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Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EY, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. S1PR1 inhibition induces proapoptotic signaling in T cells and limits humoral responses within lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174984. [PMID: 38194271 PMCID: PMC10869180 DOI: 10.1172/jci174984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naive T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we addressed how S1P enables T cell survival and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. We found that S1PR1 limited apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization were required to prevent this proapoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naive T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlighted an effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggested both limitations and additional uses of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Dixit
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria M. Hallisey
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ethan Y.S. Zhu
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martyna Okuniewska
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerry E. Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Dermatology, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan E. Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Yang T, Shi X, Li S, Zhao Z, Wang J, Yu P, Li H, Wang R, Chen Z. Targeting DHODH reveals therapeutic opportunities in ATRA-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115314. [PMID: 37579695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation has transformed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) from the most fatal to the most curable hematological disease, resistance to ATRA in high-risk APL patients remains a clinical challenge. In this paper, we discovered that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition overcame ATRA resistance. 416, a potent DHODH inhibitor previously obtained in our group, inhibited the occurrence of APL in cells and model mice. Excitingly, 416 effectively overcame ATRA resistance in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis and differentiation. Further mechanistic studies showed that PML/RARα lost the regulation of Bcl-2 and c-Myc in NB4-R1 cells, which probably contributed to ATRA resistance. Notably, 416 maintained its Bcl-2 and c-Myc down-regulation effect in NB4-R1 cells and overcome ATRA resistance by inhibiting DHODH. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of 416 for APL therapy and overcoming ATRA resistance, supporting the further development of DHODH inhibitors for clinical use in refractory and relapsed APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayu Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Dixit D, Hallisey VM, Zhu EYS, Okuniewska M, Cadwell K, Chipuk JE, Axelrad JE, Schwab SR. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 inhibition induces a pro-apoptotic signaling cascade in T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554104. [PMID: 37662380 PMCID: PMC10473648 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective immunity requires a large, diverse naïve T cell repertoire circulating among lymphoid organs in search of antigen. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1PR1 contribute by both directing T cell migration and supporting T cell survival. Here, we address how S1P enables T cell survival, and the implications for patients treated with S1PR1 antagonists. Contrary to expectations, we found that S1PR1 limits apoptosis by maintaining the appropriate balance of BCL2 family members via restraint of JNK activity. Interestingly, the same residues of S1PR1 that enable receptor internalization are required to prevent this pro-apoptotic cascade. Findings in mice were recapitulated in ulcerative colitis patients treated with the S1PR1 antagonist ozanimod, and the loss of naïve T cells limited B cell responses. Our findings highlight an unexpected effect of S1PR1 antagonists on the ability to mount immune responses within lymph nodes, beyond their effect on lymph node egress, and suggest both limitations and novel uses of this important class of drugs.
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4
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Wang Z, Qin Y, Wang X, Zhang T, Hu Y, Wang D, Zhang L, Zhu Y. Glutathione Programmed Mitochondria Targeted Delivery of Lonidamine for Effective Against Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4023-4042. [PMID: 37520302 PMCID: PMC10378575 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s413217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondria are a significant target of lonidamine (LND). However, its limited solubility and inability to specifically target mitochondria, LND can lead to hepatic toxicity and has shown only modest anticancer activity. The objective of this study is to establish a glutathione programmed mitochondria targeted delivery of LND for the effective treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods In this study, LND was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) wrapped with mitochondria-targeting short-chain triphenylphosphonium-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPP-TPGS, TPS) and tumor-targeting long-chain 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-S-S-polyethylene glycol-R6RGD (DSPE-S-S-PEG2000-R6RGD, DSSR), which were designated as LND-PLGA/TPS/DSSR NPs. The release behavior was evaluated, and cellular uptake, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of nanoparticles were investigated. The mechanism, including apoptosis of tumor cells and mitochondrial damage and respiratory rate detection, was also further investigated. Results LND-PLGA/TPS/DSSR NPs were successfully prepared, and characterization revealed that they are globular particles with smooth surfaces and an average diameter of about 250 nm. Long-chain DSSR in LND-PLGA/TPS/DSSR NPs prevented positively charged LND-PLGA/TPS NPs from being cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. Furthermore, LND release rate from NPs at pH 8.0 was significantly higher than that at pH 7.4 and 5.5, which demonstrated specific LND release in mitochondria and prevented LND leakage in cytoplasm and lysosome. NPs could locate in mitochondria, and the released LND triggered apoptosis of tumor cells by damaging mitochondria and releasing apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, in TNBC mice model, programmed mitochondria targeted NPs improved efficacy and reduced LND toxicity. Conclusion LND-PLGA/TPS/DSSR NPs may be a useful system and provide an effective approach for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanru Qin
