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Neuronal tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β expression in a porcine model of intracerebral haemorrhage: Modulation by U-74389G. Brain Res 2015; 1615:98-105. [PMID: 25916578 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) are important mediators of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) inflammatory response. Lazaroids, established antioxidants and neuroprotectants, have been studied in several brain pathologies. The present study was designed to investigate: a) TNF-α and IL-1β changes, in neurons and b) U-74389G effects, 4 and 24h after haematoma induction in a porcine model of intracerebral haemorrhage. In twenty male landrace pigs (swines) aged 135-150 days old, autologous whole blood was injected around the right basal ganglia territory; in ten of the pigs the lazaroid compound U-74389G was administered. Brain TNF-α and IL-1β immunopositive neurons were determined by immunoarray techniques at 4 and 24h timepoints. After the haematoma induction the number of TNF-α immunopositive neurons ipsilateral to the haematoma was significantly higher compared to the contralateral site at 4h (p<0.0005), while U-74389G significantly reduced the number of TNF-α immunopositive neurons, ipsilateral to the haematoma, at 4h (p=0.002); at 24h, TNF-α immunopositive neurons were found significantly lower in the control group ipsilateral to the haematoma in comparison to 4h timepoint(p<0.0005). The number of IL-1β immunopositive neurons at 4h after the hematoma induction was significantly higher ipsilateral to the haematoma site (p<0.0005). U-74389G had no statistical significant effect. TNF-α and IL-1β, increase in neurons, 4h after the haematoma induction, ipsilateral to the haematoma site. The administration of the antioxidant compound U-74389G, results in early (at 4h) decrease of TNF-α immunopositive neurons but shows no statistical significant effect to IL-1β immunopossitive neurons.
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Stimulation and Suppression of Innate Immune Function by American Ginseng Polysaccharides: Biological Relevance and Identification of Bioactives. Pharm Res 2014; 32:876-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baudy AR, Reeves EKM, Damsker JM, Heier C, Garvin LM, Dillingham BC, McCall J, Rayavarapu S, Wang Z, Vandermeulen JH, Sali A, Jahnke V, Duguez S, DuBois D, Rose MC, Nagaraju K, Hoffman EP. Δ-9,11 modification of glucocorticoids dissociates nuclear factor-κB inhibitory efficacy from glucocorticoid response element-associated side effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:225-32. [PMID: 22743576 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are standard of care for many inflammatory conditions, but chronic use is associated with a broad array of side effects. This has led to a search for dissociative glucocorticoids--drugs able to retain or improve efficacy associated with transrepression [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibition] but with the loss of side effects associated with transactivation (receptor-mediated transcriptional activation through glucocorticoid response element gene promoter elements). We investigated a glucocorticoid derivative with a Δ-9,11 modification as a dissociative steroid. The Δ-9,11 analog showed potent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced NF-κB signaling in cell reporter assays, and this transrepression activity was blocked by 17β-hydroxy-11β-[4-dimethylamino phenyl]-17α-[1-propynyl]estra-4,9-dien-3-one (RU-486), showing the requirement for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The Δ-9,11 analog induced the nuclear translocation of GR but showed the loss of transactivation as assayed by GR-luciferase constructs as well as mRNA profiles of treated cells. The Δ-9,11 analog was tested for efficacy and side effects in two mouse models of muscular dystrophy: mdx (dystrophin deficiency), and SJL (dysferlin deficiency). Daily oral delivery of the Δ-9,11 analog showed a reduction of muscle inflammation and improvements in multiple muscle function assays yet no reductions in body weight or spleen size, suggesting the loss of key side effects. Our data demonstrate that a Δ-9,11 analog dissociates the GR-mediated transcriptional activities from anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, Δ-9,11 analogs may hold promise as a source of safer therapeutic agents for chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Baudy
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Chang YT, Wann SR, Hsieh KH, Liu YC, Chang CH, Huang MS, Huang CI, Chang HT. The effects of lazaroid U-74389G in a rat sepsis model. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:29-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Tsaroucha AK, Papalois A, Vernadakis S, Adamopoulos S, Papadopoulos K, Lambropoulou M, Constadinidis T, Kyriazi A, Papadopoulos N, Simopoulos C. The Effect of U-74389G on Liver Recovery After Acute Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Swine Model. J Surg Res 2009; 151:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kim YS, Kim GY, Kim JH, You HJ, Park YM, Lee HK, Yu HC, Chung SM, Jin ZW, Ko HM, Cho BH. Glutamine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 activation and protects against endotoxin shock in mouse. Shock 2006; 25:290-4. [PMID: 16552362 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000194041.18699.