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Djamgoz MBA. Electrical excitability of cancer cells-CELEX model updated. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10195-6. [PMID: 38976181 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The normal functioning of every cell in the body depends on its bioelectric properties and many diseases are caused by genetic and/or epigenetic dysregulation of the underlying ion channels. Metastasis, the main cause of death from cancer, is a complex multi-stage process in which cells break away from a primary tumour, invade the surrounding tissues, enter the circulation by encountering a blood vessel and spread around the body, ultimately lodging in distant organs and reproliferating to form secondary tumours leading to devastating organ failure. Such cellular behaviours are well known to involve ion channels. The CELEX model offers a novel insight to metastasis where it is the electrical excitation of the cancer cells that is responsible for their aggressive and invasive behaviour. In turn, the hyperexcitability is underpinned by concomitant upregulation of functional voltage-gated sodium channels and downregulation of voltage-gated potassium channels. Here, we update the in vitro and in vivo evidence in favour of the CELEX model for carcinomas. The results are unequivocal for the sodium channel. The potassium channel arm is also broadly supported by existing evidence although these data are complicated by the impact of the channels on the membrane potential and consequent secondary effects. Finally, consistent with the CELEX model, we show (i) that carcinomas are indeed electrically excitable and capable of generating action potentials and (ii) that combination of a sodium channel inhibitor and a potassium channel opener can produce a strong, additive anti-invasive effect. We discuss the possible clinical implications of the CELEX model in managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Wolff M, Schnöbel-Ehehalt R, Mühling J, Weigand MA, Olschewski A. Mechanisms of Lidocaine’s Action on Subtypes of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons Subject to the Diverse Roles of Na+ and K+ Channels in Action Potential Generation. Anesth Analg 2014; 119:463-470. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bosshard SC, Grandjean J, Schroeter A, Baltes C, Zeilhofer HU, Rudin M. Hyperalgesia by low doses of the local anesthetic lidocaine involves cannabinoid signaling: An fMRI study in mice. Pain 2012; 153:1450-1458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Paylor T, Reichenberger E, Perreault M. Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2009; 147:107-15. [PMID: 19783371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severe chronic pain condition that most often develops following trauma. The pathophysiology of CRPS is not known but both clinical and experimental evidence demonstrate the important of the NMDA receptor and glial activation in its induction and maintenance. Ketamine is the most potent clinically available safe NMDA antagonist that has a well established role in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. This randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous ketamine in the treatment of CRPS. Before treatment, after informed consent was obtained, each subject was randomized into a ketamine or a placebo infusion group. Study subjects were evaluated for at least 2 weeks prior to treatment and for 3 months following treatment. All subjects were infused intravenously with normal saline with or without ketamine for 4h (25ml/h) daily for 10 days. The maximum ketamine infusion rate was 0.35mg/kg/h, not to exceed 25mg/h over a 4h period. Subjects in both the ketamine and placebo groups were administered clonidine and versed. This study showed that intravenous ketamine administered in an outpatient setting resulted in statistically significant (p<0.05) reductions in many pain parameters. It also showed that subjects in our placebo group demonstrated no treatment effect in any parameter. The results of this study warrant a larger randomized placebo controlled trial using higher doses of ketamine and a longer follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Schwartzman
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Kulbacka J, Bar J, Chwilkowska A, Dumanska M, Drag-Zalesinska M, Wysocka T, Stach K, Bednarz I, Lugowski M, Marcinkowska A, Gamian A, Saczko J. Oxidative modulation of marcaine and lekoptin in H9C2 rat myoblasts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:184-92. [PMID: 19194452 PMCID: PMC4002470 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The cytotoxicity of marcaine was estimated in combination with a calcium channel blocker. In addition, the influence of marcaine and marcaine plus lekoptin on a model system using the H9C2 cardiac cell line was investigated. METHODS Cells were incubated for five hours with marcaine, lekoptin, or with both drugs simultaneously. Apoptotic cells were detected using the TUNEL assay and the alkaline comet assay. Mitochondrial cell function after drug uptake was examined using the MTT assay. The concentration of MDA (malondialdehyde) -- the final product of fatty-acid peroxidation, was quantified spectrophotometrically. The expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) was detected by immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blotting (WB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was assessed by immunocytochemical staining (ABC). RESULTS Incubation with marcaine resulted in the highest number of apoptotic cells. After incubation with both marcaine and lekoptin, moderate damage to cells (54.2%+/-1.775% of DNA destruction) was observed. The highest levels of iNOS and GST-pi expression were observed in cells treated with marcaine and marcaine plus lekoptin. The characteristic nuclear GST-pi expression was observed in cells treated with both drugs. CONCLUSION Lekoptin stimulated cells to proliferate. Marcaine caused membrane damage and ultimately cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Xu XP, Erichsen D, Börjesson SI, Dahlin M, Amark P, Elinder F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebrospinal fluid from children on the ketogenic diet open a voltage-gated K channel: a putative mechanism of antiseizure action. Epilepsy Res 2008; 80:57-66. [PMID: 18448313 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many children with epilepsy do not satisfactorily respond to conventional pharmacological therapy, but to the ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. This diet increases the concentrations of ketone bodies