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G223-32. [PMID: 25501548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00212.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer is challenged by severe gastrointestinal side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. These symptoms can persist long after the treatment has been ceased. An emerging concept is the ability of platinum-based drugs to stimulate immunity, which is in contrast to conventional chemotherapeutic agents that are immunosuppressive. Here, we review the immunomodulatory aspects of platinum-based anticancer chemotherapeutics and their impact on gastrointestinal innervation. Given the bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal immune system; exploring the consequences of platinum-induced immunogenicity will facilitate better understanding of gut dysfunction caused by chemotherapeutic agents. We propose that the development of future successful chemotherapeutics should rely on targeting the mechanisms underlying long-term gastrointestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Amin M, Lockhart AC. The potential role of immunotherapy to treat colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:329-44. [PMID: 25519074 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.985376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and anti-angiogenic therapies form the backbone of treatment for CRC in various stages. Immunotherapy is frequently used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers such as melanoma, prostate cancer and renal cell cancer. Current CRC research is moving forward to discover ways to incorporate immunotherapies into the treatment of CRC. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize the potential role of immunotherapy in CRC. Herein, the authors provide a brief overview of immune modulatory cells, immune surveillance and escape in CRC. They also review vaccine trials in addition to cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. This coverage includes ongoing trials and checkpoint inhibitors such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-1, programmed cell death-1, and PDL1. EXPERT OPINION Checkpoint inhibitors in combination with either chemotherapy or chemo-antiangiogenic-therapy may represent a future therapeutic approach for CRC incorporating immune system targeting. Given the success of immune-based therapy in other tumor types, the authors anticipate that a similar breakthrough in CRC will be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Amin
- Washington University, Siteman Cancer Center , 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8056, St. Louis, MO 63110 , USA
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26
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Datta J, Terhune JH, Lowenfeld L, Cintolo JA, Xu S, Roses RE, Czerniecki BJ. Optimizing dendritic cell-based approaches for cancer immunotherapy. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 87:491-518. [PMID: 25506283 PMCID: PMC4257036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells uniquely suited for cancer immunotherapy. They induce primary immune responses, potentiate the effector functions of previously primed T-lymphocytes, and orchestrate communication between innate and adaptive immunity. The remarkable diversity of cytokine activation regimens, DC maturation states, and antigen-loading strategies employed in current DC-based vaccine design reflect an evolving, but incomplete, understanding of optimal DC immunobiology. In the clinical realm, existing DC-based cancer immunotherapy efforts have yielded encouraging but inconsistent results. Despite recent U.S. Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of DC-based sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, clinically effective DC immunotherapy as monotherapy for a majority of tumors remains a distant goal. Recent work has identified strategies that may allow for more potent "next-generation" DC vaccines. Additionally, multimodality approaches incorporating DC-based immunotherapy may improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashodeep Datta
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia H. Terhune
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lea Lowenfeld
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica A. Cintolo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert E. Roses
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J. Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Brian J. Czerniecki, MD PhD, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Tele: 215-615-1696; Fax: 215-615-0555;
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Rahma OE, Myint ZW, Estfan B. Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccines for Treatment of Colon Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hato SV, Khong A, de Vries IJM, Lesterhuis WJ. Molecular Pathways: The Immunogenic Effects of Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2831-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pernot S, Terme M, Voron T, Colussi O, Marcheteau E, Tartour E, Taieb J. Colorectal cancer and immunity: What we know and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3738-3750. [PMID: 24833840 PMCID: PMC3983433 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence supports the concept of immunosurveillance and immunoediting in colorectal cancer. In particular, the density of T CD8+ and CD45+ lymphocyte infiltration was recently shown to have a better prognostic value than the classic tumor node metastasis classification factor. Other immune subsets, as macrophages, natural killer cells or unconventionnal lymphocytes, seem to play an important role. Induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) or immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 and downregulation of antigen-presenting molecules are major escape mechanisms to antitumor immune response. The development of these mechanisms is a major obstacle to the establishment of an effective immune response, but also to the use of immunotherapy. Although immunotherapy is not yet routinely used in colorectal cancer, we now know that most treatments used (chemotherapy and biotherapy) have immunomodulatory effects, such as induction of immunogenic cell death by chemotherapy, inhibition of immunosuppression by antiangiogenic agents, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity induced by cetuximab. Finally, many immunotherapy strategies are being developed and tested in phase I to III clinical trials. The most promising strategies are boosting the immune system with cytokines, inhibition of immunoregulatory checkpoints, vaccination with vectorized antigens, and adoptive cell therapy. Comprehension of antitumor immune response and combination of the different approaches of immunotherapy may allow the use of effective immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer in the near future.
