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Dotan I, Feagan BG, Taliadouros V, Oortwijn A, Rudolph C, de Haas A, Santermans E, Hsieh J, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hibi T. Efficacy of Filgotinib in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis by Line of Therapy in the Phase 2b/3 SELECTION Trial. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:1207-1216. [PMID: 36928705 PMCID: PMC10441561 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The efficacy of new therapies for ulcerative colitis [UC] is usually influenced by previous biologic use. These post hoc analyses of SELECTION, a placebo-controlled phase 2b/3 trial in patients with moderately to severely active UC, evaluated the efficacy of filgotinib, an oral Janus 1 kinase preferential inhibitor, with respect to prior biologic failure. METHODS The effect of filgotinib 200 mg (FIL200) relative to placebo was compared in biologic-naïve and biologic-failed patient groups, and in further subgroups by number of failed biologics [1 or >1], biologic mechanism of action [MoA] classes [1 or 2] and tumour necrosis factor [TNF] antagonists [1 or >1]. Odds ratios [ORs] for clinical remission at week 10 [induction] and hazard ratios [HRs] for protocol-specific disease worsening [PSDW] from week 11 to week 58 [maintenance] were calculated. RESULTS At week 10, FIL200-treated patients were more likely to achieve clinical remission than placebo-treated patients in the biologic-naïve (OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 1.98 [1.14-3.44]) and biologic-failed (3.91 [1.33-11.48]) groups. During maintenance, FIL200-treated patients had a reduced risk of PSDW in the biologic-naïve (HR [95% CI]: 0.22 [0.11-0.44]) and biologic-failed (0.22 [0.12-0.40]) groups, and in all biologic-failed subgroups (except >1 TNF antagonist failure). The data suggest that the likelihood of PSDW at week 58 increased with increasing numbers of failed biologics. CONCLUSIONS FIL200 induced and maintained benefits relative to placebo regardless of previous biologic use; however, the estimated therapeutic benefit was greatest in biologic-naïve patients and patients previously treated with one biologic or biologic MoA class. [ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02914522].
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Brian G Feagan
- Alimentiv, London, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- University of Lorraine, Inserm, NGERE, Nancy, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Privé Ambroise Paré – Hartmann, Paris IBD Center, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Strambu IR, Seemayer CA, Fagard LMCA, Ford PA, Van der Aa TAK, de Haas-Amatsaleh AA, Modgill V, Santermans E, Sondag EN, Helmer EG, Maher TM, Costabel U, Cottin V. GLPG1205 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:13993003.01794-2022. [PMID: 36328358 PMCID: PMC9978158 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01794-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLPG1205 is a selective functional antagonist of G-protein-coupled receptor 84, which plays an important role in fibrotic processes. This study assessed the efficacy, safety and tolerability of GLPG1205 for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS PINTA (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03725852) was a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Patients with IPF were randomised 2:1 to once-daily oral GLPG1205 100 mg or placebo for 26 weeks and stratified to receive GLPG1205 alone or with local standard of care (nintedanib or pirfenidone). The primary end-point was change from baseline in forced vital capacity (FVC); other end-points were safety and tolerability, and lung volumes measured by imaging (high-resolution computed tomography). The study was not powered for statistical significance. RESULTS In total, 68 patients received study medication. Least squares mean change from baseline in FVC at week 26 was -33.68 (95% CI -112.0-44.68) mL with GLPG1205 and -76.00 (95% CI -170.7-18.71) mL with placebo (least squares mean difference 42.33 (95% CI -81.84-166.5) mL; p=0.50). Lung volumes by imaging declined -58.30 versus -262.72 mL (whole lung) and -33.68 versus -135.48 mL (lower lobes) with GLPG1205 versus placebo, respectively. Treatment with GLPG1205 versus placebo resulted in higher proportions of serious and severe treatment-emergent adverse events and treatment-emergent discontinuations, most apparent with nintedanib. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with GLPG1205 did not result in a significant difference in FVC decline versus placebo. GLPG1205 demonstrated a poorer safety and tolerability profile than placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina R Strambu
- Pulmonology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Joint first authors
| | | | | | - Paul A Ford
- Clinical Development, Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vikas Modgill
- Clinical Development, Galapagos GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric N Sondag
- Early Stage Development, Galapagos NV, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Eric G Helmer
