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Role of alpha-2 adrenergic and kappa opioid receptors in the effects of alcohol gavage-induced dependence on alcohol seeking. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Funk D, Coen K, Tamadon S, Lê AD. Effects of the Alpha-1 Antagonist Prazosin on KOR Agonist-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:724-734. [PMID: 31556948 PMCID: PMC6872965 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is associated with relapse to alcohol seeking during abstinence, but the processes underlying this relationship are poorly understood. Noradrenaline is a key transmitter in stress responses and in stress-induced drug seeking. The alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin has been investigated as a treatment for alcoholism and for chronic stress disorders that are frequently comorbid with alcoholism. In rats, we previously showed that prazosin blocks reinstatement of alcohol seeking induced by footshock and yohimbine stressors and reduces yohimbine-induced brain activation. The role of alpha-1 adrenoceptors in reinstatement induced by other stressors is not known. Our most recent work is on the role of kappa opioid receptors in stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking and have reported that the selective kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488 induces reinstatement and neuronal activation in stress- and relapse-related brain regions. Here we determine the involvement of alpha-1 receptors in reinstatement and brain activation induced by U50,488. METHODS We trained male Long-Evans rats to self-administer alcohol (12% w/v), extinguished alcohol-reinforced responding, and then determined the effects of prazosin (1 mg/kg) on U50,488 (2.5 mg/kg)-induced reinstatement and regional Fos expression. RESULTS Prazosin blocked U50,488-induced reinstatement and decreased U50,488-induced Fos expression in the orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens core, ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central and basolateral amygdalar nuclei and ventral tegmental area. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that prazosin may reduce U50,488-induced relapse by inhibiting activity in 1 or more of these brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Funk
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Correspondence: Douglas Funk; Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1 ()
| | - Kathleen Coen
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sahar Tamadon
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - A D Lê
- Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Mutoh J, Ohsawa M, Hisa H. Effect of naloxone on ischemic acute kidney injury in the mouse. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:10-8. [PMID: 23523991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia produces sympathoexcitation, which is responsible for the development of ischemic acute kidney injury. Stimulation of central opioid receptors activates the renal sympathetic nerve. The present study examined the effect of an opioid receptor antagonist naloxone on the ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction in mice. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine increased 24 h after the renal ischemia/reperfusion. Intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular, but not intrathecal, pretreatment with naloxone suppressed the renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced increases in BUN and plasma creatinine. This effect of naloxone was reversed by subcutaneous pretreatment with morphine. Selective MOP receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine (FNA) also suppressed the renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced increases in BUN and plasma creatinine. Moreover, tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the renal tissue increased 24 h after renal ischemia/reperfusion, which was abolished by intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular pretreatment with naloxone and FNA. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed a significant increase in the number of the Fos family proteins (c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, and Fra-2) positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and supraoptic nucleus 24 h after the renal ischemia/reperfusion. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with naloxone attenuated the renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced increase in the number of the Fos family proteins positive cells in these areas. Finally, we observed that i.c.v. pretreatment with antiserum against β-endorphin also suppressed the increased blood urea and plasma creatinine. These results suggest that the blockade of central opioid receptors can attenuate the ischemic acute kidney injury through the inhibition of renal sympathoexcitation. The central opioid receptors may thus be a new target for the treatment of ischemic organ failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Mutoh
- Second Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-machi, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Filho CB, Del Fabbro L, de Gomes MG, Goes ATR, Souza LC, Boeira SP, Jesse CR. Kappa-opioid receptors mediate the antidepressant-like activity of hesperidin in the mouse forced swimming test. Eur J Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 23178563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system has been implicated as a contributing factor for major depression and is thought to play a role in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. This study investigated the involvement of the opioid system in the antidepressant-like effect of hesperidin in the mouse forced swimming test. Our results demonstrate that hesperidin (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) decreased the immobility time in the forced swimming test without affecting locomotor activity in the open field test. The antidepressant-like effect of hesperidin (0.3 mg/kg) in the forced swimming test was prevented by pretreating mice with naloxone (1 mg/kg, a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-Nmethyl-N-[(1S)-1-(3-isothiocyanatophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl] acetamide (DIPPA (1 mg/kg), a selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist), but not with naloxone methiodide (1 mg/kg, a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist), naltrindole (3 mg/kg, a selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist), clocinnamox (1 mg/kg, a selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist) or caffeine (3 mg/kg, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist). In addition, a sub-effective dose of hesperidin (0.01 mg/kg) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test when combined with a sub-effective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg). The antidepressant-like effect of hesperidin in the forced swimming test on mice was dependent on its interaction with the κ-opioid receptor, but not with the δ-opioid, μ-opioid or adenosinergic receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that hesperidin possesses antidepressant-like properties and may be of interest as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos B Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa - Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
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Rasakham K, McGillivray KL, Liu-Chen LY. Sex differences in U50,488H-induced phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the guinea pig brain. Neuroscience 2012; 223:447-56. [PMID: 22863678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been a widespread interest in the development of kappa opioid receptor (KOPR) ligands for treatment of pain, depression and anxiety, and prevention of stress-induced drug relapse. However, most of these preclinical studies have been conducted using male experimental animals. In the present study we examined if sex differences exist in neural activity induced by the KOPR agonist trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-[1-pyrrolidinyl]-cyclohexyl) benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate (U50,488H). Here, we used immunohistochemistry to detect activation (phosphorylation) of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as an indicator of neural activity. Following habituation to injection for 3 days, adult guinea pigs received a single injection of U50,488H (5mg/kg, s.c.) and perfused 30-45 min later. U50,488H-induced an increase in the number of cells immuno-positive for phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK in subregions of the amygdala, thalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe nuclei. In contrast, U50,488H-induced a decrease in immuno-positive cells in the ventrolateral and lateral orbital cortex. Pretreatment with the KOPR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (10mg/kg, i.p.) 18 h prior to U50,488H significantly reversed the effects of U50,488H in most regions. In addition, we observed a notable sex difference in the basolateral amygdala; in males, U50,488H induced an increase in immuno-positive cell numbers but a decrease in females. However, across other brain regions males were generally more sensitive to U50,488H-induced alterations than females. These results suggest the need to include female subjects in studies examining emotional responses to KOPR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rasakham
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Liu X, Wellman LL, Yang L, Ambrozewicz MA, Tang X, Sanford LD. Antagonizing corticotropin-releasing factor in the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates fear-induced reductions in sleep but not freezing. Sleep 2011; 34:1539-49. [PMID: 22043125 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Contextual fear is followed by significant reductions in rapid eye movement sleep (REM) that are regulated by the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role in regulating the stress response as well as arousal, and CRF in CNA is implicated in stress-related behavior. To test the hypothesis that CRF regulation of CNA is involved in fear-induced alterations in REM, we determined the effects of microinjections into CNA of the CRF1 antagonist, antalarmin (ANT) on fear-induced reductions in REM. We also evaluated c-Fos activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to determine whether activation of these regions was consistent with their roles in regulating stress and in the control of REM. DESIGN On separate days, rats were subjected to baseline and 2 shock training sessions (S1 and S2). Five days later, the rats received bilateral microinjections of ANT (4.8 mM) or vehicle (VEH) prior to exposure to the fearful context. Sleep was recorded for 20 h in each condition. Freezing was assessed during S1, S2, and context. Separate groups of rats received identical training and microinjections or handling control (HC) only, but were sacrificed 2 h after context exposure to assess c-Fos expression. SETTING NA. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS NA. INTERVENTIONS NA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Compared to baseline, S1 and S2 significantly reduced REM. Exposure to the fearful context reduced REM in VEH treated rats, whereas REM in ANT treated rats did not differ from baseline. ANT did not significantly alter freezing. Fear-induced c-Fos expression was decreased in PVN and LC after ANT compared to VEH. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that CRF receptors in CNA are involved in fear-induced reductions in REM and neural activation (as indicated by c-Fos) in stress and REM regulatory regions, but not in fear-induced freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Liu
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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Smith FG, Qi W. Cardiorenal Effects of Kappa Opioid Peptides During Ontogeny. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4052547 DOI: 10.3390/ph4010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the physiological roles for kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in adult animals and humans, as well as in the developing newborn animal. Our recent findings have provided new information that under physiological conditions in conscious newborn animals, activation of KORs with the selective agonist, U-50488H, results in an aquaresis, as previously observed in adult animals and humans. In addition, we have shown in conscious lambs that KORs modulate systemic and renal haemodynamics as well as the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate, providing a previously unidentified role for KORs.
