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Van den Eynde A, Gehrcken L, Verhezen T, Lau HW, Hermans C, Lambrechts H, Flieswasser T, Quatannens D, Roex G, Zwaenepoel K, Marcq E, Joye P, Cardenas De La Hoz E, Deben C, Gasparini A, Montay-Gruel P, Le Compte M, Lion E, Lardon F, Van Laere S, Siozopoulou V, Campillo-Davo D, De Waele J, Pauwels P, Jacobs J, Smits E, Van Audenaerde JRM. IL-15-secreting CAR natural killer cells directed toward the pan-cancer target CD70 eliminate both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38331849 PMCID: PMC10854128 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains challenging to obtain positive outcomes with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered cell therapies in solid malignancies, like colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A major obstacle is the lack of targetable surface antigens that are not shared by healthy tissues. CD70 emerges as interesting target, due to its stringent expression pattern in healthy tissue and its apparent role in tumor progression in a considerable amount of malignancies. Moreover, CD70 is also expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), another roadblock for treatment efficacy in CRC and PDAC. We explored the therapeutic potential of CD70 as target for CAR natural killer (NK) cell therapy in CRC, PDAC, focusing on tumor cells and CAFs, and lymphoma. METHODS RNA-seq data and immunohistochemical analysis of patient samples were used to explore CD70 expression in CRC and PDAC patients. In addition, CD70-targeting CAR NK cells were developed to assess cytotoxic activity against CD70+ tumor cells and CAFs, and the effect of cytokine stimulation on their efficacy was evaluated. The in vitro functionality of CD70-CAR NK cells was investigated against a panel of tumor and CAF cell lines with varying CD70 expression. Lymphoma-bearing mice were used to validate in vivo potency of CD70-CAR NK cells. Lastly, to consider patient variability, CD70-CAR NK cells were tested on patient-derived organoids containing CAFs. RESULTS In this study, we identified CD70 as a target for tumor cells and CAFs in CRC and PDAC patients. Functional evaluation of CD70-directed CAR NK cells indicated that IL-15 stimulation is essential to obtain effective elimination of CD70+ tumor cells and CAFs, and to improve tumor burden and survival of mice bearing CD70+ tumors. Mechanistically, IL-15 stimulation resulted in improved potency of CD70-CAR NK cells by upregulating CAR expression and increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in a mainly autocrine or intracellular manner. CONCLUSIONS We disclose CD70 as an attractive target both in hematological and solid tumors. IL-15 armored CAR NK cells act as potent effectors to eliminate these CD70+ cells. They can target both tumor cells and CAFs in patients with CRC and PDAC, and potentially other desmoplastic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Van den Eynde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Laura Gehrcken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tias Verhezen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ho Wa Lau
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lambrechts
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gils Roex
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Lab of Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Joye
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alessia Gasparini
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Iridium Netwerk, Radiation Oncology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Iridium Netwerk, Radiation Oncology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maxim Le Compte
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCRG), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana Campillo-Davo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacobs
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jonas R M Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Siozopoulou V, Smits E, Zwaenepoel K, Liu J, Pouliakis A, Pauwels PA, Marcq E. PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, CD70 and microsatellite instability as potential targets to prevent immune evasion in sarcomas. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:1257-1273. [PMID: 37661910 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Soft tissue and bone sarcomas are rare entities, hence, standardized therapeutic strategies are difficult to assess. Materials & methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 68 sarcoma samples to assess the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, IDO and CD70 in different tumor compartments and molecular analysis was performed to assess microsatellite instability status. Results: PD-1/PD-L1, IDO and CD70 pathways are at play in the immune evasion of sarcomas in general. Soft tissue sarcomas more often show an inflamed phenotype compared with bone sarcomas. Specific histologic sarcoma types show high expression levels of different markers. Finally, this is the first presentation of a microsatellite instability-high Kaposi sarcoma. Discussion/conclusion: Immune evasion occurs in sarcomas. Specific histologic types might benefit from immunotherapy, for which further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Liu
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- Second Department of Pathology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, 12464, Greece
| | - Patrick A Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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Zwijsen K, Schillebeeckx E, Janssens E, Cleemput JV, Richart T, Surmont VF, Nackaerts K, Marcq E, van Meerbeeck JP, Lamote K. Determining the clinical utility of a breath test for screening an asbestos-exposed population for pleural mesothelioma: baseline results. J Breath Res 2023; 17:047105. [PMID: 37683624 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acf7e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is an aggressive cancer of the serosal lining of the thoracic cavity, predominantly caused by asbestos exposure. Due to nonspecific symptoms, PM is characterized by an advanced-stage diagnosis, resulting in a dismal prognosis. However, early diagnosis improves patient outcome. Currently, no diagnostic biomarkers or screening tools are available. Therefore, exhaled breath was explored as this can easily be obtained and contains volatile organic compounds, which are considered biomarkers for multiple (patho)physiological processes. A breath test, which differentiates asbestos-exposed (AEx) individuals from PM patients with 87% accuracy, was developed. However, before being implemented as a screening tool, the clinical utility of the test must be determined. Occupational AEx individuals underwent annual breath tests using multicapillary column/ion mobility spectrometry. A baseline breath test was taken and their individual risk of PM was estimated. PM patients were included as controls. In total, 112 AEx individuals and six PM patients were included in the first of four screening rounds. All six PM patients were correctly classified as having mesothelioma (100% sensitivity) and out of 112 AEx individuals 78 were classified by the breath-based model as PM patients (30% specificity). Given the large false positive outcome, the breath test will be repeated annually for three more consecutive years to adhere to the 'test, re-test' principle and improve the false positivity rate. A low-dose computed tomography scan in those with two consecutive positive tests will correlate test positives with radiological findings and the possible growth of a pleural tumor. Finally, the evaluation of the clinical value of a breath-based prediction model may lead to the initiation of a screening program for early detection of PM in Aex individuals, which is currently lacking. This clinical study received approval from the Antwerp University Hospital Ethics Committee (B300201837007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Schillebeeckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Cleemput