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixue Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongna Wang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Nematullah M, Hoda MN, Nimker S, Khan F. Restoration of PP2A levels in inflamed microglial cells: Important for neuroprotective M2 microglial viability. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115294. [PMID: 33069748 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PP2A, a trimeric Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A highly expressed in brain, is a master regulator of cellular functions. Reduction in PP2A activity has been linked to progression of microglial mediated neuroinflammatory diseases. Inflammatory conditions are characterized by increased population of CD86+ve M1 cells and a therapeutic strategy to polarize microglial cells towards CD206+ve M2 cells is the need of hour. In this paper we analyzed A: whether the level of PP2A is altered in CD86+ve cells, B: whether FTY720, a known modulator of PP2A, is able to restore the level of PP2A in inflamed CD86+ve cells. Results revealed that PP2A activity was significantly diminished in inflamed cells but the surprising observation was the cell viability of only 35.99% upon FTY720 treatment in inflamed cells lacking basal PP2A activity. A sharp increase at mRNA level of CD95 and ASK-1 indicated that apoptosis occurred in these cells through CD95/ASK-1/JNK pathway. Importantly, flow cytometric analysis revealed apoptosis of not only CD86+ve cells but also CD206+ve cells. Previous studies have reported that FTY720 polarizes microglial cells towards M2 states; however apoptosis of M2 cells was not studied. As western blot analysis revealed that FTY720 failed to completely restore PP2A, another PP2A modulator, Memantine, was used for co-treatment. Upon co-treatment, the level of PP2A was completely restored and also viability of microglial cells was significantly improved with a significant reduction in apoptosis of M2 cells. These findings suggest that co-treatment strategy may prove beneficial to balance M1/M2 microglial population, thereby improving neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nematullah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M N Hoda
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Centre, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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White C, Alshaker H, Cooper C, Winkler M, Pchejetski D. The emerging role of FTY720 (Fingolimod) in cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23106-27. [PMID: 27036015 PMCID: PMC5029614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a clinically approved immunomodulating therapy for multiple sclerosis that sequesters T-cells to lymph nodes through functional antagonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor. FTY720 also demonstrates a proven efficacy in multiple in vitro and in vivo cancer models, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in cancer patients. A potential anticancer mechanism of FTY720 is through the inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1, a proto-oncogene with in vitro and clinical cancer association. In addition, FTY720's anticancer properties may be attributable to actions on several other molecular targets. This study focuses on reviewing the emerging evidence regarding the anticancer properties and molecular targets of FTY720. While the clinical transition of FTY720 is currently limited by its immune suppression effects, studies aiming at FTY720 delivery and release together with identifying its key synergetic combinations and relevant patient subsets may lead to its rapid introduction into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Alshaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.,School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin Cooper
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Bail K, Notz Q, Rovituso DM, Schampel A, Wunsch M, Koeniger T, Schropp V, Bharti R, Scholz CJ, Foerstner KU, Kleinschnitz C, Kuerten S. Differential effects of FTY720 on the B cell compartment in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:148. [PMID: 28738885 PMCID: PMC5525315 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), which enables targeted research on B cells, currently much discussed protagonists in MS pathogenesis. Here, we used this model to study the impact of the S1P1 receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod) on the autoreactive B cell and antibody response both in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Methods MP4-immunized mice were treated orally with FTY720 for 30 days at the peak of disease or 50 days after EAE onset. The subsequent disease course was monitored and the MP4-specific B cell/antibody response was measured by ELISPOT and ELISA. RNA sequencing was performed to determine any effects on B cell-relevant gene expression. S1P1 receptor expression by peripheral T and B cells, B cell subset distribution in the spleen and B cell infiltration into the CNS were studied by flow cytometry. The formation of B cell aggregates and of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) was evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Potential direct effects of FTY720 on B cell aggregation were studied in vitro. Results FTY720 significantly attenuated clinical EAE when treatment was initiated at the peak of EAE. While there was a significant reduction in the number of T cells in the blood after FTY720 treatment, B cells were only slightly diminished. Yet, there was evidence for the modulation of B cell receptor-mediated signaling upon FTY720 treatment. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the percentage of B220+ B cells in the spleen both in acute and chronic EAE. Whereas acute treatment completely abrogated B cell aggregate formation in the CNS, the numbers of infiltrating B cells and plasma cells were comparable between vehicle- and FTY720-treated mice. In addition, there was no effect on already developed aggregates in chronic EAE. In vitro B cell aggregation assays suggested the absence of a direct effect of FTY720 on B cell aggregation. However, FTY720 impacted the evolution of B cell aggregates into TLOs. Conclusions The data suggest differential effects of FTY720 on the B cell compartment in MP4-induced EAE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0924-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bail
