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Pędzińska-Betiuk A, Schlicker E, Weresa J, Malinowska B. Re-evaluation of the cardioprotective effects of cannabinoids against ischemia-reperfusion injury according to the IMproving Preclinical Assessment of Cardioprotective Therapies (IMPACT) criteria. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1382995. [PMID: 38873412 PMCID: PMC11170160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1382995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, associated with high morbidity and mortality, represents a major challenge for the development of drug-based strategies to improve its prognosis. Results of pre-clinical studies suggest that agonists of cannabinoid CB2 receptors and multitarget cannabidiol might be potential cardioprotective strategies against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of our study was to re-evaluate the cardioprotective effects of cannabinoids against ischemia-reperfusion injury according to the IMproving Preclinical Assessment of Cardioprotective Therapies (IMPACT) criteria published recently by the European Union (EU) CARDIOPROTECTION COST ACTION. To meet the minimum criteria of those guidelines, experiments should be performed (i) on healthy small animals subjected to ischemia with reperfusion lasting for at least 2 hours and (ii) confirmed in small animals with comorbidities and co-medications and (iii) in large animals. Our analysis revealed that the publications regarding cardioprotective effects of CB2 receptor agonists and cannabidiol did not meet all three strict steps of IMPACT. Thus, additional experiments are needed to confirm the cardioprotective activities of (endo)cannabinoids mainly on small animals with comorbidities and on large animals. Moreover, our publication underlines the significance of the IMPACT criteria for a proper planning of preclinical experiments regarding cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pędzińska-Betiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jolanta Weresa
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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2
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Bo Y, Zhao X, Li L. Cardiotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs: role of cannabinoid receptors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:413-434. [PMID: 38505994 DOI: 10.1042/cs20231156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity has become one of the most common and detrimental health concerns, which causes significant loss to public health and drug resources. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have recently achieved great attention for their vital roles in the regulation of heart health and disease, with mounting evidence linking CBRs with the pathogenesis and progression of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. This review aims to summarize fundamental characteristics of two well-documented CBRs (CB1R and CB2R) from aspects of molecular structure, signaling and their functions in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, we describe the roles of CB1R and CB2R in the occurrence of cardiotoxicity induced by common drugs such as antipsychotics, anti-cancer drugs, marijuana, and some emerging synthetic cannabinoids. We highlight the 'yin-yang' relationship between CB1R and CB2R in drug-induced cardiotoxicity and propose future perspectives for CBR-based translational medicine toward cardiotoxicity curation and clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Bo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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El-Azab MF, Wakiel AE, Nafea YK, Youssef ME. Role of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in modulation of diabetic cardiomyopathy. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:387-407. [PMID: 35664549 PMCID: PMC9134026 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i5.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications, chiefly seen in long-term situations, are persistently deleterious to a large extent, requiring multi-factorial risk reduction strategies beyond glycemic control. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the most common deleterious diabetic complications, being the leading cause of mortality among diabetic patients. The mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy are multi-factorial, involving increased oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), activation of various pro-inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways, and changes in the composition of extracellular matrix with enhanced cardiac fibrosis. The novel lipid signaling system, the endocannabinoid system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications through its two main receptors: Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2, alongside other components. However, the role of the endocannabinoid system in diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been fully investigated. This review aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms through which cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system could interact with the pathogenesis and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. These mechanisms include oxidative/ nitrative stress, inflammation, accumulation of AGEs, cardiac remodeling, and autophagy. A better understanding of the role of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in diabetic cardiomyopathy may provide novel strategies to manipulate such a serious diabetic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona F El-Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Wakiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Yossef K Nafea
- Program of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura 35511, New Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Why Do Marijuana and Synthetic Cannabimimetics Induce Acute Myocardial Infarction in Healthy Young People? Cells 2022; 11:cells11071142. [PMID: 35406706 PMCID: PMC8997492 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabis preparations has steadily increased. Although cannabis was traditionally assumed to only have mild vegetative side effects, it has become evident in recent years that severe cardiovascular complications can occur. Cannabis use has recently even been added to the risk factors for myocardial infarction. This review is dedicated to pathogenetic factors contributing to cannabis-related myocardial infarction. Tachycardia is highly important in this respect, and we provide evidence that activation of CB1 receptors in brain regions important for cardiovascular regulation and of presynaptic CB1 receptors on sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nerve fibers are involved. The prototypical factors for myocardial infarction, i.e., thrombus formation and coronary constriction, have also been considered, but there is little evidence that they play a decisive role. On the other hand, an increase in the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, impaired mitochondrial respiration, cardiotoxic reactions and tachyarrhythmias associated with the increased sympathetic tone are factors possibly intensifying myocardial infarction. A particularly important factor is that cannabis use is frequently accompanied by tobacco smoking. In conclusion, additional research is warranted to decipher the mechanisms involved, since cannabis use is being legalized increasingly and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its synthetic analogue nabilone are indicated for the treatment of various disease states.
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Tang X, Liu Z, Li X, Wang J, Li L. Cannabinoid Receptors in Myocardial Injury: A Brother Born to Rival. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136886. [PMID: 34206926 PMCID: PMC8268439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors typically include type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), and they have attracted extensive attention in the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system. Due to more in-depth studies in recent years, it has been found that the typical CB1 and CB2 receptors confer functional importance far beyond the CNS and immune system. In particular, many works have reported the critical involvement of the CB1 and CB2 receptors in myocardial injuries. Both pharmacological and genetic approaches have been used for studying CB1 and CB2 functions in these studies, revealing that the brother receptors have many basic differences and sometimes antagonistic functions in a variety of myocardial injuries, despite some sequence or location identity they share. Herein, we introduce the general differences of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, and summarize the functional rivalries between the two brother receptors in the setting of myocardial injuries. We point out the importance of individual receptor-based modulation, instead of dual receptor modulators, when treating myocardial injuries.