- Occupational Health Service, Eternit N.V., 1880 Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Belgium
| | | | - Veerle F Surmont
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristiaan Nackaerts
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lamote
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Freire Boullosa L, Van Loenhout J, Flieswasser T, Hermans C, Merlin C, Lau HW, Marcq E, Verschuuren M, De Vos WH, Lardon F, Smits ELJ, Deben C. Auranofin Synergizes with the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib to Induce ROS-Mediated Cell Death in Mutant p53 Cancers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030667. [PMID: 36978917 PMCID: PMC10045521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Auranofin (AF) is a potent, off-patent thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor that efficiently targets cancer via reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and DNA damage-mediated cell death. The goal of this study is to enhance the efficacy of AF as a cancer treatment by combining it with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP) inhibitor olaparib (referred to as ‘aurola’). Firstly, we investigated whether mutant p53 can sensitize non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cancer cells to AF and olaparib treatment in p53 knock-in and knock-out models with varying p53 protein expression levels. Secondly, we determined the therapeutic range for synergistic cytotoxicity between AF and olaparib and elucidated the underlying molecular cell death mechanisms. Lastly, we evaluated the effectiveness of the combination strategy in a murine 344SQ 3D spheroid and syngeneic in vivo lung cancer model. We demonstrated that high concentrations of AF and olaparib synergistically induced cytotoxicity in NSCLC and PDAC cell lines with low levels of mutant p53 protein that were initially more resistant to AF. The aurola combination also led to the highest accumulation of ROS, which resulted in ROS-dependent cytotoxicity of mutant p53 NSCLC cells through distinct types of cell death, including caspase-3/7-dependent apoptosis, inhibited by Z-VAD-FMK, and lipid peroxidation-dependent ferroptosis, inhibited by ferrostatin-1 and alpha-tocopherol. High concentrations of both compounds were also needed to obtain a synergistic cytotoxic effect in 3D spheroids of the murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line 344SQ, which was interestingly absent in 2D. This cell line was used in a syngeneic mouse model in which the oral administration of aurola significantly delayed the growth of mutant p53 344SQ tumors in 129S2/SvPasCrl mice, while either agent alone had no effect. In addition, RNA sequencing results revealed that AF- and aurola-treated 344SQ tumors were negatively enriched for immune-related gene sets, which is in accordance with AF’s anti-inflammatory function as an anti-rheumatic drug. Only 344SQ tumors treated with aurola showed the downregulation of genes related to the cell cycle, potentially explaining the growth inhibitory effect of aurola since no apoptosis-related gene sets were enriched. Overall, this novel combination strategy of oxidative stress induction (AF) with PARP inhibition (olaparib) could be a promising treatment for mutant p53 cancers, although high concentrations of both compounds need to be reached to obtain a substantial cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Freire Boullosa
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Céline Merlin
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ho Wa Lau
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Center for Advanced Microscopy, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp Center for Advanced Microscopy, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien L. J. Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-25-76
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Debie Y, Van Audenaerde JRM, Vandamme T, Croes L, Teuwen LA, Verbruggen L, Vanhoutte G, Marcq E, Verheggen L, Le Blon D, Peeters B, Goossens ME, Pannus P, Ariën KK, Anguille S, Janssens A, Prenen H, Smits ELJ, Vulsteke C, Lion E, Peeters M, van Dam PA. Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 after Third Dose BNT162b2 following Double-Dose Vaccination with BNT162b2 versus ChAdOx1 in Patients with Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:635-646. [PMID: 36341493 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with cancer display reduced humoral responses after double-dose COVID-19 vaccination, whereas their cellular response is more comparable with that in healthy individuals. Recent studies demonstrated that a third vaccination dose boosts these immune responses, both in healthy people and patients with cancer. Because of the availability of many different COVID-19 vaccines, many people have been boosted with a different vaccine from the one used for double-dose vaccination. Data on such alternative vaccination schedules are scarce. This prospective study compares a third dose of BNT162b2 after double-dose BNT162b2 (homologous) versus ChAdOx1 (heterologous) vaccination in patients with cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 442 subjects (315 patients and 127 healthy) received a third dose of BNT162b2 (230 homologous vs. 212 heterologous). Vaccine-induced adverse events (AE) were captured up to 7 days after vaccination. Humoral immunity was assessed by SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 IgG antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2 50% neutralization titers (NT50) against Wuhan and BA.1 Omicron strains. Cellular immunity was examined by analyzing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2-specific S1 and S2 peptides. RESULTS Local AEs were more common after heterologous boosting. SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 IgG antibody levels did not differ significantly between homologous and heterologous boosted subjects [GMT 1,755.90 BAU/mL (95% CI, 1,276.95-2,414.48) vs. 1,495.82 BAU/mL (95% CI, 1,131.48-1,977.46)]. However, homologous-boosted subjects show significantly higher NT50 values against BA.1 Omicron. Subjects receiving heterologous boosting demonstrated increased spike-specific CD8+ T cells, including higher IFNγ and TNFα levels. CONCLUSIONS In patients with cancer who received double-dose ChAdOx1, a third heterologous dose of BNT162b2 was able to close the gap in antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Debie
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jonas R M Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Croes
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,GeIntegreerd Kankercentrum Gent (IKG), AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laure-Anne Teuwen
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lise Verbruggen
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vanhoutte
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lisa Verheggen
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart Peeters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Maria E Goossens
- SD Infectious Diseases in Humans, Service Immune response, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Pannus