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Quirin Notz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Damiano M Rovituso
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schampel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wunsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Koeniger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Schropp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richa Bharti
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University Hospitals of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Juergen Scholz
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University Hospitals of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad U Foerstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University Hospitals of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Lu B, Gao Q, Liu R, Ren M, Wu Y, Jiang Z, Zhou Y. Effect of a new drug releasing system on microencapsulated islet transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:12390-12399. [PMID: 26722425 PMCID: PMC4680370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a novel release system for grafted islets. MATERIALS AND METHODS A graphene oxide-FTY720 release system was constructed to test the drug loading and releasing capacity. The recipient rats were divided into four groups as following: Experiment group A (EG A) and B (EG B); Control group A (CG A) and B (CG B). In each group, (2000 ± 100) IEQ microencapsulated islets were implanted into the abdominal cavity of the recipients with oral FTY720, local graphene oxide-FTY720 injection, without immunosuppressants, and with graphene oxide-saturated solution respectively. We detected the immunological data, the blood glucose level, and pericapsular overgrowth to show the transplantation effect. RESULTS 31% of adsorptive FTY720 was released within 6 h, and 82% of FTY720 was released within 48 h. From day 5 to 8, the amount of PBL in EG B was significantly less than those in EG A (P<0.01). The CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were suppressed 3 days longer in EG B than in EG A. On day 19 posttransplantation, the blood glucose level in EG B was much lower than that in EG A (P<0.01). On the same day, pericapsular overgrowth was grade I in EG B, grade II in other groups. CONCLUSIONS Graphene oxide-FTY720 complex showed a drug releasing effect. Local application of graphene-FTY720 releasing system could decrease the amount of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and the percentage of CD3 and CD8 T lymphocytes in blood for longer time than oral drug application. This releasing system could achieve a better blood glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Laboratory, The First Clinical Hospital Attached to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
| | - Qingkun Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diseases, Central Laboratory, Cell Transplantation Key Lab Attached to Ministry of Public Health, The First Clinical Hospital Attched to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Clinical Hospital Attached to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Laboratory, The First Clinical Hospital Attached to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diseases, Central Laboratory, Cell Transplantation Key Lab Attached to Ministry of Public Health, The First Clinical Hospital Attched to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150000, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Diseases, Central Laboratory, Cell Transplantation Key Lab Attached to Ministry of Public Health, The First Clinical Hospital Attched to Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150000, China
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10
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Kubota D, Yoshida A, Kawai A, Kondo T. Proteomics Identified Overexpression of SET Oncogene Product and Possible Therapeutic Utility of Protein Phosphatase 2A in Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2250-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kubota
- Division
of Pharmacoproteomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji
5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | | | | | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division
of Pharmacoproteomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji
5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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11
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Hagihara K, Mizukura A, Kitai Y, Yao M, Ishida K, Kita A, Kunoh T, Masuko T, Matzno S, Chiba K, Sugiura R. FTY720 stimulated ROS generation and the Sty1/Atf1 signaling pathway in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Cells 2014; 19:325-37. [PMID: 24506481 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod hydrochloride (FTY720) is the first-in-class immune modulator known as sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists. FTY720 has also been reported to exert a variety of physiological functions such as antitumor effect, angiogenesis inhibition, and Ca2+ mobilization. Here, we show that FTY720 treatment induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and investigated the effect of FTY720 on the stress-activated MAP kinase Spc1/Sty1, a functional homologue of p38 MAPK, using a Renilla luciferase reporter construct fused to the CRE, which gives an accurate measure of the transcriptional activity of Atf1 and thus serves as a faithful readout of the Spc1/Sty1 MAPK signaling in response to oxidative stresses. FTY720 stimulated the CRE responses in a concentration-dependent manner, which was markedly reduced by deletion of the components of the Spc1/Sty1 MAPK pathway. The blockade of ROS production by NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine) significantly reversed the FTY720-induced ROS accumulation, subsequent activation of the Spc1/Sty1 MAPK pathway, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Cells lacking the components of the Spc1/Sty1 MAPK exhibited higher sensitivity to FTY720 and higher ROS levels upon FTY720 treatment than in wild-type cells. Thus, our results demonstrate the usefulness of fission yeast for elucidating the FTY720-mediated signaling pathways involving ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Hagihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1-8 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8472, Japan
