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Muddle J, Kanabar V, Brown M, Page C, Forbes B. An in vitro bioassay for evaluating the effect of inhaled bronchodilators on airway smooth muscle. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101943. [PMID: 32889156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of inhaled drug products is expensive and involves time-consuming pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies. There are few in vitro cell-based assays to evaluate the disposition and action of orally inhaled drugs to guide early product development and minimise risk. The aim of the present study was to develop a co-culture bioassay, combining an airway epithelial cell line (Calu-3) with cultured human primary airway smooth muscle cells (ASM), integrated with apparatus to deliver pharmaceutical aerosols. METHODS An assay for measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in ASM derived from healthy donors was adapted to provide a biochemical surrogate for ASM relaxation. Concentration-response curves for cAMP were established for three drugs that elicit ASM relaxation: isoprenaline (ISO), forskolin (FOR) and salbutamol sulphate. The ASM bioassay was incorporated into a co-culture model in which air-interfaced Calu-3 cell layers, representing the permeability barrier of the airway epithelium, were grown on transwell inserts above ASM cells cultured in the well of the base-plate. The sensitivity of this bioassay to salbutamol delivered using different formulations and aerosol products was evaluated. RESULTS ASM responded with concentration dependent increases in cAMP when exposed to 10-9 to 10-5 M ISO, FOR or salbutamol sulphate solutions for 15 or 30 min. Salbutamol formulated with different counter ions elicited differential cAMP responses in ASM (xinafoate > base = sulphate) suggesting that this bioassay could discriminate between formulations with different potency. A similar rank order of potency was observed for the different salbutamol salts when applied as aerosols to the co-culture model. DISCUSSION We have developed a novel bioassay using human ASM in co-culture with human respiratory epithelial cells to better mimic various elements that contribute to the rate and extent of local drug availability in the lungs following topical administration. The bioassay offers an opportunity to investigate the factors determining the activity of inhaled bronchodilator drugs in a more biologically relevant system than that has previously been described and with further development and validation, this novel bioassay could provide a method to guide the more efficient development of inhaled bronchodilators, reducing the current reliance on in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Muddle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK; The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Varsha Kanabar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK; The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd, R&D Centre, Units 1 and 3 / Chancellor Court, 50 Occam Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, GU2 7AB, UK
| | - Clive Page
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK; The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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Beurskens DMH, Huckriede JP, Schrijver R, Hemker HC, Reutelingsperger CP, Nicolaes GAF. The Anticoagulant and Nonanticoagulant Properties of Heparin. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1371-1383. [PMID: 32820487 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparins represent one of the most frequently used pharmacotherapeutics. Discovered around 1926, routine clinical anticoagulant use of heparin was initiated only after the publication of several seminal papers in the early 1970s by the group of Kakkar. It was shown that heparin prevents venous thromboembolism and mortality from pulmonary embolism in patients after surgery. With the subsequent development of low-molecular-weight heparins and synthetic heparin derivatives, a family of related drugs was created that continues to prove its clinical value in thromboprophylaxis and in prevention of clotting in extracorporeal devices. Fundamental and applied research has revealed a complex pharmacodynamic profile of heparins that goes beyond its anticoagulant use. Recognition of the complex multifaceted beneficial effects of heparin underscores its therapeutic potential in various clinical situations. In this review we focus on the anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant activities of heparin and, where possible, discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain the diversity of heparin's biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M H Beurskens
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram P Huckriede
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Coenraad Hemker
- Synapse BV, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kolsi RBA, Gargouri B, Sassi S, Frikha D, Lassoued S, Belghith K. In vitro biological properties and health benefits of a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Cymodocea nodosa. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:252. [PMID: 29273029 PMCID: PMC5741910 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the search for novel bioactive compounds from marine origins. METHODS The present study is the first to determine the molecular characterization which it was deposited in the genebank database, to investigate and evaluate the biological properties of sulfated polysaccharide from Cymodocea nodosa (CNSP) seagrass. RESULTS The results revealed that CNSP had high activity in total antioxidant assay (59.03 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract), reducing power (OD = 0.3), DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 1.22 mg/ml) and ABTS radical scavenging (IC50 = 1.14 mg/ml). It was also noted to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, with important inhibition zones. The results revealed that CNSP was able to inhibit the proliferation of Hela cell lines with a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Overall, the results presented in this study demonstrate that CNSP has several attractive antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties with potential benefits towards health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Ben Abdallah Kolsi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to the Improvement of Cultures, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Bochra Gargouri