- SD Infectious Diseases in Humans, Service Immune response, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaxinfectio, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christof Vulsteke
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,GeIntegreerd Kankercentrum Gent (IKG), AZ Maria Middelares, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaxinfectio, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter A van Dam
- Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Rovers S, Merlin C, Fisher S, Nowak A, Pauwels P, Lardon F, van Meerbeeck J, Smits E, Marcq E. EP07.01-024 Preclinical Investigation of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.07.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Janssens E, Schillebeeckx E, Zwijsen K, Raskin J, Van Cleemput J, Surmont VF, Nackaerts K, Marcq E, van Meerbeeck JP, Lamote K. External Validation of a Breath-Based Prediction Model for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133182. [PMID: 35804954 PMCID: PMC9264774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an incurable asbestos-related thoracic cancer for which early-stage diagnosis remains a major challenge. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are metabolites present in exhaled breath, have proven to be promising non-invasive biomarkers for MPM. However, without the necessary validation in an independent group of individuals, clinical implementation is hampered. Therefore, we performed external validation of a VOC-based prediction model for MPM, which initially revealed a poor performance and thus poor generalisability of the model. However, subsequent updating of the model improved its performance in the validation cohort, resulting in a more generalisable model with a screening potential, which could significantly impact MPM management. Abstract During the past decade, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath have emerged as promising biomarkers for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). However, as these biomarkers lack external validation, no breath test for MPM has been implemented in clinical practice. To address this issue, we performed the first external validation of a VOC-based prediction model for MPM. The external validation cohort was prospectively recruited, consisting of 47 MPM patients and 76 asbestos-exposed (AEx) controls. The predictive performance of the previously developed model was assessed by determining the degree of agreement between the predicted and actual outcome of the participants (patient/control). Additionally, to optimise the performance, the model was updated by refitting it to the validation cohort. External validation revealed a poor performance of the original model as the accuracy was estimated at only 41%, indicating poor generalisability. However, subsequent updating of the model improved the differentiation between MPM patients and AEx controls significantly (73% accuracy, 92% sensitivity, and 92% negative predictive value), substantiating the validity of the original predictors. This updated model will be more generalisable to the target population and exhibits key characteristics of a potential screening test for MPM, which could significantly impact MPM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.J.); (E.S.); (K.Z.); (J.P.v.M.)
| | - Eline Schillebeeckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.J.); (E.S.); (K.Z.); (J.P.v.M.)
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.J.); (E.S.); (K.Z.); (J.P.v.M.)
| | - Jo Raskin
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Joris Van Cleemput
- Occupational Health Service, Eternit N.V., 1880 Kapelle-op-den-Bos, Belgium;
| | - Veerle F. Surmont
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristiaan Nackaerts
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jan P. van Meerbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.J.); (E.S.); (K.Z.); (J.P.v.M.)
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lamote
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.J.); (E.S.); (K.Z.); (J.P.v.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-25-81
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8
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Siozopoulou V, Marcq E, De Winne K, Norga K, Schmitz G, Duwel V, Delvenne P, Smits E, Pauwels P. NTRK Fusions in a Sarcomas Series: Pathology, Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610423. [PMID: 35645621 PMCID: PMC9130470 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting molecular alterations has been proven to be an inflecting point in tumor treatment. Especially in recent years, inhibitors that target the tyrosine receptor kinase show excellent response rates and durable effects in all kind of tumors that harbor fusions of one of the three neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase genes (NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3). Today, the therapeutic options in most metastatic sarcomas are rather limited. Therefore, identifying which sarcoma types are more likely to harbor these targetable NTRK fusions is of paramount importance. At the moment, identification of these fusions is solely based on immunohistochemistry and confirmed by molecular techniques. However, a first attempt has been made to describe the histomorphology of NTRK-fusion positive sarcomas, in order to pinpoint which of these tumors are the best candidates for testing. In this study, we investigate the immunohistochemical expression of pan-TRK in 70 soft tissue and bone sarcomas. The pan-TRK positive cases were further investigated with molecular techniques for the presence of a NTRK fusion. Seven out of the 70 cases showed positivity for pan-TRK, whereas two of these seven cases presented an NTRK3 fusion. Further analysis of the fused sarcomas revealed some unique histological, molecular and clinical findings. The goal of this study is to expand the histomorphological spectrum of the NTRK-fused sarcomas, to identify their fusion partners and to correlate these parameters with the clinical outcome of the disease. In addition, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression pattern of the pan-TRK and its correlation with the involved NTRK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen De Winne
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Norga
- Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gertjan Schmitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital of Klina, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Valerie Duwel
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Klina, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Janssens E, Mol Z, Vandermeersch L, Lagniau S, Vermaelen KY, van Meerbeeck JP, Walgraeve C, Marcq E, Lamote K. Headspace Volatile Organic Compound Profiling of Pleural Mesothelioma and Lung Cancer Cell Lines as Translational Bridge for Breath Research. Front Oncol 2022; 12:851785. [PMID: 35600344 PMCID: PMC9120820 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.851785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a lethal cancer for which early-stage diagnosis remains a major challenge. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath proved to be potential biomarkers for MPM diagnosis, but translational studies are needed to elucidate which VOCs originate from the tumor itself and thus are specifically related to MPM cell metabolism.MethodsAn in vitro model was set-up to characterize the headspace VOC profiles of six MPM and two lung cancer cell lines using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify VOCs that could discriminate between MPM and lung cancer, as well as between the histological subtypes within MPM (epithelioid, sarcomatoid and biphasic).ResultsVOC profiles were identified capable of distinguishing MPM (subtypes) and lung cancer cells with high accuracy. Alkanes, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols represented many of the discriminating VOCs. Discrepancies with clinical findings were observed, supporting the need for studies examining breath and tumor cells of the same patients and studying metabolization and kinetics of in vitro discovered VOCs in a clinical setting.ConclusionWhile the relationship between in vitro and in vivo VOCs is yet to be established, both could complement each other in generating a clinically useful breath model for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zoë Mol