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12
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Hagihara K, Kita A, Mizukura A, Yao M, Kitai Y, Kunoh T, Masuko T, Matzno S, Chiba K, Sugiura R. Fingolimod (FTY720) stimulates Ca(2+)/calcineurin signaling in fission yeast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81907. [PMID: 24312601 PMCID: PMC3849299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod hydrochloride (FTY720) is the first in class of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator approved to treat multiple sclerosis via down-regulation of G protein-coupled S1P receptor 1 by its phosphorylated form (FTY720-P). Many studies have revealed that FTY720 exerts various biological effects, including antitumor activities, angiogenesis inhibition, Ca(2+) mobilization and apoptosis, independently of S1P receptors. However, the exact mechanisms underlying their effects or signaling pathways mediated by FTY720 have not been completely established. To gain further insights into molecular mechanisms of FTY720 action, the effect of FTY720 on Ca(2+) signaling in fission yeast was analyzed. The addition of Ca(2+) enhanced the sensitivity induced by FTY720, and mutants lacking genes required for calcium homeostasis, including calcineurin and its downstream transcription factor, Ppb1-responsive zinc finger protein (Prz1), were hypersensitive to FTY720 and CaCl2. The effect of FTY720 on calcineurin signaling was monitored by utilizing a luciferase reporter construct fused to three tandem repeats of the calcineurin-dependent response element (CDRE), which gives an accurate measure of calcineurin activity. The addition of FTY720 increased calcineurin activity as well as Ca(2+) influx in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, the FTY720-mediated Ca(2+) influx and calcineurin activation were reduced markedly by the deletion of yam8 (+) or cch1 (+) encoding putative subunits of a Ca(2+) channel. Consistently, the deletion of Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which plays an important role in the activation of the Yam8/Cch1 channel, markedly decreased the intracellular Ca(2+) levels upon FTY720 treatment. These results suggest that the FTY720-stimulated Ca(2+)/calcineurin signaling activation partly involves the Yam8/Cch1 channel in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Hagihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1-8 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Mizukura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kunoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
| | - Sumio Matzno
- Division of Pharmaceutical Education, Kinki University Faculty of Pharmacy 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Chiba
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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A novel liposomal formulation of FTY720 (fingolimod) for promising enhanced targeted delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:393-400. [PMID: 23969101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We describe here the development and characterization of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel liposomal formulation for FTY720 delivery, LP-FTY720. The mean diameter of LP-FTY720 was ~157 nm, and the FTY720 entrapment efficiency was ~85%. The liposomal formulation protected FTY720 from degradation in aqueous buffer and showed toxicity in CLL patient B cells comparable to that of free FTY720. Following intravenous injection in ICR mice, LP-FTY720 had an increased elimination phase half-life (~28 vs. ~19 hr) and decreased clearance (235 vs. 778 mL/h/kg) compared to the free drug. Antibodies against CD19, CD20 and CD37 were incorporated into LP-FTY720, which provided targeted delivery to CLL patient B cells and thus achieved higher killing efficacy. The novel liposomal carrier of FTY720 demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic properties, comparable activity, and a potential platform for targeted delivery to CLL by overcoming the limited application of free FTY720 to B malignancy treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This team reports on a novel liposomal formulation for FTY720 delivery, demonstrating improved pharmacokinetic properties, comparable activity, and a potential platform for targeted delivery to CLL using antibodies incorporated in the liposomes. The method expected to overcome the limited application of free FTY720 to B malignancy treatment.
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14
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Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), one of the main serine-threonine phosphatases in mammalian cells, maintains cell homoeostasis by counteracting most of the kinase-driven intracellular signalling pathways. Unrestrained activation of oncogenic kinases together with inhibition of tumour suppressors is often required for development of cancer. PP2A has been shown to be genetically altered or functionally inactivated in many solid cancers and leukaemias, and is therefore a tumour suppressor. For example, the phosphatase activity of PP2A is suppressed in chronic myeloid leukaemia and other malignancies characterised by aberrant activity of oncogenic kinases. Preclinical studies show that pharmacological restoration of PP2A tumour-suppressor activity by PP2A-activating drugs (eg, FTY720) effectively antagonises cancer development and progression. Here, we discuss PP2A as a druggable tumour suppressor in view of the possible introduction of PP2A-activating drugs into anticancer therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-2207, USA.