- Biotechnology Unit and Pathologies, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Sassi
- Unité de Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources en zones arides, Faculté des Sciences de Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Donyez Frikha
- Biodiversity Unit and aquatic ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Saloua Lassoued
- Biotechnology Unit and Pathologies, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Karima Belghith
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to the Improvement of Cultures, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Yang CH, Tsao CF, Ko WS, Chiou YL. The Oligo Fucoidan Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Stimulated Proliferation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:15. [PMID: 26761017 PMCID: PMC4728512 DOI: 10.3390/md14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of asthma, the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is a key factor in airway remodeling and causes airway narrowing. In addition, ASMCs are also the effector cells of airway inflammation. Fucoidan extracted from marine brown algae polysaccharides has antiviral, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticlotting, and anticancer properties; however, its effectiveness for asthma has not been elucidated thus far. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-treated primary ASMCs were cultured with or without oligo-fucoidan (100, 500, or 1000 µg/mL) to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and Akt, ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We found that PDGF (40 ng/mL) increased the proliferation of ASMCs by 2.5-fold after 48 h (p < 0.05). Oligo-fucoidan reduced the proliferation of PDGF-stimulated ASMCs by 75%-99% after 48 h (p < 0.05) and induced G₁/G₀ cell cycle arrest, but did not induce apoptosis. Further, oligo-fucoidan supplementation reduced PDGF-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), Akt, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation. Taken together, oligo-fucoidan supplementation might reduce proliferation of PDGF-treated ASMCs through the suppression of ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. The results provide basis for future animal experiments and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Huei Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, No. 117, Shatian Road Shalu District, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Fang Tsao
- Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd, Sha Lu, Taichung 443, Taiwan.
| | - Wang-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, No. 117, Shatian Road Shalu District, Taichung City 433, Taiwan.
- Institute of BioMedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd, Sha Lu, Taichung 443, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Chiou
- Institute of BioMedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd, Sha Lu, Taichung 443, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Rd, Sha Lu, Taichung 443, Taiwan.
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Yatagai Y, Sakamoto T, Yamada H, Masuko H, Kaneko Y, Iijima H, Naito T, Noguchi E, Hirota T, Tamari M, Konno S, Nishimura M, Hizawa N. Genomewide association study identifies HAS2 as a novel susceptibility gene for adult asthma in a Japanese population. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1327-34. [PMID: 25251750 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly clear that asthma is not a single disease, but a disorder with vast heterogeneity in pathogenesis, severity, and treatment response. To date, 30 genomewide association studies (GWASs) of asthma have been performed, including by our group. However, most gene variants identified so far confer relatively small increments in risk and explain only a small proportion of familial clustering. OBJECTIVE To identify additional genetic determinants of susceptibility to asthma using a selected Japanese population with reduced tobacco smoking exposure. METHODS We performed a GWAS by genotyping a total of 480 098 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a Japanese cohort consisting of 734 healthy controls and 240 patients with asthma who had smoked for no more than 10 pack-years. The SNP with the strongest association was genotyped in two other independent Japanese cohorts consisting of a total of 531 healthy controls and 418 patients with asthma who had smoked for no more than 10 pack-years. For the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, we investigated SNP-gene associations using an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) database and also analysed its gene expression profiles in 13 different normal tissues. RESULTS In the discovery GWAS, a SNP located upstream of HAS2, rs7846389, showed the strongest statistical significance (P = 1.43 × 10(-7) ). In the two independent replication cohorts, rs7846389 was consistently associated with asthma (nominal P = 0.0152 and 0.0478 in the first and second replication cohorts, respectively). In the meta-analysis, association of rs7846389 with susceptibility to asthma reached the level of genomewide significance (P = 7.92 × 10(-9) ). This variant was strongly correlated with HAS2 mRNA expression. The strongest expression of the gene was detected in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified HAS2 as a novel candidate gene for susceptibility to adult asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yatagai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Non-Anticoagulant Fractions of Enoxaparin Suppress Inflammatory Cytokine Release from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Allergic Asthmatic Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128803. [PMID: 26046354 PMCID: PMC4457428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, its clinical exploitation as an anti-inflammatory agent is hampered by its anticoagulant effect and the associated risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to examine the ability of non-anticoagulant fractions of enoxaparin to inhibit the release of key inflammatory cytokines in primed peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from allergic mild asthmatics. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic asthmatics were activated with phytohaemag glutinin (PHA), concanavalin-A (ConA) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in the presence or absence of enoxaparin fractions before cytokine levels were quantified using specific cytokine bead arrays. Together with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis,time-dependent and target-specific effects of enoxaparin fractions were used to elucidate structural determinants for their anti-inflammatory effect and gain mechanistic insights into their anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS Two non-anticoagulant fractions of enoxaparin were identified that significantly inhibited T-cell activation. A disaccharide fraction of enoxaparin inhibited the release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α by more than 57% while a tetrasaccharide fraction was found to inhibit the release of tested cytokines by more than 68%. Our data suggest that the observed response is likely to be due to an interaction of 6-O-sulfated tetrasaccharide with cellular receptor(s). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The two identified anti-inflammatory fractions lacked anticoagulant activity and are therefore not associated with risk of bleeding. The findings highlight the potential therapeutic use of enoxaparin-derived fractions, in particular tetrasaccharide, in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Shastri MD, Stewart N, Horne J, Peterson GM, Gueven N, Sohal SS, Patel RP. In-vitro suppression of IL-6 and IL-8 release from human pulmonary epithelial cells by non-anticoagulant fraction of enoxaparin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126763. [PMID: 25961885 PMCID: PMC4427328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enoxaparin, a mixture of anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant fractions, is widely used as an anticoagulant agent. However, it is also reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Our study indicated that enoxaparin inhibits the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from A549 pulmonary epithelial cells. Their release causes extensive lung tissue damage. The use of enoxaparin as an anti-inflammatory agent is hampered due to the risk of bleeding associated with its anticoagulant fractions. Therefore, we aimed to identify the fraction responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of enoxaparin and to determine the relationship between its structure and biological activities. METHODS A549 pulmonary epithelial cells were pre-treated in the presence of enoxaparin and its fractions. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 released from the trypsin-stimulated cells were measured by ELISA. The anticoagulant activity of the fraction responsible for the effect of enoxaparin was determined using an anti-factor-Xa assay. The fraction was structurally characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance. The fraction was 2-O, 6-O or N-desulfated to determine the position of sulfate groups required for the inhibition of interleukins. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography was performed to rule out that the observed effect was due to the interaction between the fraction and trypsin or interleukins. RESULTS Enoxaparin (60 μg/mL) inhibited the release of IL-6 and IL-8 by >30%. The fraction responsible for this effect of enoxaparin was found to be a disaccharide composed of α-L-iduronic-acid and α-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate. It (15 μg/mL) inhibited the release of interleukins by >70%. The 6-O sulphate groups were responsible for its anti-inflammatory effect. The fraction did not bind to trypsin or interleukins, suggesting the effect was not due to an artefact of the experimental model. CONCLUSION The identified disaccharide has no anticoagulant activity and therefore eliminates the risk of bleeding associated with enoxaparin. Future in-vivo studies should be designed to validate findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur D. Shastri
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James Horne
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Peterson
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S. Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P. Patel
- Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Lean QY, Patel RP, Stewart N, Sohal SS, Gueven N. Identification of pro- and anti-proliferative oligosaccharides of heparins. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:90-9. [PMID: 24310794 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparins, unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), are heterogeneous mixtures of anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides. In addition to their well-known anticoagulant effect, heparins have shown to mediate a wide range of non-anticoagulant effects, including the modulation of cellular growth. However, contradictory results have been reported with regard to their effects on cellular proliferation, with some studies suggesting anti-proliferative while others indicating pro-proliferative effects. This study investigated the proliferation of human colonic epithelial cancer cells in the presence of UFH and LMWHs (enoxaparin and dalteparin). In our experimental setting, all heparins caused a dose-dependent reduction in cellular growth, which correlated well with the induction of cell cycle arrest in the G₁ phase and which was not associated with significant changes in cell viability. The effects on cellular proliferation of 14 different oligosaccharides of enoxaparin obtained through ion-exchange chromatography were also assessed. Surprisingly, only two oligosaccharides showed distinctive anti-proliferative effects while the majority of oligosaccharides actually stimulated proliferation. Interestingly, the smallest oligosaccharide devoid of any anticoagulant activity showed the strongest anti-proliferative effect. Notably, heparins are currently standardised only according to their anticoagulant activity but not based on other non-anticoagulant properties. Our results indicate that slight differences in the composition of heparins' non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides, due to different origins of material and preparation methods, have the potential to cause diverse effects and highlight the need for additional characterisation of non-anticoagulant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying Lean