- Clinical Development, Galapagos Biotech Limited, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrich Costabel
- Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vincent Cottin
- National Coordinating Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases (OrphaLung), Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, IVPC, INRAE, Member of ERN-LUNG, Lyon, France
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Abrams S, Wambua J, Santermans E, Willem L, Kuylen E, Coletti P, Libin P, Faes C, Petrof O, Herzog SA, Beutels P, Hens N. Modelling the early phase of the Belgian COVID-19 epidemic using a stochastic compartmental model and studying its implied future trajectories. Epidemics 2021; 35:100449. [PMID: 33799289 PMCID: PMC7986325 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the onset of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world, a large fraction of the global population is or has been under strict measures of physical distancing and quarantine, with many countries being in partial or full lockdown. These measures are imposed in order to reduce the spread of the disease and to lift the pressure on healthcare systems. Estimating the impact of such interventions as well as monitoring the gradual relaxing of these stringent measures is quintessential to understand how resurgence of the COVID-19 epidemic can be controlled for in the future. In this paper we use a stochastic age-structured discrete time compartmental model to describe the transmission of COVID-19 in Belgium. Our model explicitly accounts for age-structure by integrating data on social contacts to (i) assess the impact of the lockdown as implemented on March 13, 2020 on the number of new hospitalizations in Belgium; (ii) conduct a scenario analysis estimating the impact of possible exit strategies on potential future COVID-19 waves. More specifically, the aforementioned model is fitted to hospital admission data, data on the daily number of COVID-19 deaths and serial serological survey data informing the (sero)prevalence of the disease in the population while relying on a Bayesian MCMC approach. Our age-structured stochastic model describes the observed outbreak data well, both in terms of hospitalizations as well as COVID-19 related deaths in the Belgian population. Despite an extensive exploration of various projections for the future course of the epidemic, based on the impact of adherence to measures of physical distancing and a potential increase in contacts as a result of the relaxation of the stringent lockdown measures, a lot of uncertainty remains about the evolution of the epidemic in the next months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Abrams
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium; Global Health Institute, Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - James Wambua
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lander Willem
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elise Kuylen
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pietro Coletti
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Libin
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium; Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oana Petrof
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sereina A Herzog
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute of Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium; Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Timmis H, Van Kaem T, Desrivot J, Dupont S, Meuleners L, Beetens J, Helmer E, Santermans E, Huettner S. GLPG1205, a GPR84 Modulator: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:994-1006. [PMID: 33960725 PMCID: PMC8453901 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GLPG1205 is a modulator of GPR84, a G‐protein–coupled receptor reported to be associated with several diseases. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of GLPG1205 in healthy subjects were evaluated in 2 randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐site, phase 1 studies. In study 1, 16 (aged 21‐48 years) and 24 (24‐50 years) healthy men received single doses of GLPG1205 10 to 800 mg, and GLPG1205 50, 100, or 200 mg once daily for 14 days, respectively, or placebo. Study 2 evaluated the effect of aging on GLPG1205 pharmacokinetics: 24 healthy men (aged 37–83 years), weight‐matched into 3 age cohorts (65‐74, ≥75, and 18‐50 years), received GLPG1205 50 mg or placebo once daily for 14 days; an open‐label part of this study evaluated a GLPG1205 250‐mg loading dose followed by 50 mg once daily for 13 days in 8 healthy men (aged 68‐74 years). Single (up to 800 mg) and multiple (maximum tolerated dose 100 mg once daily) GLPG1205 doses had favorable safety and tolerability profiles. After single administration of GLPG1205, median time to occurrence of maximum observed plasma concentration and arithmetic mean apparent terminal half‐life ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 and from 30.1 to 140 hours, respectively. Age did not affect GLPG1205 exposure. GPR84 receptor occupancy with GLPG1205 vs placebo confirmed target engagement. These results support further clinical development of GLPG1205.