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Penthala NR, Shoeib A, Dachavaram SS, Cabanlong CV, Yang J, Zhan CG, Prather PL, Crooks PA. 7-Azaindolequinuclidinones (7-AIQD): A novel class of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127501. [PMID: 32882418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzyl-7-azaindolequinuclidinone (7-AIQD) analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for affinity toward CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and identified as a novel class of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicate that 7-AIQD analogs are dual CB1/CB2 receptor ligands exhibiting high potency with somewhat greater selectivity towards CB2 receptors compared to the previously reported indolequinuclidinone (IQD) analogs. Initial binding assays showed that 7-AIQD analogs 8b, 8d, 8f, 8g and 9b (1 μM) produced more that 50% displacement of the CB1/CB2 non-selective agonist CP-55,940 (0.1 nM). Furthermore, Ki values determined from full competition binding curves showed that analogs 8a, 8b and 8g exhibit high affinity (110, 115 and 23.7 nM, respectively) and moderate selectivity (26.3, 6.1 and 9.2-fold, respectively) for CB2 relative to CB1 receptors. Functional studies examining modulation of G-protein activity demonstrated that 8a acts as a neutral antagonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, while 8b exhibits inverse agonist activity at these receptors. Analogs 8f and 8g exhibit different intrinsic activities, depending on the receptor examined. Molecular docking and binding free energy calculations for the most active compounds (8a, 8b, 8f, and 8g) were performed to better understand the CB2 receptor-selective mechanism at the atomic level. Compound 8g exhibited the highest predicted binding affinity at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and all four compounds were shown to have higher predicted binding affinities with the CB2 receptor compared to their corresponding binding affinities with the CB1 receptor. Further structural optimization of 7-AIQD analogs may lead to the identification of potential clinical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amal Shoeib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Soma Shekar Dachavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Christian V Cabanlong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jingfang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Martín Giménez VM, Díaz-Rodríguez P, Sanz RL, Vivero-Lopez M, Concheiro A, Diez E, Prado N, Enrique Kassuha D, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Manucha W. Anandamide-nanoformulation obtained by electrospraying for cardiovascular therapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Puhl SL. Cannabinoid-sensitive receptors in cardiac physiology and ischaemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118462. [PMID: 30890410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 as well as the cannabinoid-sensitive receptor GPR55 are widely distributed throughout the mammalian body. In the cardiovascular field, CB1 and CB2 crucially impact on diseases characterized by inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. Both receptors and their endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are up-regulated in the ischaemic heart in humans and animal models. Pharmacological and genetic interventions with CB1 and CB2 vitally affect acute ischaemia-induced cardiac inflammation. Herein, CB1 rather aggravates the inflammatory response whereas CB2 mitigates inflammation via directly affecting immune cell attraction, macrophage polarization and lymphocyte clusters in the pericardial adipose tissue. Furthermore, cannabinoids and their receptors affect numerous cardiac risk factors. In this context, cannabis consumption is debated to trigger arrhythmias and even myocardial infarction. Moreover, CB1 activation is linked to impaired lipid and glucose metabolism and therefore obesity and diabetes, while its antagonism leads to the reduction of plasma triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, insulin and glucose. On the other hand, activation of cannabinoid-sensitive receptors can also counteract unfavourable predictors for cardiovascular diseases. In particular, hypertension can be mitigated via CB1 agonism and impaired adrenoceptor responsiveness prevented by functional GPR55. Taken together, current insights identify the cannabinoid system as promising target not only to therapeutically interfere with the vasculature, but also to affect the heart as target organ. This review discusses current knowledge regarding a direct cardiac role of the cannabinoid system and points out its feasible therapeutic manipulation in the ischaemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Lena Puhl
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Pettenkoferstrasse 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Smith KE, Staton M. Synthetic cannabinoid use among a sample of individuals enrolled in community-based recovery programs: Are synthetic cannabinoids actually preferred to other drugs? Subst Abus 2018; 40:160-169. [PMID: 30457960 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1528495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Over the past decade, availability and use of novel psychoactive substances such as synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) have proliferated globally. However, the prevalence of SCRAs use remains uncertain, as does the degree to which individuals reporting SCRA use prefer SCRA to other drugs. Methods: In April 2017, a total of 500 anonymous surveys were completed by clients enrolled in a residential drug recovery program. Chi-square and t tests were used to examine significant differences between those who had ever used SCRA and those who had not. Logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to determine which other substances used within the past 12 months were significantly associated with past-12-month SCRA use. Results: About 69% (68.4%) of clients reported lifetime SCRA use. Those reporting SCRA use were predominantly younger ( x¯ = 32.5 vs. 40.7, P < .001), single (60.3% vs. 48.1%, P = .011), and white (87.1% vs. 77.7%, P = .008) and were more likely to have experienced past-12-month homelessness (6.5% vs. 3.2%, P = .004). This group had higher rates of probation/parole involvement (79.2% vs. 61.8%, P < .001) and incarceration (91.8% vs. 79.6%, P < .001). Individuals reporting SCRA use also showed extensive substance use histories and favored heroin, opioids, and amphetamines compared with SCRA. Only 5.2% of the SCRA-using group stated that SCRA was a preferred substance, and only 11.8% reported that they would try SCRA again. E-cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.88), traditional cannabis (AOR = 3.87), amphetamines (AOR = 2.20), and synthetic cathinones (AOR = 3.51) were significantly associated with past-12-month SCRA use. Motivations for use included circumnavigating drug screens and peer influence. Approximately half of those who tried SCRA reported adverse effects associated with use. Conclusions: Prevalence of SCRA use among individuals with a history of substance misuse and criminal justice system involvement is high; however, SCRA are not indicated as a preferred drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Elin Smith
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA.,Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Michele Staton
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA.,Center on Drug and Alcohol and Research, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used for medicinal purposes. To improve safety and efficacy, compounds from C. sativa were purified or synthesized and named under an umbrella group as cannabinoids. Currently, several cannabinoids may be prescribed in Canada for a variety of indications such as nausea and pain. More recently, an increasing number of reports suggest other salutary effects associated with endogenous cannabinoid signaling including cardioprotection. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids is therefore extended; however, evidence is limited and mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the use of cannabinoids clinically has been hindered due to pronounced psychoactive side effects. This review provides an overview on the endocannabinoid system, including known physiological roles, and conditions in which cannabinoid receptor signaling has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Hope D Anderson