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Carvalho AF, Reyes ARS, Sterling RC, Unterwald E, Van Bockstaele EJ. Contribution of limbic norepinephrine to cannabinoid-induced aversion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:479-91. [PMID: 20602088 PMCID: PMC3272334 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cannabinoid system has risen to the forefront in the development of novel treatments for a number of pathophysiological processes. However, significant side effects have been observed in clinical trials raising concerns regarding the potential clinical utility of cannabinoid-based agents. Understanding the neural circuits and neurochemical substrates impacted by cannabinoids will provide a better means of gaging their actions within the central nervous system that may contribute to the expression of unwanted side effects. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated whether norepinephrine (NE) in the limbic forebrain is a critical determinant of cannabinoid receptor agonist-induced aversion and anxiety in rats. METHODS An immunotoxin lesion approach was combined with behavioral analysis using a place conditioning paradigm and the elevated zero maze. RESULTS Our results show that the non-selective CB1/CB2 receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, produced a significant place aversion in rats. Further, NE in the nucleus accumbens was critical for WIN 55,212-2-induced aversion but did not affect anxiety-like behaviors. Depletion of NE from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was ineffective in altering WIN 55,212-2-induced aversion and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that limbic, specifically accumbal, NE is required for cannabinoid-induced aversion but is not essential to cannabinoid-induced anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Franky Carvalho
- Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Barson JR, Carr AJ, Soun JE, Sobhani NC, Rada P, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Opioids in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulate ethanol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:214-22. [PMID: 19951300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized hypothalamic systems that increase food intake might also increase ethanol intake. To test this possibility, morphine and receptor-specific opioid agonists were microinjected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats that had learned to drink ethanol. To cross-validate the results, naloxone methiodide (m-naloxone), an opioid antagonist, was microinjected with the expectation that it would have the opposite effect of morphine and the specific opioid agonists. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were trained, without sugar, to drink 4 or 7% ethanol and were then implanted with chronic brain cannulas aimed at the PVN. After recovery, those drinking 7% ethanol, with food and water available, were injected with 2 doses each of morphine or m-naloxone. To test for receptor specificity, 2 doses each of the mu-receptor agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-Enkephalin (DAMGO), delta-receptor agonist D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 (DALA), or kappa-receptor agonist U-50,488H were injected. DAMGO was also tested in rats drinking 4% ethanol without food or water available. As an anatomical control for drug reflux, injections were made 2 mm dorsal to the PVN. RESULTS A main result was a significant increase in ethanol intake induced by PVN injection of morphine. The opposite effect was produced by m-naloxone. The effects of morphine and m-naloxone were exclusively on intake of ethanol, even though food and water were freely available. In the analysis with specific receptor agonists, PVN injection of the delta-agonist DALA significantly increased 7% ethanol intake without affecting food or water intake. This is in contrast to the kappa-agonist U-50,488H, which decreased ethanol intake, and the mu-agonist DAMGO, which had no effect on ethanol intake in the presence or absence of food and water. In the anatomical control location 2 mm dorsal to the PVN, no drug caused any significant changes in ethanol, food, or water intake, providing evidence that the active site was close to the cannula tip. CONCLUSIONS The delta-opioid receptor agonist in the PVN increased ethanol intake in strong preference over food and water, while the kappa-opioid agonist suppressed ethanol intake. Prior studies show that learning to drink ethanol stimulates PVN expression and production of the peptides enkephalin and dynorphin, which are endogenous agonists for the delta- and kappa-receptors, respectively. These results suggest that enkephalin via the delta-opioid system can function locally within a positive feedback circuit to cause ethanol intake to escalate and ultimately contribute to the abuse of ethanol. This is in contrast to dynorphin via the kappa-opioid system, which may act to counter this escalation. Naltrexone therapy for alcoholism may act, in part, by blocking the enkephalin-triggered positive feedback cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Barson
- Department of Psychology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Stressor controllability and Fos expression in stress regulatory regions in mice. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:321-6. [PMID: 19275908 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Controllability is an important determinant of the effects of stress on behavior. We trained mice with escapable (ES) and inescapable (IS) shock and examined behavioral freezing and Fos expression in brain regions involved in stress to determine whether stressor controllability produced differential activation of these regions. Mice (C57BL/6J) were trained to escape footshock by moving to a safe chamber in a shuttlebox. This terminated shock for both ES mice (n=5) and yoked-control mice receiving IS (n=5). Handling control (HC) mice (n=5) experienced the shuttlebox, but never received footshock. Training took place on three days (20 trials per day, 0.2 mA, 5.0 s maximum duration, 1.0 min interstimulus interval). On day 3, the animals were killed 2 h after training and the brains were processed for Fos expression in the amygdala, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. Fos expression after IS was greater than after ES and HC in all regions (p<.05). Fos expression after ES was greater than HC only in PVN (p<.05). Freezing in ES mice was equal to or greater than in IS mice whereas HC mice showed minimal freezing. Differential activation of brain regions implicated in stress may, in part, account for differences in behavior in the aftermath of uncontrollable and controllable stress.