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van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel S, Conrath K, Fischer R, Sutharsan S, Kempa A, Gleiber W, Schwarz C, Hector A, Van Osselaer N, Pano A, Corveleyn S, Bwirire D, Santermans E, Muller K, Bellaire S, Van de Steen O. GLPG2737 in lumacaftor/ivacaftor-treated CF subjects homozygous for the F508del mutation: A randomized phase 2A trial (PELICAN). J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:292-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Santermans E, Ford P, Kreuter M, Verbruggen N, Meyvisch P, Wuyts WA, Brown KK, Lederer DJ, Byrne AJ, Molyneaux PL, Sivananthan A, Moor CC, Maher TM, Wijsenbeek M. Modelling Forced Vital Capacity in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Optimising Trial Design. Adv Ther 2019; 36:3059-3070. [PMID: 31565781 PMCID: PMC6822798 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Forced vital capacity is the only registrational endpoint in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis clinical trials. As most new treatments will be administered on top of standard of care, estimating treatment response will become more challenging. We developed a simulation model to quantify variability associated with forced vital capacity decline. Methods The model is based on publicly available clinical trial summary and home spirometry data. A single, illustrative trial setting is reported. Model assumptions are 400 subjects randomised 1:1 to investigational drug or placebo over 52 weeks, 50% of each group receiving standard of care (all-comer population), and a 90-mL treatment difference in annual forced vital capacity decline. Longitudinal profiles were simulated and the impact of varying clinical scenarios evaluated. Results Power to detect a significant treatment difference was 87–97%, depending on the analysis method. Repeated measures analysis generally outperformed analysis of covariance and mixed linear models, particularly with missing data (as simulated data were non-linear). A 15% yearly random dropout rate led to 0.6–5% power loss. Forced vital capacity decline-related dropout introduced greater power loss (up to 12%), as did subjects starting/stopping standard of care or investigational drug. Power was substantially lower for a 26-week trial due to the smaller assumed treatment effect at week 26 (sample size would need doubling to reach a power similar to that of a 52-week trial). Conclusions Our model quantifies forced vital capacity decline and associated variability, with all the caveats of background therapy, permitting robust power calculations to inform future idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis clinical trial design. Funding Galapagos NV (Mechelen, Belgium). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12325-019-01093-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Goeyvaerts N, Santermans E, Potter G, Torneri A, Van Kerckhove K, Willem L, Aerts M, Beutels P, Hens N. Household members do not contact each other at random: implications for infectious disease modelling. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:20182201. [PMID: 30963910 PMCID: PMC6304037 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne infectious diseases such as influenza are primarily transmitted from human to human by means of social contacts, and thus easily spread within households. Epidemic models, used to gain insight into infectious disease spread and control, typically rely on the assumption of random mixing within households. Until now, there has been no direct empirical evidence to support this assumption. Here, we present the first social contact survey specifically designed to study contact networks within households. The survey was conducted in Belgium (Flanders and Brussels) from 2010 to 2011. We analysed data from 318 households totalling 1266 individuals with household sizes ranging from two to seven members. Exponential-family random graph models (ERGMs) were fitted to the within-household contact networks to reveal the processes driving contact between household members, both on weekdays and weekends. The ERGMs showed a high degree of clustering and, specifically on weekdays, decreasing connectedness with increasing household size. Furthermore, we found that the odds of a contact between older siblings and between father and child are smaller than for any other pair. The epidemic simulation results suggest that within-household contact density is the main driver of differences in epidemic spread between complete and empirical-based household contact networks. The homogeneous mixing assumption may therefore be an adequate characterization of the within-household contact structure for the purpose of epidemic simulations. However, ignoring the contact density when inferring based on an epidemic model will result in biased estimates of within-household transmission rates. Further research regarding the implementation of within-household contact networks in epidemic models is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Goeyvaerts
- 1 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt , Hasselt , Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- 1 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt , Hasselt , Belgium
| | - Gail Potter
- 2 The Emmes Corporation , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - Andrea Torneri
- 3 Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Kim Van Kerckhove
- 1 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt , Hasselt , Belgium
| | - Lander Willem
- 3 Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Marc Aerts