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Heparin-derived supersulfated disaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in sheep. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 28:77-86. [PMID: 24355631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide sequence of heparin oligosaccharides is the minimum chain length possessing anti-allergic activity, as the disaccharide fraction is inactive. Since sulfation pattern can modify the biological actions of heparin, we hypothesized that "supersulfation" of the inactive heparin disaccharide could confer anti-allergic activity to this molecule. To test this, we produced a supersulfated heparin disaccharide (Hep-SSD) and evaluated its anti-allergic activity in sheep with documented antigen-induced early and late airway responses (EAR and LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Porcine intestinal heparin was depolymerized with nitrous acid, the disaccharide fraction separated by size exclusion chromatography, and then treated with pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex to yield Hep-SSD. Its chemical structure [IdoU2',3',4'S (1→4) AMan1,3,6S] was confirmed by HPLC, Mass Spectrometry and NMR analysis. Inhaled doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Hep-SSD produced inhibition of EAR (8%, 35% and 35%), LAR (50%, 80%, and 77%) and AHR (67%, 100% and 75%), respectively. A single oral dose of 2 mg/kg Hep-SSD given 90 min before challenge significantly inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR, but 1 mg/kg was ineffective. Multi dose oral treatment with Hep-SSD had a cumulative effect, as a once daily dose of 2 mg/kg for 3 days (last dose, 16 h before antigen) inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR by 30%, 75% and 74%, respectively. Finally, the oral activity of Hep-SSD could be enhanced 4 fold by formulating it with Carbopol(®)934P, in an enteric coated capsule. These data demonstrate that "supersulfation" can confer biological activity to the inactive heparin disaccharide. Both inhaled and oral Hep-SSD demonstrate significant anti-allergic activity and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential.
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Page C. Heparin and related drugs: beyond anticoagulant activity. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:910743. [PMID: 23984092 PMCID: PMC3747464 DOI: 10.1155/2013/910743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heparin has been widely used as an anticoagulant for more than 80 years. However, there is now considerable evidence that heparin also possesses anti-inflammatory activity, both experimentally and clinically. Importantly in many instances, the anti-inflammatory actions of heparin are independent of anticoagulant activity raising the possibility of developing novel drugs based on heparin that retain the anti-inflammatory activity. Heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory activities via a variety of mechanisms including neutralization of cationic mediators, inhibition of adhesion molecules, and the inhibition of heparanase, all involved in leukocyte recruitment into tissues. It is anticipated that furthering our understanding of the anti-inflammatory actions of heparin will lead to the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs for a variety of clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 5th Floor, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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12
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Rioux LE, Moulin V, Beaulieu M, Turgeon SL. Human skin fibroblast response is differentially regulated by galactofucan and low molecular weight galactofucan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wright DB, Trian T, Siddiqui S, Pascoe CD, Johnson JR, Dekkers BG, Dakshinamurti S, Bagchi R, Burgess JK, Kanabar V, Ojo OO. Phenotype modulation of airway smooth muscle in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Functional phenotype of airway myocytes from asthmatic airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:95-104. [PMID: 22921313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In asthma, the airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell plays a central role in disease pathogenesis through cellular changes which may impact on its microenvironment and alter ASM response and function. The answer to the long debated question of what makes a 'healthy' ASM cell become 'asthmatic' still remains speculative. What is known of an 'asthmatic' ASM cell, is its ability to contribute to the hallmarks of asthma such as bronchoconstriction (contractile phenotype), inflammation (synthetic phenotype) and ASM hyperplasia (proliferative phenotype). The phenotype of healthy or diseased ASM cells or tissue for the most part is determined by expression of key phenotypic markers. ASM is commonly accepted to have different phenotypes: the contractile (differentiated) state versus the synthetic (dedifferentiated) state (with the capacity to synthesize mediators, proliferate and migrate). There is now accumulating evidence that the synthetic functions of ASM in culture derived from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors differ. Some of these differences include an altered profile and increased production of extracellular matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory mediators and adhesion receptors, collectively suggesting that ASM cells from asthmatic subjects have the capacity to alter their environment, actively participate in repair processes and functionally respond to changes in their microenvironment.