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15
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Jiang J, Huang X, Wang Y, Deng A, Zhou J. FTY720 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of rat glomerular mesangial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Zeng X, Wang T, Zhu C, Ye Y, Song B, Lai X, Zeng Y. FTY720 mediates activation suppression and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in a concanavalin A-induced mouse lymphocyte pan-activation model. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:623-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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Kwon SW, Kim YK, Kim JY, Ryu HS, Lee HK, Kang JS, Kim HM, Hong JT, Kim YS, Han SB. Evaluation of Immunotoxicity of Shizukaol B Isolated from Chloranthus japonicus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.1.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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18
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Matsumura M, Tsuchida M, Isoyama N, Takai K, Matsuyama H. FTY720 mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria during rat thymocyte apoptosis. Transpl Immunol 2010; 23:174-9. [PMID: 20600904 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 is known to not only accelerate lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs but also induce apoptosis in lymphocytes. To investigate the effect of FTY720 in rat thymocytes, rats were intramuscularly injected with 10 mg/kg/day of FTY720. Light microscopy revealed obvious reductions in the size of the cortical region of thymuses treated with FTY720. FTY720 significantly reduced the total number of thymocytes, particularly affecting the CD4(+)8(+)TCRalphabeta(negative/low) population. TUNEL analysis showed that thymocyte apoptosis was induced in the cortical region and western blotting revealed activated caspase-3 and -6. Furthermore, caspase-9 was activated and the level of cytochrome c was increased. In contrast, the protein level of Bax did not increase following FTY720 treatment, suggesting that FTY720 may have perturbed mitochondrial function. Therefore, FTY720-induced apoptosis is initiated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, resulting in the activation of caspases in rat thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Matsumura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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19
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Kamada K, Arita N, Tsubaki T, Takubo N, Fujino T, Soga Y, Miyazaki T, Yamamoto H, Nose M. Expression of sphingosine kinase 2 in synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis contributing to apoptosis by a sphingosine analogue, FTY720. Pathol Int 2009; 59:382-9. [PMID: 19490468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles in synovial tissues from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have yielded useful information on the pathogenetic process of the synovitis. In one group of them, sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2), a nuclear protein regulating cell proliferation, seemed to be highly expressed, undergoing a different pathogenetic process of synovitis. In the present study it was clarified that SPHK2 was expressed in the synovial fibroblasts of the synovial tissues obtained from the knee joints of the RA patients. In the cultured synovial fibroblasts from these patients, SPHK2 was more highly expressed than that in the human macrophage cell line, THP-1 and human dermal fibroblasts. SPHK2 was expressed in and around the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm and cell surface by the administration of epidermal growth factor, associated with the increased expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate. A sphingosine analogue, FTY720, which is activated by phosphorylation specifically by SPHK2, mediated apoptotic signaling of the cultured synovial fibroblasts. These findings suggest that SPHK2 may regulate the autonomous proliferation of synovial fibroblasts as one of the predisposing genes to RA and could be a target for a novel therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kamada
- Department of Pathogenomics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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20
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Fukui M, Nagahara Y, Nishio Y, Honjoh T, Shinomiya T. Rokitamycin induces a mitochondrial defect and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:69-77. [PMID: 19403997 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08267fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a well-known family of oral antibiotics whose antibacterial spectrum of activity covers most relevant bacterial species responsible for respiratory infectious disease. In recent years, it has been reported that macrolides have not only bactericidal activity but also direct immunomodulating activity in mammals. In this study, we observed new physiological activity of macrolides and examined whether various macrolides induce apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines. We investigated the effects of 13 different macrolides on the viability of Jurkat and HL-60 cells. Among all the macrolides used in this study, rokitamycin, a semisynthetic macrolide with a 16-member ring, effectively induced cell death. Rokitamycin induced DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, resembling the progression of apoptosis. Moreover, rokitamycin reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and released cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, suggesting that mitochondrial perturbation is involved in rokitamycin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that rokitamycin possesses not only bactericidal activity but also pro-apoptotic activity in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fukui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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21