- 1 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt , Hasselt , Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- 3 Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- 1 Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, UHasselt , Hasselt , Belgium.,3 Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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Masyn S, Vuchelen A, Santermans E, Rasschaert F, Bangura A, Parys W, Rutten R. Overcoming the challenges of iris scanning to identify minors (1-4 years) in the real-world setting. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:448. [PMID: 31331369 PMCID: PMC6647056 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Biometric identification techniques for pediatric use are limited. This investigation studied iris scanning in minors aged 1–4 in two exploratory studies in Belgium (n = 197) and Sierra Leone (n = 230), and in a subsequent clinical study in Sierra Leone (n = 635). Images of participants’ irises were captured using a camera, while a survey assessed the ease of use with children. Results The image capture success rate per individual was high; 86.0% of the participants had ≥ 2 successful captures. Iris scan quality and surface were similar in all age groups and in the matching population database. When including feasibility in the analysis of minors aged 3–4, sensitivity and specificity were non-inferior compared to using the biometric of a guardian. However, the quality of iris scanning in minors aged 1–4 was worse than the iris scanning reference quality in adults. A mean total usability score of 1.55 ± 0.27 was calculated; a usability threshold of 1.45 is required for routine use. Overall, this technique is feasible in minors aged 3–4, replacing the use of guardian biometrics. Additional work is ongoing to improve this technique further, striving for uniformity from the age of 1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4485-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Masyn
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, Beerse, Belgium. .,Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen Vuchelen
- CMAST BVBA, Contractor to Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, Temse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Wim Parys
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Romain Rutten
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health, Beerse, Belgium
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Marcq E, Waele JD, Audenaerde JV, Lion E, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits ELJ. Abundant expression of TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1 as immunotherapy checkpoint targets in effusions of mesothelioma patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89722-89735. [PMID: 29163783 PMCID: PMC5685704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence, poor prognosis and limited effective treatment options. Hence, new treatment strategies are warranted which include immune checkpoint blockade approaches with encouraging preliminary data. Research on the immunological aspects of the easily accessible mesothelioma microenvironment could identify prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers and provide useful insights for developing effective immunotherapy. In this context, we investigated the immune cell composition of effusions (pleural and ascites fluids) from 11 different chemotherapy-treated MPM patients. We used multicolor flow cytometry to describe different subsets of immune cells and their expression of immune checkpoint molecules TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1 and PD-L1. We demonstrate a patient-dependent inter- and intraspecific variation comparing pleural and ascites fluids in immune cell composition and immune checkpoint expression. We found CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and tumor cells in the fluids. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report TIM-3 and LAG-3 expression and we confirm PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on different MPM effusion-resident immune cells. Moreover, we identified two MPM effusion-related factors with clinical value: CD4+ T cells were significantly correlated with better response to chemotherapy, while the percentage of PD-L1+ podoplanin (PDPN)+ tumor cells is a significant prognostic factor for worse outcome. Our data provide a basis for more elaborate research on MPM effusion material in the context of treatment follow-up and prognostic biomarkers and the development of immune checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Center for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Thoracic Oncology/MOCA, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Marcq E, Siozopoulou V, De Waele J, Van Audenaerde J, Zwaenepoel K, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, Van Meerbeeck J, Smits E. OA02.07 Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment and Investigation of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Santermans E, Van Kerckhove K, Azmon A, John Edmunds W, Beutels P, Faes C, Hens N. Structural differences in mixing behavior informing the role of asymptomatic infection and testing symptom heritability. Math Biosci 2016; 285:43-54. [PMID: 28027885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most infectious disease data is obtained from disease surveillance which is based on observations of symptomatic cases only. However, many infectious diseases are transmitted before the onset of symptoms or without developing symptoms at all throughout the entire disease course, referred to as asymptomatic transmission. Fraser and colleagues [1] showed that this type of transmission plays a key role in assessing the feasibility of intervention measures in controlling an epidemic outbreak. To account for asymptomatic transmission in epidemic models, methods often rely on assumptions that cannot be verified given the data at hand. The present study aims at assessing the contribution of social contact data from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in quantifying the contribution of (a)symptomatic infections. We use a mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations (ODE) and a likelihood-based approach followed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to estimate the model parameters and their uncertainty. Incidence data on influenza-like illness in the initial phase of the 2009 A/H1N1pdm epidemic is used to illustrate that it is possible to estimate either the proportion of asymptomatic infections or the relative infectiousness of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infectives. Further, we introduce a model in which the chance of developing symptoms depends on the disease state of the person that transmitted the infection. In conclusion, incorporating social contact data from both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals allows inferring on parameters associated with asymptomatic infection based on disease data from symptomatic cases only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium.