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Deux JF, Meddahi-Pellé A, Bree F, Bataille I, Michel JB, Letourneur D. Comparative Studies on the Mechanisms of Action of Four Polysaccharides on Arterial Restenosis. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:689-702. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x426493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Deux
- a INSERM, U 698, Cardiovascular Bio-engineering, X Bichat Hospital, Bât INSERM 13 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris, Cedex 18, France; Radiology Department, the Mondor Hospital, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Anne Meddahi-Pellé
- b INSERM, U 698, Cardiovascular Bio-engineering, X Bichat Hospital, Bât INSERM 13 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris, Cedex 18, France; University of Orléans, 45000 Orléans, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bataille
- d INSERM, U 698, Cardiovascular Bio-engineering, X Bichat Hospital, Bât INSERM 13 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris, Cedex 18, France; Institut Galilée, University Paris 13, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- e INSERM, U 698, Cardiovascular Bio-engineering, X Bichat Hospital, Bât INSERM 13 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris, Cedex 18, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- f INSERM, U 698, Cardiovascular Bio-engineering, X Bichat Hospital, Bât INSERM 13 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris, Cedex 18, France; Institut Galilée, University Paris 13, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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Abstract
Heparin has long been known to possess biological effects that are unrelated to its anticoagulant activity. In particular, much emphasis has been placed upon heparin, or novel agents based upon the heparin template, as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Moreover, heparin has been reported to possess clinical benefit in humans, including in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer, that are over and above the expected effects on blood coagulation and which in many cases are entirely separable from this role. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the non-anticoagulant effects that have been ascribed to heparin, from those involving the binding and inhibition of specific mediators involved in the inflammatory process to effects in whole system models of disease, with reference to the effects of heparin that have been reported to date in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lever
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK.
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Svensson Holm ACB, Bengtsson T, Grenegård M, Lindström EG. Platelet membranes induce airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Platelets 2011; 22:45-55. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.515696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Development of new drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases: from concept to the clinic. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fillinger J, Antus B. Low-molecular-weight heparins do not modify obliterative airway disease in rat tracheal allografts. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:625-31. [PMID: 20860540 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2010.499443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive and antiproliferative effects of heparin may be beneficial in the field of solid organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) compounds on the development of obliterative airway disease (OAD) in the rat tracheal transplant model. Allogenic heterotopic tracheal transplantations were performed from Brown-Norway into Lewis rats. Recipients were treated either with nadroparin, enoxaparin, parnaparin, or vehicle from day 0 until harvesting at day 7 or 21. Graft rejection was morphometrically assessed to determine the extent of luminal obliteration end epithelial necrosis. All tracheal grafts harvested at day 7 demonstrated nearly equivalent degree of luminal obstruction regardless of treatment regimen. Likewise, at day 21 the extent of airway narrowing and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration were similar among the groups. Moreover, loss of airway epithelium was not prevented by LMWH treatments. Finally, intragraft mRNA expression for transforming growth factor-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor-A, interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 did not differ between the groups. In contrast with findings in other animal models, treatment with LMWH preparations did not modify the development of OAD in rat tracheal allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, National Koranyi Institute for TB and Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
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Oyarzun-Ampuero FA, Brea J, Loza MI, Torres D, Alonso MJ. Chitosan-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles loaded with heparin for the treatment of asthma. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:122-9. [PMID: 19467809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce mucoadhesive nanocarriers made from chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), and containing the macromolecular drug heparin, suitable for pulmonary delivery. For the first time, this drug was tested in ex vivo experiments performed in mast cells, in order to investigate the potential of the heparin-loaded nanocarriers in antiasthmatic therapy. CS and mixtures of HA with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin (UFH and LMWH, respectively) were combined to form nanoparticles by the ionotropic gelation technique. The resulting nanoparticles loaded with UFH were between 162 and 217 nm in size, and those prepared with LMWH were 152 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticle formulations ranged from +28.1 to +34.6 mV, and in selected nanosystems both types of heparin were associated with a high degree of efficiency, which was approximately 70%. The nanosystems were stable in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, for at least 24h, and released 10.8% of UFH and 79.7% of LMWH within 12h of incubation. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that fluorescent heparin-loaded CS-HA nanoparticles were effectively internalized by rat mast cells. Ex vivo experiments aimed at evaluating the capacity of heparin to prevent histamine release in rat mast cells indicated that the free or encapsulated drug exhibited the same dose-response behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Oyarzun-Ampuero