and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. However, its anticonvulsant mechanism is not known. METHODS To investigate the mechanism by which the diet protects against seizures, we studied the effects of several PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and linoleic acid), ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybuturic acid and acetoacetic acid), and CSF from patients on the ketogenic diet on the voltage-gated Shaker K channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. RESULTS We found that PUFAs at concentrations down to 21microM clearly increased the K current by shifting the conductance versus voltage curve in negative direction along the voltage axis. CSF from patients on the ketogenic diet has similar but smaller effects. In contrast, high concentrations (1-5mM) of ketone bodies did not affect the K current. Computer simulations showed that the observed shifts for clinically relevant concentrations of PUFAs, and CSF from patients could effectively impair repetitive firing. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the ketogenic diet could prevent epileptic seizures by PUFA-induced openings of voltage-gated K channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-ping Xu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that the local anesthetic/sodium channel blocker lidocaine decreased MAC by maximum amounts approximately equal to the decreases produced by dizocilpine (MK-801), a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Blockade of sodium channels by inhaled anesthetics has been suggested as a possible cause for impairment of transmission through NMDA receptors. We postulated that the net effect of lidocaine and MK-801 on MAC would be the same, albeit by affecting NMDA neurotransmission at different points. METHODS We measured the effect of various lidocaine infusions on the MAC of cyclopropane, halothane, isoflurane, and o-difluorobenzene in rats. We also measured the effect of concurrent lidocaine-MK-801 infusion on the MAC of isoflurane and o-difluorobenzene. RESULTS Our data contradicted our predictions. (a) We found no limit to the effect of lidocaine infusion, in some cases finding that lidocaine, alone, produced immobility; (b) lidocaine infusion did not decrease the MAC of o-difluorobenzene differently from the MAC of other inhaled anesthetics; and (c) the addition of MK-801 equally affected the decrease in MAC produced by lidocaine infusion for isoflurane versus o-difluorobenzene. CONCLUSION Lidocaine does not primarily decrease MAC by decreasing the release of glutamate from nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
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Ignatov YD, Vislobokov AI, Vlasov TD, Kolpakova ME, Mel'nikov KN, Petrishchev IN. Effects of helium-neon laser irradiation and local anesthetics on potassium channels in pond snail neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 35:871-5. [PMID: 16132269 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-005-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular dialysis and membrane voltage clamping were used to show that He-Ne laser irradiation of a pond snail neuron at a dose of 0.7 x 10(-4) J (power density 1.5 x 10(2) W/m2) increases the amplitude of the potential-dependent slow potassium current, while a dose of 0.7 x 10(-3) J decreases this current. Bupivacaine suppresses the potassium current. Combined application of laser irradiation at a dose of 0.7 x 10(-3) J increased the blocking effect of 10 microM bupivacaine on the slow potassium current, while an irradiation dose of 0.7 x 10(-4) J weakened the effect of bupivacaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu D Ignatov
- Academician I. P. Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Schnoebel R, Wolff M, Peters SC, Bräu ME, Scholz A, Hempelmann G, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Ketamine impairs excitability in superficial dorsal horn neurones by blocking sodium and voltage-gated potassium currents. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 146:826-33. [PMID: 16151436 PMCID: PMC1751212 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine shows, besides its general anaesthetic effect, a potent analgesic effect after spinal administration. We investigated the local anaesthetic-like action of ketamine and its enantiomers in Na+ and K+ channels and their functional consequences in dorsal horn neurones of laminae I-III, which are important neuronal structures for pain transmission receiving most of their primary sensory input from Adelta and C fibres. Combining the patch-clamp recordings in slice preparation with the 'entire soma isolation' method, we studied action of ketamine on Na+ and voltage-activated K+ currents. The changes in repetitive firing behaviour of tonically firing neurones were investigated in current-clamp mode after application of ketamine. Concentration-effect curves for the Na+ peak current revealed for tonic block half-maximal inhibiting concentrations (IC50) of 128 microM and 269 microM for S(+) and R(-)-ketamine, respectively, showing a weak stereoselectivity. The block of Na+ current was use-dependent. The voltage-dependent K+ current (K(DR)) was also sensitive to ketamine with IC50 values of 266 microM and 196 microM for S(+) and R(-)-ketamine, respectively. Rapidly inactivating K+ currents (K(A)) were less sensitive to ketamine. The block of K(DR) channels led to an increase in action potential duration and, as a consequence, to lowering of the discharge frequency in the neurones. We conclude that ketamine blocks Na+ and K(DR) channels in superficial dorsal horn neurones of the lumbar spinal cord at clinically relevant concentrations for local, intrathecal application. Ketamine reduces the excitability of the neurones, which may play an important role in the complex mechanism of its action during spinal anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Schnoebel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Clinic, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wolff
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Clinic, Giessen, Germany
| | - Saskia C Peters
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael E Bräu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Clinic, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Scholz
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gunter Hempelmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Clinic, Giessen, Germany
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy, University Clinic, Giessen, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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