| | - Kim Van Kerckhove
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Amin Azmon
- Novartis Pharma AG, Oncology Business Unit/General Medical Affairs, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Marcq E, Siozopoulou V, De Waele J, van Audenaerde J, Zwaenepoel K, Santermans E, Hens N, Pauwels P, van Meerbeeck JP, Smits ELJ. Prognostic and predictive aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment and immune checkpoints in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1261241. [PMID: 28197385 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1261241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and an increasing incidence, for which novel therapeutic strategies are urgently required. Since the immune system has been described to play a presumed role in the protection against MPM, characterization of its tumor immune microenvironment (TME) and immune checkpoints can identify new immunotherapeutic targets and their predictive and/or prognostic value. To characterize the TME and the immune checkpoint expression profile, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections from 54 MPM patients (40 at time of diagnosis; 14 treated with chemotherapy). We stained for PD-1, PD-L1, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, granzyme B, FoxP3 and CD68. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between the immunological parameters and survival, as well as response to chemotherapy. We found that TIM-3, PD-1 and PD-L1 were expressed on both immune and tumor cells. Strikingly, PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was only seen in unpretreated samples. No LAG-3 expression was observed. CD45RO expression in the stroma was an independent negative predictive factor for response on chemotherapy, while CD4 and TIM-3 expression in lymphoid aggregates were independent prognostic factors for better outcome. Our data propose TIM-3 as a promising new target in mesothelioma. Chemotherapy influences the expression of immune checkpoints and therefore further research on the best combination treatment schedule is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan P van Meerbeeck
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Thoracic Oncology/MOCA, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Le Blon D, Guglielmetti C, Hoornaert C, Quarta A, Daans J, Dooley D, Lemmens E, Praet J, De Vocht N, Reekmans K, Santermans E, Hens N, Goossens H, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A, Berneman Z, Hendrix S, Ponsaerts P. Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:288. [PMID: 27829467 PMCID: PMC5103449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promoting the neuroprotective and repair-inducing effector functions of microglia and macrophages, by means of M2 polarisation or alternative activation, is expected to become a new therapeutic approach for central nervous system (CNS) disorders in which detrimental pro-inflammatory microglia and/or macrophages display a major contribution to the neuropathology. In this study, we present a novel in vivo approach using intracerebral grafting of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) genetically engineered to secrete interleukin 13 (IL13-MSC). Methods In the first experimental setup, control MSC and IL13-MSC were grafted in the CNS of eGFP+ bone marrow chimaeric C57BL/6 mice to histologically evaluate IL13-mediated expression of several markers associated with alternative activation, including arginase1 and Ym1, on MSC graft-recognising microglia and MSC graft-infiltrating macrophages. In the second experimental setup, IL13-MSC were grafted on the right side (or on both the right and left sides) of the splenium of the corpus callosum in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in C57BL/6 CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ transgenic mice. Next, CNS inflammation and demyelination was induced by means of a cuprizone-supplemented diet. The influence of IL13-MSC grafting on neuropathological alterations was monitored by non-invasive T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative histological analyses, as compared to cuprizone-treated mice with control MSC grafts and/or cuprizone-treated mice without MSC injection. Results In the first part of this study, we demonstrate that MSC graft-associated microglia and MSC graft-infiltrating macrophages are forced into alternative activation upon grafting of IL13-MSC, but not upon grafting of control MSC. In the second part of this study, we demonstrate that grafting of IL13-MSC, in addition to the recruitment of M2 polarised macrophages, limits cuprizone-induced microgliosis, oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Furthermore, we here demonstrate that injection of IL13-MSC at both sides of the splenium leads to a superior protective effect as compared to a single injection at one side of the splenium. Conclusions Controlled and localised production of IL13 by means of intracerebral MSC grafting has the potential to modulate cell graft- and pathology-associated microglial/macrophage responses, and to interfere with oligodendrocyte death and demyelinating events in the cuprizone mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evi Lemmens
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jelle Praet
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Vocht
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (Chermid), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken (CDE-S6.51), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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14