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Gameiro SR, Jammeh ML, Hodge JW. Cancer vaccines targeting carcinoembryonic antigen: state-of-the-art and future promise. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:617-29. [PMID: 23750792 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent with the US FDA's approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, and supported by mounting clinical evidence indicating that targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can safely overcome pre-existing tolerance, a multitude of novel CEA cancer vaccines are now in various stages of development. Since cancer-driven immune suppression often limits the efficacy of vaccines, numerous strategies are being examined in both preclinical and clinical settings to overcome immunosuppressive elements, including the combined use of vaccines with certain chemotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, small-molecule targeted therapies and radiation. This review discusses the current state and future direction of therapeutic cancer vaccines targeting CEA, based on advances achieved over the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Lung cancer has traditionally been considered relatively resistant to immunotherapies. However, recent advances in the understanding of tumor-associated antigens, anti-tumor immune responses, and tumor immunosuppression mechanisms have resulted in a number of promising immunomodulatory therapies such as vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors. Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer is an optimal setting for these treatments because standard therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy may enhance anti-tumor immune effects by debulking the tumor, increasing tumor antigen presentation, and promoting T-cell response and trafficking. Clinical trials incorporating immunomodulatory agents into combined modality therapy of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer have shown promising results. Future challenges include identifying biomarkers to predict those patients most likely to benefit from this approach, radiographic assessment of treatment effects, the timing and dosing of combined modality treatment including immunotherapies, and avoidance of potentially overlapping toxicities.
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Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targeted anticancer therapies: reinstating immunosurveillance. Immunity 2013; 39:74-88. [PMID: 23890065 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics and targeted antineoplastic agents have been developed based on the simplistic notion that cancer constitutes a cell-autonomous genetic or epigenetic disease. However, it is becoming clear that many of the available anticancer drugs that have collectively saved millions of life-years mediate therapeutic effects by eliciting de novo or reactivating pre-existing tumor-specific immune responses. Here, we discuss the capacity of both conventional and targeted anticancer therapies to enhance the immunogenic properties of malignant cells and to stimulate immune effector cells, either directly or by subverting the immunosuppressive circuitries that preclude antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the therapeutic efficacy of several antineoplastic agents relies on their capacity to influence the tumor-host interaction, tipping the balance toward the activation of an immune response specific for malignant cells. We surmise that the development of successful anticancer therapies will be improved and accelerated by the immunological characterization of candidate agents.