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Liu Q, Zhao X, Frissora F, Ma Y, Santhanam R, Jarjoura D, Lehman A, Perrotti D, Chen CS, Dalton JT, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. FTY720 demonstrates promising preclinical activity for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2007; 111:275-84. [PMID: 17761520 PMCID: PMC2200813 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-053884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FTY720 is an immunosuppressant developed to prevent organ transplant rejection. Recent studies indicate an additional role for FTY720 in inducing cell apoptosis. We demonstrate here that FTY720 mediates toxic effects in cell lines representing different B-cell malignancies and primary B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In contrast to previous reports in T-cell lines, FTY720-induced toxicity in the Raji cell line and primary CLL B cells is independent of activation of caspases or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase processing. Further, pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk failed to rescue these cells from apoptosis mediated by FTY720. FTY720 induced down-regulation of Mcl-1 but not Bcl-2 in CLL B cells. Overexpression of Bcl-2 failed to protect transformed B cells from FTY720-induced apoptosis, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent mechanism. Interestingly, FTY720 induced protein phosphatase 2a (PP2a) activation and downstream dephosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas okadaic acid at concentrations that inhibited the FTY720-induced PP2a activation also resulted in inhibition of FTY720-mediated apoptosis and restoration of baseline ERK1/2 phosphorylation in primary CLL cells, indicating a role for PP2a activation in FTY720-induced cytotoxicity. Further, FTY720 treatment resulted in significant prolonged survival in a xenograft severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of disseminated B-cell lymphoma/leukemia. These results provide the first evidence for the potential use of FTY720 as a therapeutic agent in a variety of B-cell malignancies, including CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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22
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Abstract
The search for effective immunosuppressants with fewer side effects continues not only for transplantation, but also for autoimmune diseases. With a novel mechanism of action (sphingosine-1 receptor modulation), oral FTY720 (fingolimod) has the potential to address this need. FTY720 has been preclinically tested with promising results in transplantation and autoimmune disease models. Phase I studies explored the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this novel therapeutic concept. Recently, the surprising results of two sister Phase III studies in de novo renal transplant patients, as well as a Phase II study in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis, were published. This review discusses these findings as well as their implications for the future of sphingosine-1 receptor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Martini
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nephrology, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Don AS, Martinez-Lamenca C, Webb WR, Proia RL, Roberts E, Rosen H. Essential requirement for sphingosine kinase 2 in a sphingolipid apoptosis pathway activated by FTY720 analogues. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15833-42. [PMID: 17400555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical immunosuppressant FTY720 is a sphingosine analogue that, once phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2), is an agonist of multiple receptor subtypes for sphingosine 1-phosphate. Short exposures to FTY720 afford long term protection in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease models, presumably by inducing apoptosis in subsets of cells essential for pathogenesis. Sphingosine itself is pro-apoptotic, and apoptosis induced with FTY720 or sphingosine is thought to proceed independently of their phosphorylation. Following chemical mutagenesis of Jurkat cells we isolated mutants that are selectively resistant to FTY720 analogue AAL(R), as well as natural sphingolipid bases, including sphingosine. Cells lacking functional Sphk2 were resistant to apoptosis induced with AAL(R), indicating that apoptosis proceeds through AAL(R) phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of AAL(R) was also required for induction of lymphocyte apoptosis in mice, as apoptosis was not induced with the non-phosphorylatable chiral analogue, AAL(S). Apoptosis was induced in the spleen but not the thymus of mice administered 1 mg/kg AAL(R), correlating with levels of AAL(R)-phosphate (AFD(R)) in organ extracts. AFD(R) did not induce apoptosis when added to the cell culture medium, indicating that it induces apoptosis through an intracellular target. NBD-labeled AAL(R) localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and AAL(R) treatment resulted in elevated cytosolic calcium, Bax redistribution from cytosol to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and caspase-independent mitochondrial permeabilization in Jurkat cells. We therefore describe an apoptotic pathway triggered by intracellular accumulation of sphingolipid base phosphates and suggest that sphingoid base substrates for Sphk2 acting intracellularly could be useful in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Don
- Departments of Immunology and Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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24
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Zhou C, Ling MT, Kin-Wah Lee T, Man K, Wang X, Wong YC. FTY720, a fungus metabolite, inhibits invasion ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells through inactivation of RhoA-GTPase. Cancer Lett 2006; 233:36-47. [PMID: 16473668 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The failure of controlling androgen-independent and metastatic prostate cancer growth is the main cause of death in prostate cancer patients. In this study, we have demonstrated evidence on the inhibitory effects of a fungus metabolite, FTY720, on the clonogenesity as well as invasion ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. First, using colony forming assay, we found that FTY720 treatment led to decreased colony forming ability of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3, indicating its negative role on cancer cell survival. In addition, treatment with relatively low dose of FTY720 (i.e. inhibitory concentration of 50% cell survival) resulted in suppression of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion abilities demonstrated by Wound closure, 3D collagen gel invasion assays and stress fiber staining. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitory effect of FTY720 on prostate cancer invasion was associated with down-regulation of GTP-bound active form of RhoA. Transfection of a dominant-active RhoA vector in DU145 and PC3 cells conferred resistance to FTY720. Since activation of RhoA-GTPase is associated with metastasis in many types of malignancies, our results not only suggest a new agent for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, but also implicate a possible novel anticancer drug especially against metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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25
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Abstract
Using high-throughput screening, Jo et al. in this issue of Chemistry & Biology [1] have identified SEW2871 as a structurally unique sphingosine 1-phosphate(1) (S1P(1)) receptor agonist. SEW2871 binds to and activates the S1P(1) receptor and initiates a survival signaling pathway similar to that of S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Karliner