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Guglielmetti C, Le Blon D, Santermans E, Salas-Perdomo A, Daans J, De Vocht N, Shah D, Hoornaert C, Praet J, Peerlings J, Kara F, Bigot C, Mai Z, Goossens H, Hens N, Hendrix S, Verhoye M, Planas AM, Berneman Z, van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Interleukin-13 immune gene therapy prevents CNS inflammation and demyelination via alternative activation of microglia and macrophages. Glia 2016; 64:2181-2200. [PMID: 27685637 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental inflammatory responses in the central nervous system are a hallmark of various brain injuries and diseases. With this study we provide evidence that lentiviral vector-mediated expression of the immune-modulating cytokine interleukin 13 (IL-13) induces an alternative activation program in both microglia and macrophages conferring protection against severe oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). First, IL-13 mediated modulation of cuprizone induced lesions was monitored using T2 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging and magnetization transfer imaging, and further correlated with quantitative histological analyses for inflammatory cell influx, oligodendrocyte death, and demyelination. Second, following IL-13 immune gene therapy in cuprizone-treated eGFP+ bone marrow chimeric mice, we provide evidence that IL-13 directs the polarization of both brain-resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages towards an alternatively activated phenotype, thereby promoting the conversion of a pro-inflammatory environment toward an anti-inflammatory environment, as further evidenced by gene expression analyses. Finally, we show that IL-13 immune gene therapy is also able to limit lesion severity in a pre-existing inflammatory environment. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of IL-13 to modulate microglia/macrophage responses and to improve disease outcome in a mouse model for MS. GLIA 2016;64:2181-2200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guglielmetti
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Angelica Salas-Perdomo
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Vocht
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Disha Shah
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Praet
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Peerlings
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Firat Kara
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian Bigot
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zhenhua Mai
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Icometrix, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (Chermid), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Santermans E, Robesyn E, Ganyani T, Sudre B, Faes C, Quinten C, Van Bortel W, Haber T, Kovac T, Van Reeth F, Testa M, Hens N, Plachouras D. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ebola Virus Disease at Sub-National Level during the 2014 West Africa Epidemic: Model Scrutiny and Data Meagreness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147172. [PMID: 26771513 PMCID: PMC4714854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ebola outbreak in West Africa has infected at least 27,443 individuals and killed 11,207, based on data until 24 June, 2015, released by the World Health Organization (WHO). This outbreak has been characterised by extensive geographic spread across the affected countries Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, and by localized hotspots within these countries. The rapid recognition and quantitative assessment of localised areas of higher transmission can inform the optimal deployment of public health resources. METHODS A variety of mathematical models have been used to estimate the evolution of this epidemic, and some have pointed out the importance of the spatial heterogeneity apparent from incidence maps. However, little is known about the district-level transmission. Given that many response decisions are taken at sub-national level, the current study aimed to investigate the spatial heterogeneity by using a different modelling framework, built on publicly available data at district level. Furthermore, we assessed whether this model could quantify the effect of intervention measures and provide predictions at a local level to guide public health action. We used a two-stage modelling approach: a) a flexible spatiotemporal growth model across all affected districts and b) a deterministic SEIR compartmental model per district whenever deemed appropriate. FINDINGS Our estimates show substantial differences in the evolution of the outbreak in the various regions of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, illustrating the importance of monitoring the outbreak at district level. We also provide an estimate of the time-dependent district-specific effective reproduction number, as a quantitative measure to compare transmission between different districts and give input for informed decisions on control measures and resource allocation. Prediction and assessing the impact of control measures proved to be difficult without more accurate data. In conclusion, this study provides us a useful tool at district level for public health, and illustrates the importance of collecting and sharing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuel Robesyn
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapiwa Ganyani
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Sudre
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christel Faes
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Chantal Quinten
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Haber
- Expertise centre for Digital Media, iMinds, tUL, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Thomas Kovac
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Expertise centre for Digital Media, iMinds, tUL, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Reeth
- Expertise centre for Digital Media, iMinds, tUL, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marco Testa