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Status of Active Specific Immunotherapy for Stage II, Stage III, and Resected Stage IV Colon Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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van Poelgeest MIE, Welters MJP, van Esch EMG, Stynenbosch LFM, Kerpershoek G, van Persijn van Meerten EL, van den Hende M, Löwik MJG, Berends-van der Meer DMA, Fathers LM, Valentijn ARPM, Oostendorp J, Fleuren GJ, Melief CJM, Kenter GG, van der Burg SH. HPV16 synthetic long peptide (HPV16-SLP) vaccination therapy of patients with advanced or recurrent HPV16-induced gynecological carcinoma, a phase II trial. J Transl Med 2013; 11:88. [PMID: 23557172 PMCID: PMC3623745 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16)-induced gynecological cancers, in particular cervical cancers, are found in many women worldwide. The HPV16 encoded oncoproteins E6 and E7 are tumor-specific targets for the adaptive immune system permitting the development of an HPV16-synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccine with an excellent treatment profile in animal models. Here, we determined the toxicity, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the HPV16 SLP vaccine in patients with advanced or recurrent HPV16-induced gynecological carcinoma. Methods Patients with HPV16-positive advanced or recurrent gynecological carcinoma (n = 20) were subcutaneously vaccinated with an HPV16-SLP vaccine consisting of a mix of 13 HPV16 E6 and HPV16 E7 overlapping long peptides in Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant. The primary endpoints were safety, toxicity and tumor regression as determined by RECIST. In addition, the vaccine-induced T-cell response was assessed by proliferation and associated cytokine production as well as IFNγ-ELISPOT. Results No systemic toxicity beyond CTCAE grade II was observed. In a few patients transient flu-like symptoms were observed. In 9 out of 16 tested patients vaccine-induced HPV16-specific proliferative responses were detected which were associated with the production of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-5 and/or IL-10. ELISPOT analysis revealed a vaccine-induced immune response in 11 of the 13 tested patients. The capacity to respond to the vaccine was positively correlated to the patient’s immune status as reflected by their response to common recall antigens at the start of the trial. Median survival was 12.6 ± 9.1 months. No regression of tumors was observed among the 12 evaluable patients. Nineteen patients died of progressive disease. Conclusions The HPV16-SLP vaccine was well tolerated and induced a broad IFNγ-associated T-cell response in patients with advanced or recurrent HPV16-induced gynecological carcinoma but neither induced tumor regression nor prevented progressive disease. We, therefore, plan to use this vaccine in combination with chemotherapy and immunomodulation.
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Interaction of tumor cells with the immune system: implications for dendritic cell therapy and cancer progression. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang L, Gu J, Peng YF. Prognostic factors of stage Ⅱa colon cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3816-3821. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i36.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prognostic factors of stage Ⅱa (pT3N0M0) colon cancer.
METHODS: The demographic, clinical and laboratory data for 161 patients with stage Ⅱa colon cancer treated with curative surgery alone at Peking University Cancer Hospital from January 2004 to June 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Eighty-four valid cases were selected in this study based on inclusive and exclusive criteria. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) was tested by univariate and multivariate analyses to identify prognostic factors.
RESULTS: The overall 3-year DFS for the selected 84 cases was 88.1%. The 3-year DFS for patients with elevated CEA levels was significantly lower than those with normal CEA levels (76.5% vs 95.8%, P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CEA level (OR = 8.013, 95% CI 1.573-40.817, P = 0.012), expression of Ki67 (OR = 3.298, 95% CI 0.799-13.610, P = 0.099), male gender (OR = 7.212, 95% CI 1.293-40.237, P = 0.024) and anemia (OR = 6.461, 95% CI 1.537-27.151, P = 0.011) were independent prognostic factors for the 3-year DFS. Stratified analysis revealed that elevated level of CEA combined with high expression of Ki67 was associated with a poorer prognosis (3-year DFS = 70%).
CONCLUSION: Elevated preoperative serum level of CEA and high expression of Ki67 in cancer tissue are predictors of poor prognosis for stage Ⅱa colon cancer. More intensive adjuvant treatment should be considered in patients with such high risk factors.