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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Maslov LN, Khaliulin I, Zhang Y, Krylatov AV, Naryzhnaya NV, Mechoulam R, De Petrocellis L, Downey JM. Prospects for Creation of Cardioprotective Drugs Based on Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 21:262-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248415612593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids can mimic the infarct-reducing effect of early ischemic preconditioning, delayed ischemic preconditioning, and ischemic postconditioning against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. They do this primarily through both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Cannabinoids are also involved in remote preconditioning of the heart. The cannabinoid receptor ligands also exhibit an antiapoptotic effect during ischemia/reperfusion of the heart. The acute cardioprotective effect of cannabinoids is mediated by activation of protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 kinase. The delayed cardioprotective effect of cannabinoid anandamide is mediated via stimulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway and enhancement of heat shock protein 72 expression. The delayed cardioprotective effect of another cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is associated with augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression, but data on the involvement of NO synthase in the acute cardioprotective effect of cannabinoids are contradictory. The adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel is involved in the synthetic cannabinoid HU-210-induced cardiac resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cannabinoids inhibit Na+/Ca2+ exchange via peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) activation that may also be related to the antiapoptotic and cardioprotective effects of cannabinoids. The cannabinoid receptor agonists should be considered as prospective group of compounds for creation of drugs that are able to protect the heart against ischemia–reperfusion injury in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N. Maslov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Igor Khaliulin
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Andrey V. Krylatov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Naryzhnaya
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Research Institute for Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - James M. Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Ligand activation of cannabinoid receptors attenuates hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:420-30. [PMID: 24979612 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
: Endocannabinoids are bioactive amides, esters, and ethers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Evidence suggests that activation of the endocannabinoid pathway offers cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and endothelial dysfunction of coronary arteries. As cardiac hypertrophy is a convergence point of risk factors for heart failure, we determined a role for endocannabinoids in attenuating endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and probed the signaling pathways involved. The cannabinoid receptor ligand anandamide and its metabolically stable analog, R-methanandamide, suppressed hypertrophic indicators including cardiomyocyte enlargement and fetal gene activation (ie, the brain natriuretic peptide gene) elicited by endothelin-1 in isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The ability of R-methanandamide to suppress myocyte enlargement and fetal gene activation was mediated by CB2 and CB1 receptors, respectively. Accordingly, a CB2-selective agonist, JWH-133, prevented only myocyte enlargement but not brain natriuretic peptide gene activation. A CB1/CB2 dual agonist with limited brain penetration, CB-13, inhibited both hypertrophic indicators. CB-13 activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and, in an AMPK-dependent manner, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Disruption of AMPK signaling, using compound C or short hairpinRNA knockdown, and eNOS inhibition using L-NIO abolished the antihypertrophic actions of CB-13. In conclusion, CB-13 inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through AMPK-eNOS signaling and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to cardioprotection.
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13
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Möhnle P, Schütz SV, Schmidt M, Hinske C, Hübner M, Heyn J, Beiras-Fernandez A, Kreth S. MicroRNA-665 is involved in the regulation of the expression of the cardioprotective cannabinoid receptor CB2 in patients with severe heart failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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van Bilsen M, Planavila A. Fatty acids and cardiac disease: fuel carrying a message. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:476-90. [PMID: 24773697 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden, there has been a continuous interest in the detrimental effects of the Western-type high-fat diet for more than half a century. More recently, this general view has been subject to change as epidemiological studies showed that replacing fat by carbohydrate may even be worse and that various polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) have beneficial rather than detrimental effects on CVD outcome. At the same time, advances in lipid biology have provided insight into the mechanisms by which the different lipid components of the Western diet affect the cardiovascular system. In fact, this still is a rapidly growing field of research and in recent years novel FA derivatives and FA receptors have been discovered. This includes fish-oil derived FA-derivatives with anti-inflammatory properties, the so-called resolvins, and various G-protein-coupled receptors that recognize FA as ligands. In the present review, we will extensively discuss the role of FA and their metabolites on cardiac disease, with special emphasis on the role of the different saturated and polyunsaturated FA and their respective metabolites in cellular signal transduction and the possible implications for the development of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. van Bilsen
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - A. Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Barcelona Spain
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15
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Slavic S, Lauer D, Sommerfeld M, Kemnitz UR, Grzesiak A, Trappiel M, Thöne-Reineke C, Baulmann J, Paulis L, Kappert K, Kintscher U, Unger T, Kaschina E. Cannabinoid receptor 1 inhibition improves cardiac function and remodelling after myocardial infarction and in experimental metabolic syndrome. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:811-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Cunha P, Romão AM, Mascarenhas-Melo F, Teixeira HM, Reis F. Endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disorders - new pharmacotherapeutic opportunities. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 3:350-60. [PMID: 21966155 PMCID: PMC3178941 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.84435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The long history of Cannabis sativa had its development stimulated and oriented for medicine after the discovery and chemical characterization of its main active ingredient, the 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC). Consequently, a binding site for 9-THC was identified in rat brains and the first cannabinoid receptor (CB1) was cloned, followed by the CB2 and by the discover of two endogenous agonists: anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and the enzymes that catalyze its synthesis and degradation constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. In vivo experiments with rats have demonstrated the action of anandamide and 2-AG on the development of atherosclerotic plaque, as well as an effect on heart rate, blood pressure, vasoactivity and energy metabolism (action in dyslipidemia and obesity). Recent studies with an antagonist of CB1 receptors showed that the modulation of ECS can play an important role in reducing cardiovascular risk in obese and dyslipidemic patients. Similarly, studies in rats have demonstrated the action of CB2 receptors in adhesion, migration, proliferation and function of immune cells involved in the atherosclerotic plaque formation process. The evidence so far gathered shows that the modulation of ECS (as agonism or antagonism of its receptors) is an enormous potential field for research and intervention in multiple areas of human pathophysiology. The development of selective drugs for the CB1 and CB2 receptors may open a door to new therapeutic regimens.This review article aims to address the key findings and evidences on the modulation of ECS, in order to prospect future forms of therapeutic intervention at the cardiovascular level. A recent, emerging, controversial and of undoubted scientific interest subject, which states as a potential therapeutic target to reach in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cunha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, IBILI, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Mestre L, Iñigo PM, Mecha M, Correa FG, Hernangómez-Herrero M, Loría F, Docagne F, Borrell J, Guaza C. Anandamide inhibits Theiler's virus induced VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells and reduces leukocyte transmigration in a model of blood brain barrier by activation of CB(1) receptors. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:102. [PMID: 21851608 PMCID: PMC3173342 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background VCAM-1 represents one of the most important adhesion molecule involved in the transmigration of blood leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that is an essential step in the pathogenesis of MS. Several evidences have suggested the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoids (CBs) in the treatment of MS and their experimental models. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on VCAM-1 regulation are poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the effects of anandamide (AEA) in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression induced by Theiler's virus (TMEV) infection of brain endothelial cells using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods i) in vitro: VCAM-1 was measured by ELISA in supernatants of brain endothelial cells infected with TMEV and subjected to AEA and/or cannabinoid receptors antagonist treatment. To evaluate the functional effect of VCAM-1 modulation we developed a blood brain barrier model based on a system of astrocytes and brain endothelial cells co-culture. ii) in vivo: CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-) infected with TMEV were treated with the AEA uptake inhibitor UCM-707 for three days. VCAM-1 expression and microglial reactivity were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results Anandamide-induced inhibition of VCAM-1 expression in brain endothelial cell cultures was mediated by activation of CB1 receptors. The study of leukocyte transmigration confirmed the functional relevance of VCAM-1 inhibition by AEA. In vivo approaches also showed that the inhibition of AEA uptake reduced the expression of brain VCAM-1 in response to TMEV infection. Although a decreased expression of VCAM-1 by UCM-707 was observed in both, wild type and CB1 receptor deficient mice (Cnr1-/-), the magnitude of VCAM-1 inhibition was significantly higher in the wild type mice. Interestingly, Cnr1-/- mice showed enhanced microglial reactivity and VCAM-1 expression following TMEV infection, indicating that the lack of CB1 receptor exacerbated neuroinflammation. Conclusions Our results suggest that CB1 receptor dependent VCAM-1 inhibition is a novel mechanism for AEA-reduced leukocyte transmigration and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of endocannabinoid system in the Theiler's virus model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Liao Y, Bin J, Asakura M, Xuan W, Chen B, Huang Q, Xu D, Ledent C, Takashima S, Kitakaze M. Deficiency of type 1 cannabinoid receptors worsens acute heart failure induced by pressure overload in mice. Eur Heart J 2011; 33:3124-33. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Durst R, Lotan C. The potential for clinical use of cannabinoids in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:17-22. [PMID: 20946323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, the constituents of the marijuana plant and their analogs, have not only neurobehavioral but also cardiovascular effects. Great advances in the last couple of decades have led to better understanding of the physiological effects of the cannabinoids and of their role in various cardiovascular pathologies. The potential therapeutic use of cannabinoids in various cardiac diseases, such as ischemic injury, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias, has been studied in animal models. The purpose of this article is to review the physiological cardiovascular properties of cannabinoids and to summarize the knowledge related to their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Durst
- Cardiology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem.
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Substantially altered expression pattern of cannabinoid receptor 2 and activated endocannabinoid system in patients with severe heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids are part of a bioactive lipid signaling system, not only in the central nervous system but also in various peripheral organs. Accumulating evidence implicates dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic or septic shock, heart failure and cardiovascular complications of liver cirrhosis. Even though the benefit of chronic cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor blockade with the currently available compounds may not outweigh the risks in chronic conditions such as obesity, modulation of the ECS may hold great therapeutic promise in various cardiovascular conditions/disorders. In this review we will discuss recent advances in understanding the role of CB1 receptors and endocannabinoids in the regulation of cardiac function in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and in doxorubicin-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Bátkai
- Phenotyping Core, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, MSC-9413, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA.
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Lim SY, Davidson SM, Yellon DM, Smith CCT. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, protects against acute myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:781-92. [PMID: 19462153 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CB1 antagonism is associated with reduced doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and decreased cerebrocortical infarction. Rimonabant, a selective CB1 receptor antagonist, was, before it was withdrawn, proposed as a treatment for obesity and reported to reduce cardiovascular risk by improving glucose and lipid profiles and raising adiponectin levels. The cardioprotective actions of rimonabant in 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice fed either high-fat (HFD) or standard diets (STD) for 8 weeks were investigated. At 14 weeks, mice received rimonabant (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or vehicle for 1 week and were then subjected to an in vivo acute myocardial infarction. The influence of rimonabant on infarct size (IS) in CB1 knockout (CB1-/-) and wild-type (CB1+/+) mice was also examined. C57BL/6J mice that had been maintained on STD or HFD exhibited 4.3 and 21.4% reductions in body weight following 7 days rimonabant treatment. Rimonabant reduced IS in both STD (29.6 +/- 3.5% vs. 49.8 +/- 6.9% in control, P < 0.05) and HFD (26.9 +/- 1.5% vs. 48.7 +/- 7% in control, P < 0.05) mice. In CB1-/- mice rimonabant failed to reduce body weight or IS (51.0 +/- 5.3% vs. 49.7 +/- 4.7% in control, P > 0.05), although significant reductions were seen in CB1+/+ mice (IS, 48.9 +/- 4.6% control vs. 30.5 +/- 3.1% rimonabant, P < 0.05). To exclude the possibility that weight loss alone induced cardioprotection, HFD mice were switched to STD for 7 days (HFD-STD), resulting in an 11.3 +/- 1.0% decrease in body weight compared to control (+2.1 +/- 1.1% in HFD). This, however, was not associated with IS reduction (39.1 +/- 3.9% HFD-STD vs. 40.0 +/- 5.3% HFD, P > 0.05). Serum and cardiac adiponectin levels were unaltered by rimonabant treatment. HL-1 cell death was not prevented by 1 or 7 days treatment with rimonabant. We conclude that rimonabant-induced infarct limitation may involve the CB1 receptor, although not necessarily cardiac CB1 receptors, and is unrelated to weight loss or altered adiponectin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang Y Lim
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospital and Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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Mukhopadhyay P, Mohanraj R, Bátkai S, Pacher P. CB1 cannabinoid receptor inhibition: promising approach for heart failure? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:330-4. [PMID: 19076859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular disease. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:63-77. [PMID: 19357846 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous bioactive lipid mediators present both in the brain and various peripheral tissues, which exert their biological effects via interaction with specific G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, the CB(1) and CB(2). Pathological overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various forms of shock and heart failure may contribute to the underlying pathology and cardiodepressive state by the activation of the cardiovascular CB(1) receptors. Furthermore, tonic activation of CB(1) receptors by endocannabinoids has also been implicated in the development of various cardiovascular risk factors in obesity/metabolic syndrome and diabetes, such as plasma lipid alterations, abdominal obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and insulin and leptin resistance. In contrast, activation of CB(2) receptors in immune cells exerts various immunomodulatory effects, and the CB(2) receptors in endothelial and inflammatory cells appear to limit the endothelial inflammatory response, chemotaxis, and inflammatory cell adhesion and activation in atherosclerosis and reperfusion injury. Here, we will overview the cardiovascular actions of endocannabinoids and the growing body of evidence implicating the dysregulation of the ECS in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of the modulation of the ECS by selective agonists/antagonists in various cardiovascular disorders associated with inflammation and tissue injury, ranging from myocardial infarction and heart failure to atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders.