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Niel Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Praet J, Santermans E, Daans J, Le Blon D, Hoornaert C, Goossens H, Hens N, Van Der Linden A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Early Inflammatory Responses following Cell Grafting in the CNS Trigger Activation of the Subventricular Zone: A Proposed Model of Sequential Cellular Events. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1481-92. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While multiple rodent preclinical studies, and to a lesser extent human clinical trials, claim the feasibility, safety, and potential clinical benefit of cell grafting in the central nervous system (CNS), currently only little convincing knowledge exists regarding the actual fate of the grafted cells and their effect on the surrounding environment (or vice versa). Our preceding studies already indicated that only a minor fraction of the initially grafted cell population survives the grafting process, while the surviving cell population becomes invaded by highly activated microglia/macrophages and surrounded by reactive astrogliosis. In the current study, we further elaborate on early cellular and inflammatory events following syngeneic grafting of eGFP mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) in the CNS of immunocompetent mice. Based on obtained quantitative histological data, we here propose a detailed mathematically derived working model that sequentially comprises hypoxia-induced apoptosis of grafted mEFs, neutrophil invasion, neoangiogenesis, microglia/macrophage recruitment, astrogliosis, and eventually survival of a limited number of grafted mEFs. Simultaneously, we observed that the cellular events following mEF grafting activates the subventricular zone neural stem and progenitor cell compartment. This proposed model therefore further contributes to our understanding of cell graft-induced cellular responses and will eventually allow for successful manipulation of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Praet
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- BioImaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (Chermid), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Zwi Berneman
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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17
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Praet J, Orije J, Kara F, Guglielmetti C, Santermans E, Daans J, Hens N, Verhoye M, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A. Cuprizone-induced demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation result in different proton magnetic resonance metabolite spectra. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:505-513. [PMID: 25802215 PMCID: PMC4403969 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional MRI is frequently used during the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis but provides only little additional pathological information. Proton MRS ((1) H-MRS), however, provides biochemical information on the lesion pathology by visualization of a spectrum of metabolites. In this study we aimed to better understand the changes in metabolite concentrations following demyelination of the white matter. Therefore, we used the cuprizone model, a well-established mouse model to mimic type III human multiple sclerosis demyelinating lesions. First, we identified CX3 CL1/CX3 CR1 signaling as a major regulator of microglial activity in the cuprizone mouse model. Compared with control groups (heterozygous CX3 CR1(+/-) C57BL/6 mice and wild type CX3 CR1(+/+) C57BL/6 mice), microgliosis, astrogliosis, oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination were shown to be highly reduced or absent in CX3 CR1(-/-) C57BL/6 mice. Second, we show that (1) H-MRS metabolite spectra are different when comparing cuprizone-treated CX3 CR1(-/-) mice showing mild demyelination with cuprizone-treated CX3 CR1(+/+) mice showing severe demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation. Following cuprizone treatment, CX3 CR1(+/+) mice show a decrease in the Glu, tCho and tNAA concentrations as well as an increased Tau concentration. In contrast, following cuprizone treatment CX3 CR1(-/-) mice only showed a decrease in tCho and tNAA concentrations. Therefore, (1) H-MRS might possibly allow us to discriminate demyelination from demyelination-associated inflammation via changes in Tau and Glu concentration. In addition, the observed decrease in tCho concentration in cuprizone-induced demyelinating lesions should be further explored as a possible diagnostic tool for the early identification of human MS type III lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Praet
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmien Orije
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Firat Kara
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-BioStat, Hasselt UniversityHasselt, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Center for Statistics, I-BioStat, Hasselt UniversityHasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
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18
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Costa R, Bergwerf I, Santermans E, De Vocht N, Praet J, Daans J, Le Blon D, Hoornaert C, Reekmans K, Hens N, Goossens H, Berneman Z, Parolini O, Alviano F, Ponsaerts P. Distinct In Vitro Properties of Embryonic and Extraembryonic Fibroblast-Like Cells are Reflected in their in Vivo Behavior following Grafting in the Adult Mouse Brain. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:223-33. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x676196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although intracerebral transplantation of various fibroblast(-like) cell populations has been shown feasible, little is known about the actual in vivo remodeling of these cellular grafts and their environment. In this study, we aimed to compare the in vitro and in vivo behavior of two phenotypically similar—but developmentally distinct—fibroblast-like cell populations, namely, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) and mouse fetal membrane-derived stromal cells (mFMSCs). While both mEFs and mFMSCs are readily able to reduce TNF-α secretion by LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia, mFMSCs and mEFs display strikingly opposite behavior with regard to VEGF production under normal and inflammatory conditions. Whereas mFMSCs downregulate VEGF production upon coculture with LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia, mEFs upregulate VEGF production in the presence of LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia. Subsequently, in vivo grafting of mFMSCs and mEFs revealed no difference in microglial and astroglial responses toward the cellular grafts. However, mFMSC grafts displayed a lower degree of neoangiogenesis compared to mEF grafts, thereby potentially explaining the lower cell number able to survive in mFMSC grafts. In summary, our results suggest that physiological differences between fibroblast-like cell populations might lie at the basis of variations in histopathological and/or clinical outcome following cell grafting in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Costa