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Bhargava A, Mishra D, Banerjee S, Mishra PK. Engineered dendritic cells for gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy: opportunities in translational research. J Drug Target 2012; 21:126-36. [PMID: 23061479 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.731069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Roh SA, Choi EY, Cho DH, Yoon YS, Kim TW, Kim YS, Kim JC. Characterization of biological responses of colorectal cancer cells to anticancer regimens. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 83:21-9. [PMID: 22792530 PMCID: PMC3392312 DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2012.83.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of subgroups of patients who differ in their response to treatment could help to establish which of the best available chemotherapeutic options are best, based on biological activity. In metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), novel molecular-targeted agents that act on pathways that regulate cell growth, the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion are being developed. Here, we employed an in vitro chemosensitivity assay to evaluate the biological efficacy of conventional monotherapies and combination chemotherapy with targeted drugs. METHODS The chemosensitivities of 12 CRC cell lines to the established regimens FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] + leucovorin + oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan) and to therapy with these regimens in combination with the biologically targeted drugs bevacizumab or cetuximab were comparatively evaluated for their effects on apoptotic and autophagic cell death processes, angiogenesis, and invasion. RESULTS Each of the chemotherapeutic regimens promoted apoptotic cell death and invasion. All drug regimens caused significantly greater apoptotic cell death with activation of caspase-3 in SW480 cells compared to other cells, effects that were associated with a remarkable reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. The FOLFOX regimen more effectively promoted apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis, and invasion than the FOLFIRI regimen. Combination therapy with FOLFOX/FOLFIRI regimen and bevacizumab produced a moderate angiogenesis-blocking effect in most cell lines. CONCLUSION The results validate our in vitro chemosensitivity assay, and suggest that it may be applied to help determine adequate regimens in individual CRC patients based on the biological characteristics of their tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ae Roh
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tsuchikawa T, MD MM, Yamamura Y, Shichinohe T, Hirano S, Kondo S. The Immunological Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on the Tumor Microenvironment of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:1713-1719. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Ex vivo functional analysis, expansion and adoptive transfer of cytomegalovirus-specific T-cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:872-80. [PMID: 22508289 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has raised the possibility of exploiting CMV-specific T-cell immunotherapy to control this disease in CMV--seropositive patients. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive ex vivo profiling of CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in a cohort of GBM patients. Of the patients analyzed, approximately half exhibited serological evidence of past infection with CMV. Although no CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses could be detected in the serologically negative GBM patients, virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected in all seropositive GBM patients. Using major histocompatibility complex-peptide multimers, the frequency of CMV-specific T-cells in the patients detected ranged from 0.1 to 22% of CD8(+) T-cells and a high proportion of these cells were positive for the human natural killer-1 glycoprotein CD57. Furthermore, ex vivo polychromatic functional analysis of the CMV-specific T-cells from GBM patients revealed that large proportions of these cells were unable to produce multiple cytokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ) and displayed limited cytolytic function (CD107a mobilization) following stimulation with CMV peptide epitopes. However, in vitro stimulation with CMV peptide epitopes in the presence of γC cytokine dramatically reversed the polyfunctional profile of these antigen-specific T-cells with high levels of MIP-1β, TNFα, IFNγ and CD107a mobilization. Most importantly, adoptive transfer of these in vitro-expanded T-cells in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) therapy into a patient with recurrent GBM was coincident with a long-term disease-free survival. These studies provide an important platform for a formal assessment of combination therapies based on CMV-specific T-cells and TMZ for recurrent GBM.
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Cui G, Shi Y, Cui J, Tang F, Florholmen J. Immune microenvironmental shift along human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence: is it relevant to tumor development, biomarkers and biotherapeutic targets? Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:367-77. [PMID: 22229663 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.648950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the leading cancers. Every year, the WHO estimates a total of 945,000 new CRC cases, with 492,000 deaths worldwide. Most CRCs arise from the main premalignant lesion, colorectal adenomas, and the progression of colorectal adenoma to CRCs may take a long-term time course. The development of human CRCs is not only determined by the adenomatous cells, but also by the interaction between adenomatous cells and host immune environment. In response to tumor initiation or invasion, many inflammatory cells and components will be inevitably activated and form an inflammatory microenvironment surrounding the CRC tumors. Accumulative evidence has revealed that inflammatory response plays a key role in the development of human CRCs by implicating in many aspects including in determining the microenvironmental immune function shift from immunosurveillance to immunosuppression and significantly influences the progression of precancerous lesions to cancers. In this review, the functional changes of immune microenvironment from precancerous stage (adenoma) to cancer stage are summarized, and their potential as predictive biomarkers and biotherapeutic significance in preventing the development of CRCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Ellebaek E, Andersen MH, Svane IM, Straten PT. Immunotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: present status and new options. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:315-24. [PMID: 22214467 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.640831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although no immunotherapeutic treatment is approved for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, promising results from clinical trials suggest that several immunotherapeutic strategies may prove efficacious and applicable to this group of patients. This review describes the immunogenicity of CRC and presents the most interesting strategies investigated so far: cancer vaccination including antigen-defined vaccination and dendritic cell vaccination, chemo-immunotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Future treatment options as well as the possibility of combining existing therapies will be discussed along with the challenges presented by tumor escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ellebaek
- Department of Haematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
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De Pas T, Giovannini M, Rescigno M, Catania C, Toffalorio F, Spitaleri G, Delmonte A, Barberis M, Spaggiari L, Solli P, Veronesi G, De Braud F. Vaccines in non-small cell lung cancer: rationale, combination strategies and update on clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 83:432-43. [PMID: 22366114 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide and despite some advances in therapy the overall prognosis remains disappointing. New therapeutic approaches like vaccination have been proposed and several clinical trials are ongoing. Many tumor antigens have been identified so far and specific tumor vaccines targeting these antigens have been developed. Even if the ideal setting for vaccine therapy might be the adjuvant one, vaccines seem to be potentially beneficial also in advanced disease and combination therapy could be a promising treatment option. In the advanced setting anti-MUC-1 vaccine (belagenpumatucel) and anti-TGF-β(2) vaccine (BPL-25) have entered in phase III trials as maintenance therapy after first line chemotherapy. In the adjuvant setting the most relevant and promising vaccines are directed against MAGE-A3 and PRAME, respectively. We will review the key points for effective active immunotherapies and combination therapies, giving an update on the most promising vaccines developed in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso De Pas
- Medical Oncology Unit of Respiratory Tract and Sarcomas, New Drugs Development Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
It has recently become clear that the tumour microenvironment, and in particular the immune system, has a crucial role in modulating tumour progression and response to therapy. Indicators of an ongoing immune response, such as the composition of the intratumoural immune infiltrate, as well as polymorphisms in genes encoding immune modulators, have been correlated with therapeutic outcome. Moreover, several anticancer agents--including classical chemotherapeutics and targeted compounds--stimulate tumour-specific immune responses either by inducing the immunogenic death of tumour cells or by engaging immune effector mechanisms. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular circuitries whereby cytotoxic agents can activate the immune system against cancer, and their therapeutic implications.
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Immune modulation by chemotherapy or immunotherapy to enhance cancer vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3114-42. [PMID: 24212948 PMCID: PMC3759189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a mainstay in cancer treatment for many years. Despite some success, the cure rate with chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory in some types of cancers, and severe side effects from these treatments are a concern. Recently, understanding of the dynamic interplay between the tumor and immune system has led to the development of novel immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines have many advantageous features, but their use has been hampered by poor immunogenicity. Many developments have increased their potency in pre-clinical models, but cancer vaccines continue to have a poor clinical track record. In part, this could be due to an inability to effectively overcome tumor-induced immune suppression. It had been generally assumed that immune-stimulatory cancer vaccines could not be used in combination with immunosuppressive chemotherapies, but recent evidence has challenged this dogma. Chemotherapies could be used to condition the immune system and tumor to create an environment where cancer vaccines have a better chance of success. Other types of immunotherapies could also be used to modulate the immune system. This review will discuss how immune modulation by chemotherapy or immunotherapy could be used to bolster the effects of cancer vaccines and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these treatments.
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Rahma OE, Khleif SN. Therapeutic vaccines for gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2011; 7:517-64. [PMID: 22298988 PMCID: PMC3264936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in the management of gastrointestinal malignancies, these diseases remain devastating maladies. Conventional treatment with chemotherapy and radiation is still only partially effective and highly toxic. In the era of increasing knowledge of the molecular biology of tumors and the interaction between the tumor and immune system, the development of targeted agents, including cancer vaccines, has emerged as a promising modality. In this paper, we discuss the principals of vaccine development, and we review most of the published trials on gastrointestinal cancer vaccines that have been conducted over the last decade. Many antigens and various treatment approaches have already been tested in colon, pancreatic, and other cancers. Some of these approaches have already shown some clinical benefit. In this paper, we discuss these different strategies and some of the future directions for targeting gastrointestinal malignancies with vaccines.
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