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC) Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Vandermeersch
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC) Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Lagniau
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Y. Vermaelen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan P. van Meerbeeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christophe Walgraeve
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC) Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lamote
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kevin Lamote,
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10
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Lin A, De Backer J, Quatannens D, Cuypers B, Verswyvel H, De La Hoz EC, Ribbens B, Siozopoulou V, Van Audenaerde J, Marcq E, Lardon F, Laukens K, Vanlanduit S, Smits E, Bogaerts A. The effect of local
non‐thermal
plasma therapy on the
cancer‐immunity
cycle in a melanoma mouse model. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10314. [PMID: 36176603 PMCID: PMC9472020 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains a deadly cancer despite significant advances in immune checkpoint blockade and targeted therapies. The incidence of melanoma is also growing worldwide, which highlights the need for novel treatment options and strategic combination of therapies. Here, we investigate non‐thermal plasma (NTP), an ionized gas, as a promising, therapeutic option. In a melanoma mouse model, direct treatment of tumors with NTP results in reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival. Physical characterization of NTP treatment in situ reveals the deposited NTP energy and temperature associated with therapy response, and whole transcriptome analysis of the tumor identified several modulated pathways. NTP treatment also enhances the cancer‐immunity cycle, as immune cells in both the tumor and tumor‐draining lymph nodes appear more stimulated to perform their anti‐cancer functions. Thus, our data suggest that local NTP therapy stimulates systemic, anti‐cancer immunity. We discuss, in detail, how these fundamental insights will help direct the translation of NTP technology into the clinic and inform rational combination strategies to address the challenges in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Lin
- PLASMANT‐Research Group University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Joey De Backer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science University of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Hanne Verswyvel
- PLASMANT‐Research Group University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | | | - Bart Ribbens
- Industrial Vision Lab (InViLab) University of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Department of Pathology University Hospital of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Jonas Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science University of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Steve Vanlanduit
- Industrial Vision Lab (InViLab) University of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Annemie Bogaerts
- PLASMANT‐Research Group University of Antwerp Antwerpen‐Wilrijk Belgium
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11
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Rovers S, Janssens A, Raskin J, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits E, Marcq E. Recent Advances of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition and Potential for (Combined) TIGIT Blockade as a New Strategy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030673. [PMID: 35327475 PMCID: PMC8945074 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal cancer type that affects the membranes lining the lungs, and is causally associated with asbestos exposure. Until recently, the first-line treatment consisted of a combination of chemotherapeutics that only had a limited impact on survival, and had not been improved in decades. With the recent approval of combined immune checkpoint inhibition for MPM, promising new immunotherapeutic strategies are now emerging for this disease. In this review, we describe the current preclinical and clinical evidence of various immune checkpoint inhibitors in MPM. We will consider the advantages of combined immune checkpoint blockade in comparison with single agent checkpoint inhibitor drugs. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests a role for T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), an inhibitory immunoreceptor, as a novel target for immunotherapy. As this novel immune checkpoint remains largely unexplored in mesothelioma, we will discuss the potential of TIGIT blockade as an alternative therapeutic approach for MPM. This review will emphasize the necessity for new and improved treatments for MPM, while highlighting the recent advances and future perspectives of combined immune checkpoint blockade, particularly aimed at PD-L1 and TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rovers
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Jo Raskin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan P. van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.J.); (P.P.); (J.P.v.M.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
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12
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Siozopoulou V, Domen A, Zwaenepoel K, Van Beeck A, Smits E, Pauwels P, Marcq E. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitory Therapy in Sarcomas: Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:360. [PMID: 33478080 PMCID: PMC7835811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue and bone sarcomas are a very heterogeneous group of tumors with many subtypes for which diagnosis and treatment remains a very challenging task. On top of that, the treatment choices are limited, and the prognosis of aggressive sarcomas remains poor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have drawn a lot of attention last years because of their promising response rates and their durable effects. ICIs are currently widely used in the daily routine practice for the treatment of a different malignancies, such as melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Still, ICIs are not included in the standard treatment protocols of the different sarcoma types. However, a plethora of clinical trials investigates the clinical benefit of ICIs in sarcomas. There is clear need to develop predictive biomarkers to determine which sarcoma patients are most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade. This review will focus on (i) the clinical trial results on the use of ICIs in different sarcoma types; and on (ii) possible biomarkers predictive for the effectiveness of these drugs in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (K.Z.); (P.P.)