- Cardiology Section (111C), VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Maki T, Gottschalk R, Ogawa N, Monaco AP. Prevention and cure of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by continuous administration of FTY720. Transplantation 2005; 79:1051-5. [PMID: 15880042 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000161220.87548.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with FTY720 before the development of insulitis prevents the onset of diabetes. In this study, the authors investigated whether FTY720 treatment of NOD mice with established insulitis prevents the development of diabetes. METHODS FTY720 (1 mg/kg) was administered continuously to euglycemic NOD mice starting at 14 or 23 weeks of age. A group of untreated, age-matched NOD mice served as controls. Mice with more than 300 mg/dL blood glucose on three consecutive measurements were considered diabetic. RESULTS Diabetes developed in control mice starting at 13 weeks of age and reached 78% by 33 weeks of age. Mice at 14 and 23 weeks of age exhibited extensive insulitis that progressed with age. Continuous oral administration of FTY720 starting at either age completely prevented the development of diabetes. However, its withdrawal at 37 weeks of age led to abrupt diabetes onset. Pancreases of FTY720-treated diabetes-free mice showed peripheral insulitis, with strong insulin staining. The protection from diabetes was also achieved by intraperitoneal injection of FTY720 or sirolimus (1.5 mg/kg). Unlike FTY720, withdrawal of sirolimus did not induce diabetes. Continuous oral FTY720 (3 mg/kg) treatment in overtly diabetic NOD mice led to complete reversal of diabetes in 6 of 11 mice. The standard adoptive transfer study in NOD-severe combined immunodeficient mice showed that peripheral lymphoid organs of FTY720-treated mice contained diabetogenic cells but not dominant immunoregulatory cells. CONCLUSIONS FTY720, which does not cause generalized immunosuppression, may be a safe and benign therapeutic agent for chronic use to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maki
- The Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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27
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Takashiro Y, Nakamura H, Koide Y, Nishida A, Murayama T. Involvement of p38 MAP kinase-mediated cytochrome c release on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)- and N-monomethyl-S1P-induced cell death of PC12 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:258-65. [PMID: 15907808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
d-erythro-Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid metabolite, affects various neuronal functions including cell fate. S1P appears to have contradictory effects in PC12 cells, a neuronal model cell line; neurite retraction and cell survival/differentiation. In the present study, we examined whether S1P induces cell death in undifferentiated PC12 cells. Culture with S1P at 20 microM for 4 h caused lactate dehydrogenase leakage 24 h later. The response was reduced by an inhibitor of caspases and accompanied by the release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation. S1P caused the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) within 10 min. An inhibitor of p38 MAPK (10 microM SB203580) inhibited both the release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation induced by S1P. Treatment with nerve growth factor or pertussis toxin (PTX) decreased S1P-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and cell death. These findings suggest that S1P-activated p38 MAPK acts as a death signal upstream of the release of cytochrome c. N-Monomethyl-S1P (MM-S1P), a weak agonist in cells expressing S1P1 receptors, had marked effects (phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation) at lower concentrations than S1P and in a PTX-sensitive manner. These findings show that the activation of S1P receptors by S1P and MM-S1P causes cell death accompanied by DNA fragmentation via the p38 MAPK pathway-mediated release of cytochrome c in PC12 cells. The potential of S1P and MM-S1P to act as agonists of S1P receptors and as intracellular messengers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Takashiro
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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28
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Chua CW, Lee DTW, Ling MT, Zhou C, Man K, Ho J, Chan FL, Wang X, Wong YC. FTY720, a fungus metabolite, inhibitsin vivo growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:1039-48. [PMID: 15986440 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FTY720, a derivative of fungus, has demonstrated dramatic anticancer effect in several malignancies recently. Our study evaluates the therapeutic potential of FTY720 in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer using a human prostate cancer xenograft in nude mice. CWR22R, an androgen-independent human prostate tumor xenograft was inoculated into castrated nude mice and the animals were administrated with either normal saline or FTY720 (10 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 20 days. Body weight and tumor volume were recorded every 2 days, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were also measured before and after the treatment. The effect of FTY720 on tumor cell proliferation was examined using antibodies against PCNA and Ki-67 by immunohistochemical staining, MTT assay and colony forming assay, whereas apoptotic effect of FTY720 was evaluated by TUNEL assay and immunostaining using antibodies against cleaved caspase 3 and Bcl-2. In addition, the potential inhibitory effect of FTY720 on prostate cancer angiogenesis and metastasis was investigated by immunostaining of CD31, VEGF, E-cadherin and beta-catenin. Our results showed that FTY720 treatment led to suppression of CWR22R tumor growth without causing any detectable side effects in nude mice. The FTY720-induced tumor suppression was correlated with decreased serum PSA level as well as reduced proliferation rate, suppression of angiogenic factors, and restoration of E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression. In addition, the FTY720-treated tumors showed increased apoptosis rate demonstrated by increased TUNEL- and cleaved caspase 3-positive cells, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Our results suggest a potential novel agent in the suppression of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Wai Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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29