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Garg HG, Mrabat H, Yu L, Freeman C, Li B, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Hales CA. Significance of the 2-O-sulfo group of L-iduronic acid residues in heparin on the growth inhibition of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2406-10. [PMID: 18656855 PMCID: PMC4745410 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparin inhibits the growth of several cell types in vitro, including bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (BPASMCs). To understand more about the heparin structure required for endogenous activity, chemically modified derivatives of native heparin and glycol-split heparin, namely, 2-O-desulfonated iduronic/glucuronic acid residues in heparin, and 2-O-desulfonated iduronic residues in glycol-split heparin were prepared. These were assayed for their antiproliferative potency on cultured BPASMCs. All of the 2-O-desulfonated heparin derivatives had significantly decreased less antiproliferative activity on BPASMCs. These results suggest that the 2-O-sulfo group of iduronic acid residues in heparin's major sequence is essential for the antiproliferative properties of heparin. The size of heparin does not affect the growth-inhibitory properties of heparin on BPASMCs at the three dose levels examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Garg
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Heparin and structurally related polymers attenuate eotaxin-1 (CCL11) release from human airway smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:833-42. [PMID: 18536736 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The glycosaminoglycan heparin has anti-inflammatory activity and is exclusively found in mast cells, which are localized within airway smooth muscle (ASM) bundles of asthmatic airways. Interleukin (IL)-13 induces the production of multiple inflammatory mediators from ASM including the eosinophil chemoattractant chemokine, eotaxin-1. Heparin and related glycosaminoglycan polymers having structurally heterogeneous polysaccharide side chains that varied in molecular weight, sulphation and anionic charge were used to identify features of the heparin molecule linked to anti-inflammatory activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured human ASM cells were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 in the absence or presence of heparin and related polymers. Eotaxin-1 was quantified using chemokine antibody arrays and ELISA. KEY RESULTS Unfractionated heparin attenuated IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 production and this effect was reproduced with low molecular weight heparins (3 and 6 kDa), demonstrating a minimum activity fragment of at least 3 kDa. N-desulphated, 20% re-N-acetylated heparin (anticoagulant) was ineffective against IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 production compared with 90% re-N-acetylated (anticoagulant) or O-desulphated (non-anticoagulant) heparin, suggesting a requirement for N-sulphation independent of anticoagulant activity. Other sulphated molecules with variable anionic charge and molecular weight exceeding 3 kDa (dextran sulphate, fucoidan, chondroitin sulphate B) inhibited IL-13-stimulated eotaxin-1 release to varying degrees. However, non-sulphated dextran had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of IL-13-dependent eotaxin-1 release by heparin involved but did not depend upon sulphation, though loss of N-sulphation reduced the attenuating activity, which could be restored by N-acetylation. This anti-inflammatory effect was also partially dependent on anionic charge, but independent of molecular size above 3 kDa and the anticoagulant action of heparin.
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D'Antoni ML, Torregiani C, Ferraro P, Michoud MC, Mazer B, Martin JG, Ludwig MS. Effects of decorin and biglycan on human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L764-71. [PMID: 18245265 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00436.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PG) are altered in the asthmatic airway wall. Because PGs are known to affect cell proliferation and apoptosis, we hypothesized that alterations in PG might influence the airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia observed in the asthmatic airway. Human ASM cells were seeded on plastic or plates coated with decorin (Dcn), biglycan (Bgn), or collagen type I (Col I) (1, 3, and 10 microg/ml). Cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and cell number was assessed at 0, 48, and 96 h. Cell proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and apoptosis by annexin V and propidium iodide staining at 48 h post-PDGF stimulation. A significant decrease in cell number was observed with cells seeded on Dcn (10 microg/ml) at 0, 48, and 96 h (P < 0.01). Dcn induced both decreases in BrdU incorporation and increases in annexin V staining (P < 0.05). Bgn decreased cell number at time 0 only (P < 0.05) and affected neither proliferation nor apoptosis. Col I (10 mug/ml) caused a significant increase in cell number at 48 and 96 h (P < 0.01). Adding exogenous Dcn (1-30 microg/ml) to the medium had no effect on cell number. Exposing Dcn-coated matrices to chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that degrades glycosaminoglycan side chains, reversed the Dcn-induced decrease in cell number. These studies demonstrate that different PGs have variable effects on ASM cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently described decreases in Dcn in the asthmatic airway wall could potentially permit more exuberant ASM growth.