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) supplementation is known to play a beneficial role in a number of settings of critical illness as well as laboratory models of endotoxin shock. We have investigated a molecular mechanism of the protective role of Gln in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shock using a mouse model. To examine the effectiveness of Gln, Gln was administered before or after LPS injection. Treatment of Gln before, but not after, LPS injection resulted in inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha synthesis. In contrast, protection of animal from LPS-mediated death by Gln was observed when the Gln treatment was performed after LPS injection, suggesting that nuclear factor kappaB/tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling does not play an important role in this process. LPS injection induced phosphorylation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which was blocked by Gln treatment after LPS injection. Similarly, the LPS-stimulated cPLA2 activity was also inhibited by Gln treatment after LPS injection. Moreover, a cPLA2 inhibitor not only inhibited LPS-induced activation of cPLA2, but also significantly prevented LPS-mediated death. These observations indicate that Gln has a capability to inhibit cPLA2 phosphorylation and activation and suggest that Gln might be of a great therapeutic value for controlling inflammatory diseases in which cPLA2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Zhang Y, Schyvens CG, McKenzie KUS, Morris BJ, Whitworth JA. Lipopolysaccharide reverses adrenocorticotrophic hormone-induced hypertension in the rat. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:427-32. [PMID: 12887135 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) release and investigate the effect of endogenous NO on adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-induced hypertension in rats. After preliminary studies to determine the appropriate dose of LPS, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ACTH (200 microg/kg/day, s.c.) or saline (sham) for 8 days and then given a single dose of LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. ACTH treatment was continued for a further 5 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured daily using the tail cuff method. Results were expressed as the mean +/- SEM. ACTH treatment significantly increased SBP (from 105 +/- 3 to 129 +/- 4 mmHg; p<0.05), whereas saline had no effect on SBP. The ACTH-induced increase in SBP was reversed by LPS injection (from 125 +/- 6 to 102 +/- 7 mmHg; p<0.05). SBP was also decreased in sham + LPS-treated rats compared with that of sham + saline-treated rats (p<0.05), but the SBP change in response to LPS was greater in ACTH-treated than in sham-treated rats (-23 vs. -8 mmHg; p<0.05). These data are compatible with the notion that reduced NO availability plays a role in ACTH-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- High Blood Pressure Research Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Minutoli L, Deodato B, Bova A, Sardella A, Seminara P, Passaniti M, Urna G, Venuti SF, Caputi AP, Squadrito F. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation by IRFI 042, protects against endotoxin-induced shock. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54:684-93. [PMID: 12031715 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of IRFI 042, a novel dual vitamin E-like antioxidant, on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, TNF-alpha gene priming and on the release of the mature protein during endotoxin shock. METHODS Endotoxin shock was produced in male rats by a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of 20 mg kg(-1) of Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Survival rate, mean arterial blood pressure, serum TNF-alpha and plasma malondialdehyde (MAL) levels were investigated. We then evaluated in the liver TNF-alpha mRNA levels, NF-kappaB binding activity and the inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha. Moreover we studied in LPS stimulated (50 microg ml(-1)) peritoneal macrophages (Mphi), NF-kappaB activation, cytoplasmic IkappaB-alpha degradation, the message for TNF-alpha, and TNF-alpha and MAL levels. RESULTS LPS administration reduced survival rate (0%, 72 h after LPS administration), decreased mean arterial blood pressure, augmented serum TNF-alpha (60+/-11 ng ml(-1)) and enhanced plasma malondialdehyde (MAL) levels (55+/-7.1 nmol l(-1)). LPS shocked rats also had increased TNF-alpha mRNA levels, augmented liver NF-kappaB binding activity in the nucleus and decreased levels of the inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha. In addition, in vitro LPS stimulation (50 microg ml(-1)) significantly induced NF-kappaB activation and cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha degradation in Mphi, enhanced TNF-alpha mRNA levels and increased Mphi TNF-alpha and MAL. Treatment with IRFI 042 (20 mg kg(-1), i.v., 5 min after endotoxin challenge) protected against LPS-induced lethality (90% survival rate 24 h and 80% survival rate 72 h after LPS injection, respectively), reduced hypotension, blunted plasma MAL (9.0+/-0.9 nmol l(-1)) and decreased serum TNF-alpha (15+/-3 ng ml(-1)). The antioxidant also inhibited the loss of IkappaBalpha protein from the hepatic cytoplasm, blunted the increased NF-kappaB binding activity in the liver and decreased hepatic liver mRNA for TNF-alpha. Furthermore 'in vitro' IRFI 042 (50 microM) significantly inhibited activation of NF-kappaB through inhibition of IkappaBalpha degradation, reduced the amount of TNF-alpha mRNA, decreased LPS-induced TNF-alpha release and blunted lipid peroxidation (MAL) in LPS stimulated Mphi. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that IRFI 042 blocks the activation of NF-kappaB, reduces TNF-alpha mRNA levels, and finally reverses endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology School of Medicine, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria G Martino, Via C. Valeria, Gazzi, Messina, Italy