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Yopp AC, Krieger NR, Ochando JC, Bromberg JS. Therapeutic manipulation of T cell chemotaxis in transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:571-7. [PMID: 15342001 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell migration and trafficking are regulated by the well defined cellular processes of rolling, activation, tight adhesion, arrest and diapedesis. These processes are, in turn, controlled by molecular events involving integrins, selectins, chemokines and chemokine receptors. Recent studies have shown that sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and their ligands are also important molecular modulators of migration and trafficking. Many of these molecules are appropriate targets for preventing allograft rejection or for achieving tolerance. Studies of migration and trafficking have also shown that the anatomic choreography of alloantigen presentation and T cell encounter with alloantigen and immunosuppression, are over-riding determinants of T cell priming versus tolerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Yopp
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1104, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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30
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Yopp AC, Fu S, Honig SM, Randolph GJ, Ding Y, Krieger NR, Bromberg JS. FTY720-enhanced T cell homing is dependent on CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, and CXCR4: evidence for distinct chemokine compartments. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:855-65. [PMID: 15240672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 stimulates CCR7-driven T cell homing to peripheral lymph nodes (LN) by direct activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, along with the participation of multidrug transporters, 5-lipoxygenase, and G protein-coupled receptors for chemokines. In this study, we demonstrate that FTY720 also directly stimulates in vitro T cell chemotaxis to CCR2-CCL2, but not to a variety of other chemokines, including CCR5-CCL3/4/5 and CXCR4-CXCL12. FTY720 influences CCR2-CCL2-driven migration through activation of the multidrug transporters, Abcb1 and Abcc1, and through 5-lipoxygenase activity. In vivo administration of FTY720 induces chemokine-dependent migration of T cells in the thymus, peripheral blood, LN, and spleen. The CCR7 and CCR2 chemokine ligands are required for both T cell sequestration in LN and thymic T cell egress following FTY720 administration. Furthermore, FTY720 administration uncovers a requirement for CXCR4 ligands for LN homing, but not for thymic egress, and CCR5 for thymic egress, but not LN homing. FTY720-driven splenic and peripheral blood T cell egress are both independent of CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, or CXCR4. These results indicate that FTY720- and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-stimulated T cell migration are dependent on the restricted usage of chemokine receptor-ligand pairs within discrete anatomic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Yopp
- Carl C. Icahn Center for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and. Recanti/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kaneider NC, Lindner J, Feistritzer C, Sturn DH, Mosheimer BA, Djanani AM, Wiedermann CJ. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine–kinase‐dependent migration of human monocytes in response to amyloid beta‐protein and its precursor. FASEB J 2004; 18:1309-11. [PMID: 15208267 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1050fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes in Alzheimer's senile plaques, a hallmark of the innate immune response to beta-amyloid fibrils, can initiate and propagate neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Phagocytes migrate toward amyloid beta-protein involving formyl peptide receptor like-1-dependent signaling. Using human peripheral blood monocytes in Boyden chamber micropore filter assays, we show that the amyloid beta-protein- and amyloid beta-precursor protein-induced migration was abrogated by dimethylsphingosine, a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. Amyloid beta-protein stimulated in monocytes the gene expression for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors 2 and 5, but not 1, 3, and 4. FTY720 that acts as a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist after endogenous phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase, as well as various neuropeptides that are known to be monocyte chemoattractants, dose-dependently inhibited amyloid beta-protein-induced migration. These data demonstrate that the migratory effects of beta-amyloid in human monocytes involve spingosine-1-phosphate signaling. Whereas endogenous neuropeptides may arrest and activate monocytes at sites of high beta-amyloid concentrations, interference with the amyloid beta-protein-dependent sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway in monocytes by FTY720, a novel immunomodulatory drug, suggests that FTY720 may be efficacious in beta-amyloid-related inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/pharmacology
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Bombesin/pharmacology
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine/pharmacology
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/physiology
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/agonists
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/genetics
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/physiology
- Secretogranin II
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kaneider
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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Treumer F, Zhu K, Gläser R, Mrowietz U. Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 121:1383-8. [PMID: 14675187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fumaric acid esters (FAE) have been used for the systemic treatment of psoriasis in Germany for almost 50 years. Recently, it has been shown that dimethylfumarate (DMF) as the main ingredient of the marketed FAE mixture is a potent inhibitor of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB. DMF was also shown to induce apoptosis in various cells. Because T cells play a crucial role in psoriasis pathogenesis, we asked whether DMF and its main metabolite methylhydrogenfumarate (MHF) were able to induce apoptosis in these cells. Purified human T cells were treated with DMF and MHF (1-20 microg/mL) and stimulated with interleukin 2, anti-CD3 antibodies or both for 48 h, and apoptosis was subsequently determined by the expression of Apo2.7 as well as by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase nick end labeling. The expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was simultaneously determined. The results showed a dose-and-time dependent up-regulation of Apo2.7 expression and DNA fragmentation by DMF preferable in stimulated T cells. MHF and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide were without effect. DMF, but not MHF, led to a concentration-dependent decrease of Bcl-2 expression in interleukin-2-stimulated T cells. The data provide evidence that the effect of FAE treatment of psoriasis may at least in part be due to induction of apoptosis in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Treumer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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