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Qi W, Smith FG. Kappa opioids modulate the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious young sheep. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:811-7. [PMID: 17901891 DOI: 10.1139/y07-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that κ-opioids modulate the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious young sheep. Various parameters governing the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate were assessed before and after activation of κ-opiate receptors (KOR) by i.v. administration of the specific KOR agonist U-50488H (experiment 1) or vehicle (experiment 2) to conscious, chronically instrumented lambs aged 42 ± 2 days (n = 6). The 2 experiments were administered in random order at minimum intervals of 48 h. Thirty min after U-50488H treatment, there was an increase in diastolic and mean arterial pressure and in heart rate, returning to control levels by 90 min. A significant increase in the arterial pressure at the midpoint of the baroreflex range and in the minimum heart rate as well as a significant decrease in the heart rate range over which the arterial baroreflex operates were also seen at 30 min after U-50488H, gradually returning to control levels over 120 min. Vehicle had no effect on any of the parameters governing the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate. These data provide the first direct evidence that under physiological conditions in young lambs, the arterial baroreflex control of heart rate is altered after administration of the specific KOR agonist U-50488H, revealing a previously unidentified role for this opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Benavides M, Laorden ML, Marín MT, Milanés MV. Role of PKC-α,γ isoforms in regulation of c-Fos and TH expression after naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic PVN and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1249-58. [PMID: 16190878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that morphine withdrawal induced hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by activation of noradrenergic pathways innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as evaluated by Fos expression and corticosterone release. The present study was designed to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in this process by estimating changes in PKCalpha and PKCgamma immunoreactivity, and whether pharmacological inhibition of PKC would attenuate morphine withdrawal-induced c-Fos expression and changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity levels in the PVN and nucleus tractus solitarius/ ventrolateral medulla (NTS/VLM). Dependence on morphine was induced in rats by 7 day s.c. implantation of morphine pellets. Morphine withdrawal was induced on day 8 by an injection of naloxone. The protein levels of PKCalpha and gamma were significantly down-regulated in the PVN and NTS/VLM from the morphine-withdrawn rats. Morphine withdrawal induced c-Fos expression in the PVN and NTS/VLM, indicating an activation of neurons in those nuclei. TH immunoreactivity was increased in the NTS/VLM after induction of morphine withdrawal, whereas there was a decrease in TH levels in the PVN. Infusion of calphostin C, a selective protein kinase C inhibitor, produced a reduction in the morphine withdrawal-induced c-Fos expression. Additionally, the changes in TH levels in the PVN and NTS/VLM were significantly modified by calphostin C. The present results suggest that activated PKC in the PVN and catecholaminergic brainstem cell groups may be critical for the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis in response to morphine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benavides
- Equip of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
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Commiskey S, Fan LW, Ho IK, Rockhold RW. Butorphanol: effects of a prototypical agonist-antagonist analgesic on kappa-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 98:109-16. [PMID: 15942128 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj05001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid analgesic, butorphanol (17-cyclobutylmethyl-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan) tartrate is a prototypical agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic agent whose potential for abuse has been the cause of litigation in the United States. With a published affinity for opioid receptors in vitro of 1:4:25 (mu:delta:kappa), the relative contribution of actions at each of these receptors to the in vivo actions of the drug are an issue of active investigation. A body of evidence has been developed which indicates that a substantial selective action of butorphanol on the kappa-opioid receptor mediates the development of tolerance to butorphanol and cross-tolerance to other opioid agonists; to the production of dependence upon butorphanol, particularly in the rodent; and to compensatory alterations in brain opioid receptor-effector systems. This perspective will identify the current state of understanding of the effects produced by butorphanol on brain opioid receptors, particularly on the kappa-opioid receptor subtype, and on the expression of phosphotyrosyl proteins following chronic treatment with butorphanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Commiskey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
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Benavides M, Laorden ML, Milanés MV. Involvement of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups. J Neurochem 2005; 92:246-54. [PMID: 15663473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morphine withdrawal stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity by activation of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)/ventrolateral medulla (VLM) noradrenergic pathways innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We investigated whether cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a role in this process by estimating changes in PKA immunoreactivity and the influence of inhibition of PKA on Fos protein expression and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity levels in the PVN and NTS/VLM during morphine withdrawal. Dependence on morphine was induced by a 7-day s.c. implantation of morphine pellets. Morphine withdrawal was precipitated on day 8 by an injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg s.c.). When opioid withdrawal was precipitated, an increase in PKA immunoreactivity levels was observed 90 min after naloxone administration in the PVN and NTS/VLM areas. Morphine withdrawal induced expression of Fos in the PVN and NTS/VLM, indicating an activation of neurones in those nuclei. TH immunoreactivity in NTS/VLM was increased 90 min after induction of morphine withdrawal, whereas there was a decrease in TH levels in the PVN at the same time point. When the selective PKA inhibitor HA-1004 was infused it greatly diminished the Fos expression observed in morphine-withdrawn rats. Furthermore, the changes in TH immunoreactivity were significantly modified by infusion of HA-1004. The present findings suggest that an up-regulated PKA-dependent transduction pathway might contribute to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in response to morphine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benavides
- Equip of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
This paper is the 26th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2003 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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