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Andreas Domen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (K.Z.); (P.P.)
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Annelies Van Beeck
- Department of Orthopedics, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (K.Z.); (P.P.)
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.D.); (E.S.); (E.M.)
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13
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Fisher SA, Peddle-McIntyre CJ, Burton K, Newton RU, Marcq E, Lake RA, Nowak AK. Voluntary exercise in mesothelioma: effects on tumour growth and treatment response in a murine model. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:435. [PMID: 32933580 PMCID: PMC7493394 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is substantial evidence that exercise can safely reduce the risk of cancer and improve survival in different human cancer populations. Long latency periods associated with carcinogen–induced cancers like asbestos induced mesothelioma provide an opportunity to implement exercise as an intervention to delay or prevent disease development. However, there are limited studies investigating the ability of exercise to prevent or delay cancer, and exercise as a preventive strategy has never been assessed in models with a known carcinogen. We investigated the potential of voluntary exercise (VE) to delay development of asbestos related disease (ARD) in our well-characterised, asbestos induced MexTAg model of mesothelioma. Results Asbestos exposed MexTAg mice were given continuous or delayed access to VE and ARD assessed over time. We found that the addition of VE did not affect ARD development in asbestos exposed MexTAg mice. However, non–asbestos exposed, aged matched control mice participated in significantly more VE behaviours, suggesting subclinical development of ARD after asbestos exposure had a greater impact on VE participation than age alone. These data highlight the importance of model choice and the potential limitation that some pre–clinical studies may not accurately represent the clinical paradigm, particularly in the context of prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fisher
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Carolyn J Peddle-McIntyre
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kimberley Burton
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Elly Marcq
- Centre for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Richard A Lake
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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14
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Van Audenaerde JR, Marcq E, von Scheidt B, Davey AS, Oliver AJ, De Waele J, Quatannens D, Van Loenhout J, Pauwels P, Roeyen G, Lardon F, Slaney CY, Peeters M, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK, Smits EL. Novel combination immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: potent anti-tumor effects with CD40 agonist and interleukin-15 treatment. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1165. [PMID: 32821382 PMCID: PMC7428816 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives With the poorest 5‐year survival of all cancers, improving treatment for pancreatic cancer is one of the biggest challenges in cancer research. We sought to explore the potential of combining both priming and activation of the immune system. To achieve this, we combined a CD40 agonist with interleukin‐15 and tested its potential in pancreatic cancer. Methods Response to this combination regimen was assessed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma mouse models, and a thorough analysis of the tumor microenvironment was performed. Results We demonstrated profound reduction in tumor growth and increased survival of mice with the majority of mice being cured when both agents were combined, including an unprecedented 8‐fold dose reduction of CD40 agonist without losing any efficacy. RNAseq analysis showed involvement of natural killer (NK) cell‐ and T‐cell‐mediated anti‐tumor responses and the importance of antigen‐presenting cell pathways. This combination resulted in enhanced infiltration of tumors by both T cells and NK cells, as well as a striking increase in the ratio of CD8+ T cells over Tregs. We also observed a significant increase in numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor‐draining lymph nodes, particularly CD103+ DCs with cross‐presentation potential. A critical role for CD8+ T cells and involvement of NK cells in the anti‐tumor effect was highlighted. Importantly, strong immune memory was established, with an increase in memory CD8+ T cells only when both interleukin‐15 and the CD40 agonist were combined. Conclusion These novel preclinical data support initiation of a first‐in‐human clinical trial with this combination immunotherapy strategy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rm Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium.,Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Bianca von Scheidt
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Ashleigh S Davey
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Amanda J Oliver
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium.,Department of Pathology Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium.,Department of Oncology and Multidisciplinary Oncological Centre Antwerp Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immune Innovation Laboratory Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Evelien Ljm Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Antwerp University Hospital Edegem Belgium
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15
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Marcq E, Van Audenaerde J, De Waele J, Jacobs J, Van Loenhout J, Pauwels P, Smits E, Van Meerbeeck J. P2.04-44 Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Mesothelioma: In Vivo Investigation of in Vitro Data. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Siozopoulou V, Marcq E, Jacobs J, Zwaenepoel K, Hermans C, Brauns J, Pauwels S, Huysentruyt C, Lammens M, Somville J, Smits E, Pauwels P. Desmoid tumors display a strong immune infiltration at the tumor margins and no PD-L1-driven immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1573-1583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Marcq E, Audenaerde JRV, Waele JD, Jacobs J, Loenhout JV, Cavents G, Pauwels P, Meerbeeck JPV, Smits EL. Building a Bridge between Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Investigating the Effect of Chemotherapy on Immune Checkpoint Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4182. [PMID: 31455014 PMCID: PMC6747385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the promising results of immune checkpoint blockade (ICPB) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), we investigated the effect of different chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs) in order to rationally design a good treatment schedule for their combination with ICP blocking antibodies. Cisplatin, oxaliplatin and pemetrexed are interesting chemotherapeutic agents to combine with immunotherapy given their immunomodulatory capacities. We looked into cisplatin and pemetrexed because their combination is used as first-line treatment of MPM. Additionally, the effect of the immunogenic chemotherapeutic agent, oxaliplatin, was also studied. Three different MPM cell lines were used for representation of both epithelioid and sarcomatoid subtypes. The desired inhibitory concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agents were determined with the SRB-assay. Allogeneic co-cultures of MPM cells with healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were set up to assess the effect of these chemotherapeutic agents on the expression of ICPs (PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3) and their ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2, galectin-9). Cisplatin might be a promising treatment to combine with ICP blocking antibodies since our MPM cell lines were most susceptible to this stand-alone treatment. We found that the expression of ICPs and their ligands on both MPM cells and PBMC was mostly downregulated or unaltered when treated with chemotherapeutic agents, though no clear trend could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.
| | | | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacobs
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Glenn Cavents
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Evelien Lj Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
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18
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Marcq E, De Waele J, Van Audenaerde J, Jacobs J, Van Loenhout J, Pauwels P, Smits E, Van Meerbeeck J. P2.06-25 Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: In Vivo Validation of in Vitro Results. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Marcq E, Waele JD, Audenaerde JV, Jacobs J, Loenhout JV, Pauwels P, Meerbeeck JV, Smits E. PO-423 Investigation of combined immune checkpoint blockade in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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20
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Audenaerde JV, Scheidt BV, Unsworth A, Marcq E, Oliver A, Slaney C, Darcy P, Peeters M, Kershaw M, Smits E. PO-417 Anti-tumoural effects of IL-15 and CD40 stimulation as a novel combination immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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21
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Loenhout JV, Deben C, Jacobs J, Waele JD, Audenaerde JV, Marcq E, Dewilde S, Bogaerts A, Smits E. PO-018 Immunogenic potential of cold atmospheric plasma for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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22
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De Waele J, Marcq E, Audenaerde JV, Loenhout JV, Deben C, Pauwels P, Lardon F, Peeters M, Wouters A, Smits E. PO-419 Poly(I:C) prepares glioblastoma cells for anti-PD-L1 therapy via lymphocyte attraction and activation in a TLR3-dependent manner. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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23
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Versteven M, Van den Bergh JMJ, Marcq E, Smits ELJ, Van Tendeloo VFI, Hobo W, Lion E. Dendritic Cells and Programmed Death-1 Blockade: A Joint Venture to Combat Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 29599770 PMCID: PMC5863527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades of clinical cancer research with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination have proved that this type of personalized medicine is safe and has the capacity to improve survival, but monotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer. Designed to empower the patient’s antitumor immunity, huge research efforts are set to improve the efficacy of next-generation DC vaccines and to find synergistic combinations with existing cancer therapies. Immune checkpoint approaches, aiming to breach immune suppression and evasion to reinforce antitumor immunity, have been a revelation in the immunotherapy field. Early success of therapeutic antibodies blocking the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway has sparked the development of novel inhibitors and combination therapies. Hence, merging immunoregulatory tumor-specific DC strategies with PD-1-targeted approaches is a promising path to explore. In this review, we focus on the role of PD-1-signaling in DC-mediated antitumor immunity. In the quest of exploiting the full potential of DC therapy, different strategies to leverage DC immunopotency by impeding PD-1-mediated immune regulation are discussed, including the most advanced research on targeted therapeutic antibodies, lessons learned from chemotherapy-induced immune activation, and more recent developments with soluble molecules and gene-silencing techniques. An overview of DC/PD-1 immunotherapy combinations that are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation substantiates the clinical potential of such combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F I Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Van Loenhout J, Deben C, Jacobs J, De Waele J, Van Audenaerde J, Marcq E, Dewilde S, Bogaerts A, Smits E. Immunogenic Potential Of Cold Atmospheric Plasma For The Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer. Clinical Plasma Medicine 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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De Waele J, Marcq E, Van Audenaerde JR, Van Loenhout J, Deben C, Zwaenepoel K, Van de Kelft E, Van der Planken D, Menovsky T, Van den Bergh JM, Willemen Y, Pauwels P, Berneman ZN, Lardon F, Peeters M, Wouters A, Smits EL. Poly(I:C) primes primary human glioblastoma cells for an immune response invigorated by PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1407899. [PMID: 29399410 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1407899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of glioblastoma remains dismal, underscoring the need for novel therapies. Immunotherapy is generating promising results, but requires combination strategies to unlock its full potential. We investigated the immunomodulatory capacities of poly(I:C) on primary human glioblastoma cells and its combinatorial potential with programmed death ligand (PD-L) blockade. In our experiments, poly(I:C) stimulated expression of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 on glioblastoma cells, and a pro-inflammatory secretome, including type I interferons (IFN) and chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL4 and CCL5. IFN-β was partially responsible for the elevated PD-1 ligand expression on these cells. Moreover, real-time PCR and chloroquine-mediated blocking experiments indicated that poly(I:C) triggered Toll-like receptor 3 to elicit its effect. Cocultures of poly(I:C)-treated glioblastoma cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhanced lymphocytic activation (CD69, IFN-γ) and cytotoxic capacity (CD107a, granzyme B). Additional PD-L1 blockade further propagated immune activation. Besides activating immunity, poly(I:C)-treated glioblastoma cells also doubled the attraction of CD8+ T cells, and to a lesser extent CD4+ T cells, via a mechanism which included CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands. Our results indicate that by triggering glioblastoma cells, poly(I:C) primes the tumor microenvironment for an immune response. Secreted cytokines allow for immune activation while chemokines attract CD8+ T cells to the front, which are postulated as a prerequisite for effective PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Accordingly, additional blockade of the concurrently elevated tumoral PD-L1 further reinforces the immune activation. In conclusion, our data proposes poly(I:C) treatment combined with PD-L1 blockade to invigorate the immune checkpoint inhibition response in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Van de Kelft