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Gabr AA, Reed M, Newman DR, Pohl J, Khosla J, Sannes PL. Alterations in cytoskeletal and immune function-related proteome profiles in whole rat lung following intratracheal instillation of heparin. Respir Res 2007; 8:36. [PMID: 17488504 PMCID: PMC1876226 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparin has been shown to modify fundamental biologic processes ranging from blood coagulation and cell proliferation to fibrogenesis and asthma. The goal of this study was to identify specific or broad biologic responses of the rat lung to intratracheal instillation of heparin by targeted proteomic analysis. Methods Rats were given either aerosolized 500 μg heparin in 250 μl saline or saline alone. Lungs were harvested at 0, 24, or 96 hours post-treatment and isolated proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins which increased and decreased significantly in treated groups above controls were then selected for identification by mass spectrometry. Results Although heparin treatments resulted in a general reduction in cytosolic protein expression, there were significant increases within members of discrete groups of proteins. At 24 hours, proteins which function in cytoskeletal organization and in calcium signaling were up-regulated between 2- and 27-fold above baseline and untreated controls. Increased proteins include annexins V and VI, septin 2, capping G protein, actin-related protein 3, moesin, RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor, and calcyclin. A group of proteins relating to immune response and tumor suppressor function were either up-regulated (tumor suppressor p30/hyaluronic acid binding protein-1, Parkinson disease protein 7, proteosome 28 subunit/interferon-γ inducible protein, and proteosome subunit macropain α-1) or strongly down-regulated (transgelin). At 96 hours, most proteins that had increased at 24 hours remained elevated but to a much lesser degree. Conclusion These cumulative observations demonstrate that whole lung heparin treatment results in significant up-regulation of selected groups of proteins, primarily those related to cytoskeletal reorganization and immune function, which may prove to be relevant biomarkers useful in analysis of lung exposures/treatments as well as in system biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Gabr
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mathew Reed
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donna R Newman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jody Khosla
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Philip L Sannes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Yu DG, Lin WC, Lin CH, Yeh YH, Yang MC. Construction of antithrombogenic polyelectrolyte multilayer on thermoplastic polyurethane via layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 83:105-13. [PMID: 17318824 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film was developed using surface modification of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) deposition. The polysaccharide PEMs included chitosan (CS, as a positive-charged agent) and dextran sulfate (DS, as a negative-charged and an antiadhesive agent) that were successfully prepared on the aminolyzed TPU film in a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly manner. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data will verify the progressive buildup of the PEMs film. The obtained results showed that the contact angle and Zeta-potential reached the steady value after four bilayers of coating, hence proving that the full coverage of coating with PEM layers was achieved. It could be found that the PEMs-deposited TPU films with DS as the outmost layer could resist the platelet adhesion and human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) adsorption, thereby prolonging effectively the blood coagulation times. Besides, the results of growth inhibition index (GI) of L929 fibroblast proliferation suggested that the as-fabricated TPU films were noncytotoxic. Overall results demonstrated that such an easy, valid, shape-independent, and noncytotoxic processing should be potential for the ion of TPU substrate in the application of hemodialysis or cardiovascular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Guang Yu
- Department of Textile Science, Nanya Institute of Technology, Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Chan V, Burgess JK, Ratoff JC, O'connor BJ, Greenough A, Lee TH, Hirst SJ. Extracellular matrix regulates enhanced eotaxin expression in asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:379-85. [PMID: 16709936 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200509-1420oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Altered airway smooth muscle (ASM) function and enrichment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with fibronectin and collagen are key features of asthma. Previously, we have reported these ECM proteins enhance ASM synthetic function. OBJECTIVE We compared ASM cultured from endobronchial biopsies from subjects with and without asthma to assess if asthmatic cells were hypersecretory and determined whether the underlying mechanism involved autocrine ECM production. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS Cells from subjects with and without asthma were cultured on plastic or in plates precoated with ECM proteins. Cytokine production was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Function-blocking integrin antibodies were used to identify integrin involvement. RESULTS Baseline eotaxin and its production after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-13, IL-1beta, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was increased (2.5- to 6.0-fold) in ASM cells cultured from subjects with asthma compared with healthy subjects. When seeded on ECM from asthmatic ASM, IL-13-dependent eotaxin release from healthy or asthmatic ASM was enhanced compared with culture on healthy ECM. The ECM substrates fibronectin and type I collagen each enhanced IL-13-dependent eotaxin release, and Western immunoblot indicated that fibronectin expression was higher in asthmatic ASM cells. Integrin-blocking antibodies revealed that alpha5beta1 was required for more than 50% of the enhanced IL-13-dependent eotaxin release by ASM cells from subjects with asthma, whereas alpha2beta1 or alphavbeta3 neutralization lacked effect. CONCLUSION The data indicate that ASM cells cultured from subjects with asthma are hypersecretory compared with cells from healthy donors and that autocrine fibronectin secretion acting via alpha5beta1 in part underlies this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Chan
- King's College London School of Medicine, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Thomas Guy House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Broadley KJ. Beta-adrenoceptor responses of the airways: for better or worse? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:15-27. [PMID: 16469310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists are the first-line treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in which a short-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist is used as required for relief of bronchoconstriction. A long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist may be added to an inhaled corticosteroid as step 3 in the management of chronic asthma. Long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists may also be added in treatment of COPD. This review examines the beneficial and detrimental effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists. The beneficial effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists are mainly derived from their bronchodilator activity which relieves the bronchiolar narrowing and improves air flow. The potential anti-inflammatory actions of stabilizing mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory and bronchoconstrictor mediators, is considered. Other potential beneficial responses include improvements in mucociliary clearance and inhibition of extravasation of plasma proteins that is involved in oedema formation in asthma. The side effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists are primarily related to beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses at sites outside the airways. Of major concern has been the development of tolerance and this is discussed in relation to incidence of increased morbidity and mortality to asthma over the past three decades. A clinical aspect of beta2-adrenoceptor pharmacology in recent years has been the recognition of genetic polymorphism of the receptor and how this affects responses to and tolerance to beta2-adrenoceptor agonists. A controversial feature of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists is their stereoisomerism and whether the inactive (S)-isomer of salbutamol had detrimental actions in the commercially used racemate. The consensus is that despite these adverse properties, beta2-adrenoceptor agonist remains the most useful pharmacological agents in the management of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Broadley
- Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK.
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Manton KJ, Sadasivam M, Cool SM, Nurcombe V. Bone-specific heparan sulfates induce osteoblast growth arrest and downregulation of retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:219-29. [PMID: 16826571 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HSs) sugars of the extracellular matrix (ECM) play a key role during both development and wound repair in regulating the flow of growth and adhesive factors across their cell surface receptors. The aim of this study was to assess the structural and functional differences of HS chains extracted from the conditioned media (soluble), cell surface, and ECM of primary human osteoblast cultures, and to analyze their effects on osteoblast cell growth. HS chains from these compartments were characterized through a combination of enzymatic degradation, anion exchange chromatography, and molecular sieving. Although the chains were all approximately the same size, they varied systematically in their sulfate content, suggesting differences in their protein-binding domains. When added to pre-confluent hFOB1.19 osteoblast cultures, HS doses exceeding 500 ng/ml inhibited proliferation, without affecting viability, irrespective of their origin. Furthermore, HS doses of 500 ng/ml also downregulated retinoblastoma, Cyclin A and CDK1 protein expression, indicating that high doses of osteoblast HS negatively regulate cell cycle, resulting in growth arrest; when high doses of HS were withdrawn after a prolonged period, linear cell growth was reestablished. Thus, despite differences in sulfation, HS from either the soluble, cell surface, or matrix compartments of primary human osteoblast cultures are functionally similar with respect to their effects on growth. Binding assays revealed that the HS chains bound TGFbeta1, a known inhibitor of osteoprogenitor growth, at higher affinity than a suite of other bone-related, heparin-binding growth factors. Overcoming such sugar-mediated inhibition may prove important for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Manton
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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