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Bergwerf
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Vocht
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Praet
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristien Reekmans
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (Chermid), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza - Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Alviano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Santermans E, Goeyvaerts N, Melegaro A, Edmunds WJ, Faes C, Aerts M, Beutels P, Hens N. The social contact hypothesis under the assumption of endemic equilibrium: Elucidating the transmission potential of VZV in Europe. Epidemics 2015; 11:14-23. [PMID: 25979278 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic reproduction number R0 and the effective reproduction number R are pivotal parameters in infectious disease epidemiology, quantifying the transmission potential of an infection in a population. We estimate both parameters from 13 pre-vaccination serological data sets on varicella zoster virus (VZV) in 12 European countries and from population-based social contact surveys under the commonly made assumptions of endemic and demographic equilibrium. The fit to the serology is evaluated using the inferred effective reproduction number R as a model eligibility criterion combined with AIC as a model selection criterion. For only 2 out of 12 countries, the common choice of a constant proportionality factor is sufficient to provide a good fit to the seroprevalence data. For the other countries, an age-specific proportionality factor provides a better fit, assuming physical contacts lasting longer than 15 min are a good proxy for potential varicella transmission events. In all countries, primary infection with VZV most often occurs in early childhood, but there is substantial variation in transmission potential with R0 ranging from 2.8 in England and Wales to 7.6 in The Netherlands. Two non-parametric methods, the maximal information coefficient (MIC) and a random forest approach, are used to explain these differences in R0 in terms of relevant country-specific characteristics. Our results suggest an association with three general factors: inequality in wealth, infant vaccination coverage and child care attendance. This illustrates the need to consider fundamental differences between European countries when formulating and parameterizing infectious disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - N Goeyvaerts
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Melegaro
- Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management and Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics, Universit Commerciale L. Bocconi, Milan, Italy
| | - W J Edmunds
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Faes
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M Aerts
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - P Beutels
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Hens N, Abrams S, Santermans E, Theeten H, Goeyvaerts N, Lernout T, Leuridan E, Van Kerckhove K, Goossens H, Van Damme P, Beutels P. Assessing the risk of measles resurgence in a highly vaccinated population: Belgium anno 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.1.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hens
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Abrams
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - E Santermans
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - H Theeten
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - N Goeyvaerts
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - T Lernout
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Leuridan
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K Van Kerckhove
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - H Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Beutels
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health Economic Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (WHO Collaborating Centre), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Praet J, Santermans E, Reekmans K, de Vocht N, Le Blon D, Hoornaert C, Daans J, Goossens H, Berneman Z, Hens N, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Histological characterization and quantification of cellular events following neural and fibroblast(-like) stem cell grafting in healthy and demyelinated CNS tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1213:265-83. [PMID: 25173390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1453-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies involving intracerebral (stem) cell grafting are gaining popularity in many laboratories due to the reported beneficial effects of cell grafting on various diseases or traumata of the central nervous system (CNS). In this chapter, we describe a histological workflow to characterize and quantify cellular events following neural and fibroblast(-like) stem cell grafting in healthy and demyelinated CNS tissue. First, we provide standardized protocols to isolate and culture eGFP(+) neural and fibroblast(-like) stem cells from embryonic mouse tissue. Second, we describe flow cytometric procedures to determine cell viability, eGFP transgene expression, and the expression of different stem cell lineage markers. Third, we explain how to induce reproducible demyelination in the CNS of mice by means of cuprizone administration, a validated mouse model for human multiple sclerosis. Fourth, the technical procedures for cell grafting in the CNS are explained in detail. Finally, an optimized and validated workflow for the quantitative histological analysis of cell graft survival and endogenous astroglial and microglial responses is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Praet
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken (CDE-S6.51), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium
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