- Department of Neurosurgery, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklaas, East Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Tomas Menovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Lj Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Marcq E, Waele JD, Audenaerde JV, Lion E, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits ELJ. Abundant expression of TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1 as immunotherapy checkpoint targets in effusions of mesothelioma patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89722-89735. [PMID: 29163783 PMCID: PMC5685704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence, poor prognosis and limited effective treatment options. Hence, new treatment strategies are warranted which include immune checkpoint blockade approaches with encouraging preliminary data. Research on the immunological aspects of the easily accessible mesothelioma microenvironment could identify prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers and provide useful insights for developing effective immunotherapy. In this context, we investigated the immune cell composition of effusions (pleural and ascites fluids) from 11 different chemotherapy-treated MPM patients. We used multicolor flow cytometry to describe different subsets of immune cells and their expression of immune checkpoint molecules TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1. We demonstrate a patient-dependent inter- and intraspecific variation comparing pleural and ascites fluids in immune cell composition and immune checkpoint expression. We found CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and tumor cells in the fluids. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report TIM-3 and LAG-3 expression and we confirm PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on different MPM effusion-resident immune cells. Moreover, we identified two MPM effusion-related factors with clinical value: CD4+ T cells were significantly correlated with better response to chemotherapy, while the percentage of PD-L1+ podoplanin (PDPN)+ tumor cells is a significant prognostic factor for worse outcome. Our data provide a basis for more elaborate research on MPM effusion material in the context of treatment follow-up and prognostic biomarkers and the development of immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Center for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Thoracic Oncology/MOCA, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Van Audenaerde JRM, De Waele J, Marcq E, Van Loenhout J, Lion E, Van den Bergh JMJ, Jesenofsky R, Masamune A, Roeyen G, Pauwels P, Lardon F, Peeters M, Smits ELJ. Interleukin-15 stimulates natural killer cell-mediated killing of both human pancreatic cancer and stellate cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56968-56979. [PMID: 28915646 PMCID: PMC5593617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries with a 5-year survival rate below 5%. One of the hallmarks of this cancer is the strong desmoplastic reaction within the tumor microenvironment (TME), orchestrated by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). This results in a functional and mechanical shield which causes resistance to conventional therapies. Aiming to overcome this resistance by tackling the stromal shield, we assessed for the first time the capacity of IL-15 stimulated natural killer (NK) cells to kill PSC and pancreatic cancer cells (PCC). The potency of IL-15 to promote NK cell-mediated killing was evaluated phenotypically and functionally. In addition, NK cell and immune checkpoint ligands on PSC were charted. We demonstrate that IL-15 activated NK cells kill both PCC and PSC lines (range 9-35% and 20-50%, respectively) in a contact-dependent manner and significantly higher as compared to resting NK cells. Improved killing of these pancreatic cell lines is, at least partly, dependent on IL-15 induced upregulation of TIM-3 and NKG2D. Furthermore, we confirm significant killing of primary PSC by IL-15 activated NK cells in an ex vivo autologous system. Screening for potential targets for immunotherapeutic strategies, we demonstrate surface expression of both inhibitory (PD-L1, PD-L2) and activating (MICA/B, ULBPs and Galectin-9) ligands on primary PSC. These data underscore the therapeutic potential of IL-15 to promote NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity as a treatment of pancreatic cancer and provide promising future targets to tackle remaining PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R M Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ralf Jesenofsky
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Centre Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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28
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Marcq E, Siozopoulou V, De Waele J, Van Audenaerde J, Zwaenepoel K, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, Van Meerbeeck J, Smits E. OA02.07 Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment and Investigation of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Marcq E, Siozopoulou V, De Waele J, van Audenaerde J, Zwaenepoel K, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits ELJ. Prognostic and predictive aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment and immune checkpoints in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1261241. [PMID: 28197385 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1261241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and an increasing incidence, for which novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Since the immune system has been described to play a presumed role in the protection against MPM, characterization of its tumor immune microenvironment (TME) and immune checkpoints can identify new immunotherapeutic targets and their predictive and/or prognostic value. To characterize the TME and the immune checkpoint expression profile, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections from 54 MPM patients (40 at time of diagnosis; 14 treated with chemotherapy). We stained for PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, granzyme B, FoxP3 and CD68. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between the immunological parameters and survival, as well as response to chemotherapy. We found that TIM-3, PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed on both immune and tumor cells. Strikingly, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was only seen in unpretreated samples. No LAG-3 expression was observed. CD45RO expression in the stroma was an independent negative predictive factor for response on chemotherapy, while CD4 and TIM-3 expression in lymphoid aggregates were independent prognostic factors for better outcome. Our data propose TIM-3 as a promising new target in mesothelioma. Chemotherapy influences the expression of immune checkpoints and therefore further research on the best combination treatment schedule is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Thoracic Oncology/MOCA, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Silva-Gomes R, Marcq E, Trigo G, Gonçalves CM, Longatto-Filho A, Castro AG, Pedrosa J, Fraga AG. Spontaneous Healing of Mycobacterium ulcerans Lesions in the Guinea Pig Model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004265. [PMID: 26625302 PMCID: PMC4666642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. BU is characterized by a wide range of clinical forms, including non-ulcerative cutaneous lesions that can evolve into severe ulcers if left untreated. Nevertheless, spontaneous healing has been reported to occur, although knowledge on this process is scarce both in naturally infected humans and experimental models of infection. Animal models are useful since they mimic different spectrums of human BU disease and have the potential to elucidate the pathogenic/protective pathway(s) involved in disease/healing. In this time-lapsed study, we characterized the guinea pig, an animal model of resistance to M. ulcerans, focusing on the macroscopic, microbiological and