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Washo-Stultz D, Crowley-Weber CL, Dvorakova K, Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Kunke K, Waltmire CN, Garewal H, Payne CM. Role of mitochondrial complexes I and II, reactive oxygen species and arachidonic acid metabolism in deoxycholate-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2002; 177:129-44. [PMID: 11825660 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are promoters of colon cancer; however, the mechanism(s) of action of this tumor promoter are largely unknown. Bile acids induce apoptosis in colon epithelial cells and it is probable that the modulation of apoptosis contributes, in part, to colon carcinogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that damage to mitochondria is an upstream event in sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC)-induced apoptosis and that a pro-oxidant state of the cell favors survival. NaDOC-induced damage to mitochondria was assessed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential using flow cytometry and an increase in megamitochondria formation using transmission electron microscopy. We found that inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I and II with rotenone and thenoyltrifluoroacetone, respectively, dramatically protected HT-29 cells against NaDOC-induced apoptosis. Antioxidants (e.g. lazaroids U-74389G and U-8389G), however, sensitized cells to NaDOC-induced apoptosis, in spite of a reduction in reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Lazaroid pre-treatment caused a marked decrease in NaDOC-induced activation of the anti-apoptotic transcription factor, NF-kappaB, which may provide the basis for the sensitization to apoptosis caused by these antioxidants. Inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism (e.g. esculetin, sulindac sulfide, NS-398) also sensitized HT-29 cells to NaDOC-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that the life/death decision is the result of a shift in the balance between specific anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors, respectively, that may have significance to colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delon Washo-Stultz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Armour J, Tyml K, Lidington D, Wilson JX. Ascorbate prevents microvascular dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of the septic rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 90:795-803. [PMID: 11181585 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic patients have low plasma ascorbate concentrations and compromised microvascular perfusion. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether ascorbate improves capillary function in volume-resuscitated sepsis. Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats. The concentration of ascorbate in plasma and urine, mean arterial blood pressure, and density of continuously perfused capillaries in the extensor digitorum longus muscle were measured 24 h after surgery. CLP caused a 50% decrease (from 56 +/- 4 to 29 +/- 2 microM) in plasma ascorbate concentration, 1,000% increase (from 46 +/- 13 to 450 +/- 93 microM) in urine ascorbate concentration, 20% decrease (from 115 +/- 2 to 91 +/- 2 mmHg) in mean arterial pressure, and 30% decrease (from 24 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 1 capillaries/mm) in the density of perfused capillaries, compared with time-matched controls. A bolus of intravenous ascorbate (7.6 mg/100 g body wt) administered immediately after the CLP procedure increased plasma ascorbate concentration and restored both blood pressure and density of perfused capillaries to control levels. In vitro experiments showed that ascorbate (100 microM) inhibited replication of bacteria and prevented hydrogen peroxide injury to cultured microvascular endothelial cells. These results indicate that ascorbate is lost in the urine during sepsis and that a bolus of ascorbate can prevent microvascular dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of septic animals. Our study supports the view that ascorbate may be beneficial for patients with septic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Armour
- Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Endotoxic shock, or Gram-negative septic shock, can occur as a component of Gram-negative sepsis and is characterised by hypotension, poor tissue perfusion and multi-organ dysfunction. Despite antibiotic therapy and intensive care management, the morbidity and mortality rates of Gram-negative septic shock remain high. Endotoxin mediates its effects through interaction with receptors on the surface of a variety of host cells. These interactions result in the production and release of numerous biochemical mediators including nitric oxide, cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes and toxic oxygen radicals. It is these biochemical mediators that exert toxic effects during endotoxic shock and which are often the target of novel treatment strategies. Several of these pharmacological agents are currently being investigated for use in Gram-negative septic shock and include inhibitors of the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production, scavengers of the nitric oxide molecule and cytokine modulators. Although many agents have been studied for potential use as modulators of cytokine levels, this study will focus on pentoxifylline and the 21-aminosteroids, or lazaroids. Examination of the literature regarding pharmacological agents used to treat endotoxic shock often yields confusing and contradictory results. The reasons for these mixed results include differences in models, drug dosages, dosing methods and intervals and timing of administration relative to disease duration and severity. However, despite mixed results, several of the drugs discussed in this paper offer promise in the therapy of an often frustrating and lethal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Howe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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