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are synthesized from membrane phospholipids in the heart and other cardiovascular tissues. They activate cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and perhaps a novel vascular G-protein-coupled receptor. Inactivation is by cellular uptake and fatty acid amide hydrolase. Endocannabinoids relax coronary and other arteries and decrease cardiac work but seem not to be involved in tonic regulation of cardiovascular function. They act as a stress response system, which is activated, for example, in myocardial infarction and circulatory shock. Endocannabinoids are largely protective; they decrease tissue damage and arrhythmia in myocardial infarction and may reduce progression of atherosclerosis (CB2 receptor stimulation inhibits lesion progression), and fatty acid amide hydrolase knockout mice (which have enhanced endocannabinoid levels) show decreased cardiac dysfunction with age compared with wild types. However, endocannabinoids may mediate doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. Their signaling pathways are not fully elucidated but they can lead to changed expression of a variety of genes, including those involved in inflammatory responses. There is potential for therapeutic targeting of endocannabinoids and their receptors, but their apparent involvement in both protective and deleterious actions on the heart means that careful risk assessment is needed before any treatment can be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robin Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Hydock DS, Lien CY, Hayward R. Anandamide Preserves Cardiac Function and Geometry in an Acute Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity Rat Model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2009; 14:59-67. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248408329449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of the endocannabinoid anandamide as a means of cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. Male rats received doxorubicin with or without anandamide pretreatment. Cardiac function was assessed in vivo using transthoracic echocardiography and ex vivo using the isolated working heart 5 days posttreatment. Doxorubicin administration without anandamide pretreatment resulted in a decline in fractional shortening (P < .05) and left ventricular wall thickness when compared to controls (P < .05). Ex vivo cardiac function analysis revealed a reduction in left ventricular developed pressure in hearts from animals receiving doxorubicin without anandamide pretreatment when compared to controls (P < .05). Left ventricles from animals receiving anandamide pretreatment before doxorubicin administration did not exhibit depressed fractional shortening, ventricular wall thickness, or developed pressure when compared to controls (P > .05). These results suggest that a potential therapy for doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity involves targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Hydock
- School of Sport and Exercise Science and the Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
| | - Chia-Ying Lien
- School of Sport and Exercise Science and the Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
| | - Reid Hayward
- School of Sport and Exercise Science and the Rocky Mountain Cancer Rehabilitation Institute, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado,
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Kennedy S, Kane KA, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling for cardioprotection. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 9:194-201. [PMID: 19070545 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid generated by the sphingosine kinase (SK1 or SK2)-catalysed phosphorylation of sphingosine. Plasma S1P is carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or bound to albumin and is reported to arise from activated platelets and erythrocytes. In addition, extracellular SK1 released from vascular endothelial cells may also contribute to plasma S1P levels. S1P exerts its effects through a family of five high affinity S1P-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), S1P(1-5). Various S1P receptors are present in the cardiovascular system, including cardiac tissue. Additionally, intracellular S1P may have a second messenger action. Since S1P is recognised as a survival factor in many tissues, there has been much interest in S1P as a cardioprotective agent. Recent evidence indicates that S1P can pre-condition and post-condition the heart and that the cardioprotective effect of HDL may be because of its S1P content. In addition, evidence is emerging that the cardioprotective effects of cannabinoids and S1P may be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kennedy
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Lasukova OV, Maslov LN, Ermakov SY, Crawford D, Barth F, Krylatov AV, Hanus LO. Role of cannabinoid receptors in regulation of cardiac tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion. BIOL BULL+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359008040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Identification of the vasodilatory endothelial cannabinoid receptor in the human pulmonary artery. J Hypertens 2008; 25:2240-8. [PMID: 17921818 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282ef7a0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid anandamide is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypotension in haemorrhagic, endotoxic, and cardiogenic shock. It has been demonstrated in animal, but not in human, vessels that the vasodilatory effects of anandamide and abnormal cannabidiol are partially mediated by an as yet unidentified endothelial cannabinoid receptor. Our study was performed to examine the influence of abnormal cannabidiol on the human pulmonary artery. METHODS Isolated human pulmonary arteries were obtained from patients without clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension during resection of lung carcinoma. Vasodilatory effects of abnormal cannabidiol were examined on endothelium-intact vessels preconstricted with serotonin or potassium chloride. RESULTS Anandamide and abnormal cannabidiol relaxed serotonin-preconstricted vessels concentration-dependently. The effect of abnormal cannabidiol was reduced by endothelium denudation, pertussis toxin and two antagonists of the novel endothelial receptor, cannabidiol and O-1918, but not by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME given together with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. It was also diminished by blockade of calcium-activated potassium channels by the nonselective blocker tetraethylammonium or by combination of selective blockers of small (apamin) and intermediate and large (charybdotoxin) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. The potency of abnormal cannabidiol to relax vessels was lower in potassium chloride than in serotonin-preconstriced preparations. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal cannabidiol relaxes human pulmonary arteries in an endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent manner. The latter component is probably mediated via the putative endothelial cannabinoid receptor, activation of which may release endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which in turn acts via calcium-activated potassium channels. Abnormal cannabidiol is behaviourally inactive; it may have a therapeutic implication in vascular diseases, especially in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Hajrasouliha AR, Tavakoli S, Ghasemi M, Jabehdar-Maralani P, Sadeghipour H, Ebrahimi F, Dehpour AR. Endogenous cannabinoids contribute to remote ischemic preconditioning via cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 579:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in ischaemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:252-62. [PMID: 18026124 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of organ injury during stroke, myocardial infarction, organ transplantation and vascular surgeries. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is a potent endogenous form of tissue protection against I/R injury. On the one hand, endocannabinoids have been implicated in the protective effects of IPC through cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, there is evidence suggesting that endocannabinoids are overproduced during various forms of I/R, such as myocardial infarction or whole body I/R associated with circulatory shock, and may contribute to the cardiovascular depressive state associated with these pathologies. Previous studies using synthetic CB1 receptor agonists or knockout mice demonstrated CB1 receptor-dependent protection against cerebral I/R injury in various animal models. In contrast, several follow-up reports have shown protection afforded by CB1 receptor antagonists, but not agonists. Excitedly, emerging studies using potent CB2 receptor agonists and/or knockout mice have provided compelling evidence that CB2 receptor activation is protective against myocardial, cerebral and hepatic I/R injuries by decreasing the endothelial cell activation/inflammatory response (for example, expression of adhesion molecules, secretion of chemokines, and so on), and by attenuating the leukocyte chemotaxis, rolling, adhesion to endothelium, activation and transendothelial migration, and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative damage. This review is aimed to discuss the role of endocannabinoids and CB receptors in various forms of I/R injury (myocardial, cerebral, hepatic and circulatory shock) and preconditioning, and to delineate the evidence supporting the therapeutic utility of selective CB2 receptor agonists, which are devoid of psychoactive effects, as a promising new approach to limit I/R-induced tissue damage.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is the primary cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, which occur after sudden thrombotic occlusion of an artery. A growing body of evidence suggests that cannabinoid signalling plays a fundamental role in atherosclerosis development and its clinical manifestations. Thus, CB2 receptors are protective in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion and implicated in the modulation of chemotaxis, which is crucial for the recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-mediated activation has been shown to inhibit atherosclerotic plaque progression in a CB2 dependent manner. Although CB1 and CB2 expression has been reported on platelets, their involvement in thrombus formation is still controversial. While several reports suggest that CB1 receptors may have a relevant role in neuroprotection after ischaemic stroke, recent studies show the protective effects in various forms of neuroprotection are not related to CB1 stimulation, and a protective role of CB1 blockade has also been reported. In addition, vascular and myocardial CB1 receptors contribute to the modulation of blood pressure and heart rate. It is tempting to suggest that pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system is a potential novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of atherosclerosis. For these purposes, it is important to better understand the complex mechanisms of endocannabinoid signalling and potential consequences of its pharmacological modulation, as it may have both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic effects.
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Endothelial CB1-receptors limit infarct size through NO formation in rat isolated hearts. Life Sci 2007; 81:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Durst R, Danenberg H, Gallily R, Mechoulam R, Meir K, Grad E, Beeri R, Pugatsch T, Tarsish E, Lotan C. Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3602-7. [PMID: 17890433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00098.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major, nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by enhancing adenosine signaling. Inasmuch as adenosine receptors are promising pharmaceutical targets for ischemic heart diseases, we tested the effect of CBD on ischemic rat hearts. For the in vivo studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery was transiently ligated for 30 min, and the rats were treated for 7 days with CBD (5 mg/kg ip) or vehicle. Cardiac function was studied by echocardiography. Infarcts were examined morphometrically and histologically. For ex vivo evaluation, CBD was administered 24 and 1 h before the animals were killed, and hearts were harvested for physiological measurements. In vivo studies showed preservation of shortening fraction in CBD-treated animals: from 48 +/- 8 to 39 +/- 8% and from 44 +/- 5 to 32 +/- 9% in CBD-treated and control rats, respectively (n = 14, P < 0.05). Infarct size was reduced by 66% in CBD-treated animals, despite nearly identical areas at risk (9.6 +/- 3.9 and 28.2 +/- 7.0% in CBD and controls, respectively, P < 0.001) and granulation tissue proportion as assessed qualitatively. Infarcts in CBD-treated animals were associated with reduced myocardial inflammation and reduced IL-6 levels (254 +/- 22 and 2,812 +/- 500 pg/ml in CBD and control rats, respectively, P < 0.01). In isolated hearts, no significant difference in infarct size, left ventricular developed pressures during ischemia and reperfusion, or coronary flow could be detected between CBD-treated and control hearts. Our study shows that CBD induces a substantial in vivo cardioprotective effect from ischemia that is not observed ex vivo. Inasmuch as CBD has previously been administered to humans without causing side effects, it may represent a promising novel treatment for myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Durst
- Cardiology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Mukhopadhyay P, Bátkai S, Rajesh M, Czifra N, Harvey-White J, Haskó G, Zsengeller Z, Gerard NP, Liaudet L, Kunos G, Pacher P. Pharmacological inhibition of CB1 cannabinoid receptor protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:528-36. [PMID: 17678736 PMCID: PMC2239316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor in in vivo and in vitro models of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is one of the most potent antitumor agents available; however, its clinical use is limited because of the risk of severe cardiotoxicity. Endocannabinoids mediate cardiodepressive effects through CB1 receptors in various pathophysiological conditions, and these effects can be reversed by CB1 antagonists. METHODS Left ventricular function was measured by Millar pressure-volume system. Apoptosis markers, CB1/CB2 receptor expression, and endocannabinoid levels were determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and liquid chromatography/in-line mass spectrometry techniques. RESULTS Five days after the administration of a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to mice, left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum first derivative of ventricular pressure with respect to time (+dP/dt), stroke work, ejection fraction, cardiac output, and load-independent indexes of contractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation, preload-recruitable stroke work, dP/dt-end-diastolic volume relation) were significantly depressed, and the myocardial level of the endocannabinoid anandamide (but not CB1/CB2 receptor expression) was elevated compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Treatment with the CB1 antagonists rimonabant or AM281 markedly improved cardiac dysfunction and reduced DOX-induced apoptosis in the myocardium. Doxorubicin also decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in the H9c2 myocardial cell line measured by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy, which were prevented by the preincubation of the cells with either CB1 antagonist, but not with CB1 and CB2 agonists and CB2 antagonists. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CB1 antagonists may represent a new cardioprotective strategy against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/adverse effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Cell Line
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Heart Failure/chemically induced
- Heart Failure/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Morpholines/therapeutic use
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Rimonabant
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sándor Bátkai
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora Czifra
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Zsuzsanna Zsengeller
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norma P. Gerard
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucas Liaudet