histological evolution throughout the entire experimental infectious process. Subcutaneous infection of guinea pigs with a virulent strain of M. ulcerans led to early localized swelling, which evolved into small well defined ulcers. These macroscopic observations correlated with the presence of necrosis, acute inflammatory infiltrate and an abundant bacterial load. By the end of the infectious process when ulcerative lesions healed, M. ulcerans viability decreased and the subcutaneous tissue organization returned to its normal state after a process of continuous healing characterized by tissue granulation and reepethelialization. In conclusion, we show that the experimental M. ulcerans infection of the guinea pig mimics the process of spontaneous healing described in BU patients, displaying the potential to uncover correlates of protection against BU, which can ultimately contribute to the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a devastating skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. BU usually starts off as a non-ulcerative lesion, but if lesions are left untreated they can evolve into ulcers or may even affect the bone. Nevertheless, spontaneous healing of active lesions has been reported in some patients, although little is known about this process. In this study, the authors performed a time-lapsed study on a resistant animal model of M. ulcerans infection–the guinea pig. Subcutaneous infection of the guinea pig led to the development of ulcerative lesions that eventually healed over the course of infection and, interestingly, this healing was associated with a decrease in M. ulcerans viability and with an ongoing reparative process of the infected tissue. Given that similar observations have been made in BU patients that spontaneously resolved M. ulcerans infection, the guinea pig model has the potential to disclose the protective immune mechanisms underlying resistance to BU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Elly Marcq
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Trigo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carine M. Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM14), Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - António G. Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra G. Fraga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Erkaev N, Lammer H, Elkins-Tanton L, Stökl A, Odert P, Marcq E, Dorfi E, Kislyakova K, Kulikov Y, Leitzinger M, Güdel M. Escape of the martian protoatmosphere and initial water inventory. Planet Space Sci 2014; 98:106-119. [PMID: 25843981 PMCID: PMC4375622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Latest research in planet formation indicates that Mars formed within a few million years (Myr) and remained as a planetary embryo that never grew to a more massive planet. It can also be expected from dynamical models that most of Mars' building blocks consisted of material that formed in orbital locations just beyond the ice line which could have contained [Formula: see text] of H2O. By using these constraints, we estimate the nebula-captured and catastrophically outgassed volatile contents during the solidification of Mars' magma ocean and apply a hydrodynamic upper atmosphere model for the study of the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) driven thermal escape of the martian protoatmosphere during the early active epoch of the young Sun. The amount of gas that has been captured from the protoplanetary disk into the planetary atmosphere is calculated by solving the hydrostatic structure equations in the protoplanetary nebula. Depending on nebular properties such as the dust grain depletion factor, planetesimal accretion rates and luminosities, hydrogen envelopes with masses [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] could have been captured from the nebula around early Mars. Depending on the before mentioned parameters, due to the planets low gravity and a solar XUV flux that was [Formula: see text] times stronger compared to the present value, our results indicate that early Mars would have lost its nebular captured hydrogen envelope after the nebula gas evaporated, during a fast period of [Formula: see text]. After the solidification of early Mars' magma ocean, catastrophically outgassed volatiles with the amount of [Formula: see text] H2O and [Formula: see text] CO2 could have been lost during [Formula: see text], if the impact related energy flux of large planetesimals and small embryos to the planet's surface lasted long enough, that the steam atmosphere could have been prevented from condensing. If this was not the case, then our results suggest that the timescales for H2O condensation and ocean formation may have been shorter compared to the atmosphere evaporation timescale, so that one can speculate that sporadically periods, where some amount of liquid water may have been present on the planet's surface. However, depending on the amount of the outgassed volatiles, because of impacts and the high XUV-driven atmospheric escape rates, such sporadically wet surface conditions may have also not lasted much longer than [Formula: see text]. After the loss of the captured hydrogen envelope and outgassed volatiles during the first 100 Myr period of the young Sun, a warmer and probably wetter period may have evolved by a combination of volcanic outgassing and impact delivered volatiles [Formula: see text] ago, when the solar XUV flux decreased to values that have been [Formula: see text] times that of today's Sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Erkaev
- Institute for Computational Modelling, 660041 Krasnoyarsk 36, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - H. Lammer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 31 6412 0641; fax: +43 31 6412 0690.
| | - L.T. Elkins-Tanton
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - A. Stökl
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Odert
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Physics, IGAM, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E. Marcq
- LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Guyancourt, France
| | - E.A. Dorfi
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - K.G. Kislyakova
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria
| | - Yu.N. Kulikov
- Polar Geophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khalturina 15, 183010 Murmansk, Russian Federation
| | - M. Leitzinger
- Institute of Physics, IGAM, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M. Güdel
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstraße 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Lebrun T, Massol H, Chassefière E, Davaille A, Marcq E, Sarda P, Leblanc F, Brandeis G. Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere: conditions for the condensation of a water ocean. BIO Web of Conferences 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20140201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Yung YL, Liang MC, Jiang X, Shia RL, Lee C, Bézard B, Marcq E. Evidence for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) conversion to CO in the lower atmosphere of Venus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marcq E, Bézard B, Drossart P, Piccioni G, Reess JM, Henry F. A latitudinal survey of CO, OCS, H2O, and SO2in the lower atmosphere of Venus: Spectroscopic studies using VIRTIS-H. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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