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mendizábal VE, Adler-Graschinsky E. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease: a tale of passions and illusions. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:427-40. [PMID: 17450170 PMCID: PMC2013961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their classical known effects, such as analgesia, impairment of cognition and learning and appetite enhancement, cannabinoids have also been related to the regulation of cardiovascular responses and implicated in cardiovascular pathology. Elevated levels of endocannabinoids have been related to the extreme hypotension associated with various forms of shock as well as to the cardiovascular abnormalities that accompany cirrhosis. In contrast, cannabinoids have also been associated with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, such as a protective role in atherosclerosis progression and in cerebral and myocardial ischaemia. In addition, it has also been suggested that the pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system may offer a novel approach to antihypertensive therapy. During the last decades, the tremendous increase in the understanding of the molecular basis of cannabinoid activity has encouraged many pharmaceutical companies to develop more potent synthetic cannabinoid analogues and antagonists, leading to an explosion of basic research and clinical trials. Consequently. not only the synthetic THC dronabinol (Marinol) and the synthetic THC analogue nabilone (Cesamet) have been approved in the United States, but also the standardized cannabis extract (Sativex) in Canada. At least three strategies can be foreseen in the future clinical use of cannabinoid-based drugs: (a) the use of CB(1) receptor antagonists, such as the recently approved rimonabant (b) the use of CB(2)-selective agonists, and (c) the use of inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. In this context, the present review examines the effects of cannabinoids and of the pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system, in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Mendizábal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Krylatov AV, Maslov LN, Ermakov SY, Lasukova OV, Barzakh EI, Crawford D, Pertwee RG. Significance of cardiac cannabinoid receptors in regulation of cardiac rhythm, myocardial contractility, and electrophysiologic processes in heart. BIOL BULL+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359007010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wagner JA, Abesser M, Harvey-White J, Ertl G. 2-Arachidonylglycerol acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors mediates delayed cardioprotection induced by nitric oxide in rat isolated hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:650-5. [PMID: 16775503 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211752.08949.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids have been implicated in protective effects in the heart and brain, but the mechanism of possible infarct-size-reducing effects remains controversial. Using a model of delayed preconditioning (PC), rats received the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroglycerin (0.15 mg/h/kg) for 24 hours via transdermal application. Two days later, rat isolated perfused hearts were subjected to global, no-flow ischemia (20 min), and reperfusion (120 min). Cannabinoid receptor antagonists were given before no-flow throughout the protocol. Endocannabinoids were detected by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. NO-induced PC reduced the left ventricular infarct size from 40.9 +/- 3.9% to 27.5 +/- 3.8% (P < 0.05). Treatment with the specific CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM-251 (0.3 microM) prevented the protective effect of PC on infarct size (40.2 +/- 4.7%, P > 0.05 vs. controls). On the contrary, the specific CB2 receptor antagonist AM-630 (0.3 microM) did not alter infarct size (31.6 +/- 6.3%, P > 0.05 vs. PC alone). Recovery of left ventricular developed pressure and coronary flow was incomplete in control and NO-pretreated hearts and not consistently altered by cannabinoid receptor antagonists. PC increased the heart tissue content of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) from 4.6 +/- 1.0 nmol/g in controls to 12.0 +/- 2.1 nmol/g (P < 0.05). Tissue levels of the endocannabinoid arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) remained unchanged (19.8 +/- 3.9 pmol/g vs. 19.5 +/- 4.8 pmol/g). 2-AG (1 microM) or its metabolically stable derivative noladinether (0.1 microM), given 30 minutes before ischemia/reperfusion in unpreconditioned hearts, mimicked the cardioprotective effects of PC and reduced infarct size. We conclude that delayed PC through transdermal nitroglycerin application increases the production of the endocannabinoid 2-AG which elicits protective effects against myocardial infarction via CB1 cannabinoid receptors which represents one new mechanism of NO-mediated PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens A Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Pacher P, Bátkai S, Kunos G. The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:389-462. [PMID: 16968947 PMCID: PMC2241751 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1473] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its regulatory functions in health and disease. Such studies have been greatly facilitated by the introduction of selective cannabinoid receptor antagonists and inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism and transport, as well as mice deficient in cannabinoid receptors or the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amidohydrolase. In the past decade, the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in a growing number of physiological functions, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in peripheral organs. More importantly, modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system turned out to hold therapeutic promise in a wide range of disparate diseases and pathological conditions, ranging from mood and anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, to cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, glaucoma, obesity/metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis, to name just a few. An impediment to the development of cannabinoid medications has been the socially unacceptable psychoactive properties of plant-derived or synthetic agonists, mediated by CB(1) receptors. However, this problem does not arise when the therapeutic aim is achieved by treatment with a CB(1) receptor antagonist, such as in obesity, and may also be absent when the action of endocannabinoids is enhanced indirectly through blocking their metabolism or transport. The use of selective CB(2) receptor agonists, which lack psychoactive properties, could represent another promising avenue for certain conditions. The abuse potential of plant-derived cannabinoids may also be limited through the use of preparations with controlled composition and the careful selection of dose and route of administration. The growing number of preclinical studies and clinical trials with compounds that modulate the endocannabinoid system will probably result in novel therapeutic approaches in a number of diseases for which current treatments do not fully address the patients' need. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current state of knowledge of the endocannabinoid system as a target of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 2S-24, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA
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Lépicier P, Bibeau-Poirier A, Lagneux C, Servant MJ, Lamontagne D. Signaling Pathways Involved in the Cardioprotective Effects of Cannabinoids. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 102:155-66. [PMID: 17031075 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj06011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to review the cardioprotective properties of cannabinoids, with an emphasis on the signaling pathways involved. Cannabinoids have been reported to protect against ischemia in rat isolated hearts, as well as in rats and mice in vivo. Although these effects have been observed mostly with a pre-treatment of a cannabinoid, we report that the selective CB(2)-receptor agonist JWH133 is able to reduce infarct size when administered either before ischemia, during the entire ischemic period, or just upon reperfusion. Little is known about the signaling pathways involved in these cardioprotective effects. Likely candidates include protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) since they are activated during ischemia-reperfusion and contribute to the protective effect ischemic preconditioning. The use of pharmacological inhibitors suggests that PKC, p38 MAPK, and p42/p44 MAPK (ERK1/2) contribute to the protective effect of cannabinoids. In addition, perfusion with JWH133 in healthy hearts caused an increase in both p38 MAPK phosphorylation level and activity, whereas the CB(1)-receptor agonist ACEA was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation status of both ERK1 and ERK2 without any change in activity. During ischemia, both agonists doubled p38 MAPK activity, whereas ERK1/2 phosphorylation level and activity during reperfusion were enhanced only by the CB(1)-receptor agonist. Finally, although nitric oxide (NO) was shown to exert both pro and anti-apoptotic effects on cardiomyocytes, with an apparently controversial effect on myocardial survival, our data suggest that NO may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of some cannabinoids.
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41
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Krylatov AV, Maslov LN, Lasukova OV, Pertwee RG. Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists SR141716 and SR144528 Exhibit Properties of Partial Agonists in Experiments on Isolated Perfused Rat Heart. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 139:558-61. [PMID: 16224548 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of selective cannabinoid receptor ligands on contractility of isolated Langendorff-perfused rat heart. It was found that 10-min perfusion of rat heart with a solution containing selective agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors HU-210 (10 nM) decreased left ventricular developed pressure and maximum rates of contraction and relaxation. However, HU-210 had no effect on heart rate and end-diastolic pressure. Treatment with selective CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (1 microM) and selective CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 (1 microM) decreased left ventricular developed pressure and maximum rates of contraction and relaxation, but had no effect on heart rate and end-diastolic pressure. Ten-minute perfusion of rat heart with a solution containing selective agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors HU-210 (10 nM) decreased cAMP concentration in the heart. CB receptor antagonists had little effect on cAMP concentration in the heart. The negative inotropic effect of HU-210 and CB receptor antagonists is probably mediated by activation of CB1 receptors. It can be hypothesized that the decrease in heart cAMP concentration is related to stimulation of CB2 receptors. Our results suggest that selective CB receptor antagonists SR141716 and SR144528 in a final concentration of 1 microM exhibit properties of partial CB receptor agonists.
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Pacher P, Bátkai S, Kunos G. Blood pressure regulation by endocannabinoids and their receptors. Neuropharmacology 2005; 48:1130-8. [PMID: 15910888 PMCID: PMC2225528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and their endogenous and synthetic analogs exert powerful hypotensive and cardiodepressor effects by complex mechanisms involving direct and indirect effects on myocardium and vasculature. On the one hand, endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors have been implicated in the hypotensive state associated with hemorrhagic, endotoxic and cardiogenic shock, and advanced liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, there is emerging evidence suggesting that the endocannabinergic system plays an important role in the cardiovascular regulation in hypertension. This review is aimed to discuss the in vivo hypotensive and cardiodepressant effects of cannabinoids mediated by cannabinoid and TRPV(1) receptors, and focuses on the novel therapeutical strategies offered by targeting the endocannabinoid system in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- * Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +1-301-443-2069. E-mail addresses: (P. Pacher), (G. Kunos)
| | | | - George Kunos
- * Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +1-301-443-2069. E-mail addresses: (P. Pacher), (G. Kunos)
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Abstract
Cannabinoids and their synthetic and endogenous analogs affect a broad range of physiological functions, including cardiovascular variables, the most important component of their effect being profound hypotension. The mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids in vivo are complex and may involve modulation of autonomic outflow in both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as direct effects on the myocardium and vasculature. Although several lines of evidence indicate that the cardiovascular depressive effects of cannabinoids are mediated by peripherally localized CB1 receptors, recent studies provide strong support for the existence of as-yet-undefined endothelial and cardiac receptor(s) that mediate certain endocannabinoid-induced cardiovascular effects. The endogenous cannabinoid system has been recently implicated in the mechanism of hypotension associated with hemorrhagic, endotoxic, and cardiogenic shock, and advanced liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, cannabinoids have been considered as novel antihypertensive agents. A protective role of endocannabinoids in myocardial ischemia has also been documented. In this chapter, we summarize current information on the cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids and highlight the importance of these effects in a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pacher
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9413, USA.
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Hiley CR, Ford WR. Cannabinoid pharmacology in the cardiovascular system: potential protective mechanisms through lipid signalling. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2004; 79:187-205. [PMID: 15005177 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793103006201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids include not only plant-derived compounds (of which delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis), but also synthetic agents and endogenous substances termed endocannabinoids which include anandamide (2-arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Cannabinoids act on specific, G-protein-coupled, receptors which are currently divided into two types, CB1 and CB2. Relatively selective agonists and antagonists for these receptors have been developed, although one agent (SR141716A) widely used as an antagonist at CB1 receptors has non-cannabinoid receptor-mediated effects at concentrations which are often used to define the presence of the CB1 receptor. Both cannabinoid receptors are primarily coupled to Gi/o proteins and act to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Stimulation of CB1 receptors also modulates the activity of K+ and Ca2+ channels and of protein kinase pathways including protein kinase B (Akt) which might mediate effects on apoptosis. CB, receptors may activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade through ceramide signalling. Cannabinoid actions on the cardiovascular system have been widely interpreted as being mediated by CB1 receptors although there are a growing number of observations, particularly in isolated heart and blood vessel preparations, that suggest that other cannabinoid receptors may exist. Interestingly, the currently identified cannabinoid receptors appear to be related to a wider family of lipid receptor, those for the lysophospholipids, which are also linked to Gi/o protein signalling. Anandamide also activates vanilloid VR1 receptors on sensory nerves and releases the vasoactive peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which brings about vasodilatation through its action on CGRP receptors. Current evidence suggests that endocannabinoids have important protective roles in pathophysiological conditions such as shock and myocardial infarction. Therefore, their cardiovascular effects and the receptors mediating them are the subject of increasing investigative interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robin Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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Hiley CR, Ford WR. Endocannabinoids as mediators in the heart: a potential target for therapy of remodelling after myocardial infarction? Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1183-4. [PMID: 12711614 PMCID: PMC1573769 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid production by platelets and macrophages is increased in circulatory shock. This may be protective of the cardiovascular system as blockade of CB(1) cannabinoid receptors exacerbates endothelial dysfunction in haemorrhagic and endotoxin shock and reduces survival. Now evidence suggests that blockade of CB(1) receptors starting 24 h after myocardial infarction in rats has a deleterious effect on cardiac performance, while use of a nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist prevents hypotension and reduces endothelial dysfunction, although left ventricular end diastolic pressure is elevated. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoid systems may therefore present useful targets for therapy following myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robin Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD.
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